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Data from: Gynodioecy in structured populations: understanding fine-scale sex ratio variation in Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima
Natural selection, random processes, and gene flow are known to generate sex ratio variations among sexually polymorphic plant populations. In gynodioecious species, in which hermaphrodites and females coexist, the relative effect of these processes on the maintenance of sex polymorphism is still up for debate. The aim of this study was to document sex ratio and cytonuclear genetic variation at a very local scale in wind-pollinated gynodioecious Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima, and attempt to elucidate which processes explained the observed variation. The study sites were characterized by geographically distinct patches of individuals and appeared to be dynamic entities, with recurrent establishment of distinct haplotypes through independent founder events. Along with substantial variation in sex ratio and unexpectedly low gene flow within study sites, our results showed a high genetic differentiation among a mosaic of genetically distinct demes, with isolation by distance or abrupt genetic discontinuities taking place within a few tens of meters. Overall, random founder events with restricted gene flow could be primary determinants of sex structure, by promoting the clumping of sex-determining genes. Such high levels of sex structure provide a landscape for differential selection acting on sex-determining genes, which could modify the conditions of maintenance of gynodioecy in structured populations.
FIGURE 4. Piezura pardalina ssp. pardalina Rondani. A. Male genitalia external structures, posterior. B. Male mesolobus, variant form. C. Female spermatheca. D. Female genitalia, ventral. E. Male sternite 5 in A taxonomic revision of Piezura Rondani (Diptera: Fanniidae)
FIGURE 4. Piezura pardalina ssp. pardalina Rondani. A. Male genitalia external structures, posterior. B. Male mesolobus, variant form. C. Female spermatheca. D. Female genitalia, ventral. E. Male sternite 5, ventral.
FIGURES 15–19. Catocala ssp. female genitalia. 15. C in A new species of Catocala Schrank, 1802 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) from China
FIGURES 15–19. Catocala ssp. female genitalia. 15. C. borthi sp. n., paratype, prep. BJ 1867; 16. C. koreana, prep. BJ 813; 17. C. fulminea, Hungary, prep. BJ 111; 18. C. fulminea, Primorje, Russia, prep. BJ 1912; 19. C. fulminea, Sichuan, China, prep. BJ 1914
FIGURES 9–14. ssp. male genitalia and biotope. 9. C in A new species of Catocala Schrank, 1802 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) from China
FIGURES 9–14. ssp. male genitalia and biotope. 9. C. borthi sp. n., holotype, prep. BJ 1866; 10. C. koreana, prep. BJ 812; 11. C. fulminea, Hungary, prep. BJ 110; 12. C. fulminea, Primorje, Russia, prep. BJ 1910; 13. C. fulminea, Sichuan, China, prep. BJ 1913; 14. China, Sichuan, N 33°18.855', E 103°55.531', near Jiuzhaigou. Type locality of Catocala borthi sp. n.
FIGURES 1–8. Catocala ssp. adults. 1. C in A new species of Catocala Schrank, 1802 (Lepidoptera, Erebidae) from China
FIGURES 1–8. Catocala ssp. adults. 1. C. borthi sp. n., male, holotype, China, Sichuan (GBG/ZSM); 2. C. borthi sp. n., female, paratype, China, Sichuan (AFM); 3. C. koreana, male, Japan (AFM); 4. C. koreana, male, Japan (AFM); 5. C. fulminea, male, Lithuania (NRCV); 6. C. fulminea, male, Primorje, Russia (NRCV); 7. C. fulminea, male, Sichuan, China (AFM); 8. C. invasa syn. n., lectotype, male, Henan, China (BMNH).
FIGURES 11–19. Perigrapha ssp. genitalia. 11. P in Two new Perigrapha species from China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
FIGURES 11–19. Perigrapha ssp. genitalia. 11. P. extincta, male, prep. OP1305m; 12. P. balazsi, male, holotype, prep. OP1157m; 13. P. pekarskyi, male, holotype, prep. OP1160m; 14. P. hoenei, male, prep. OP1303m; 15. P. gyulaipeteri, male, paratype, prep. RL8863m; 16. P. hoenei, female, prep. OP1304f; 17. P. extincta, female, prep. OP1306f; 18. P. balazsi, female, paratype, prep. OP1162f; 19. P. pekarskyi, female, paratype, prep. OP1173f.
FIGURES 1–10. Perigrapha ssp. adults. 1. P in Two new Perigrapha species from China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
FIGURES 1–10. Perigrapha ssp. adults. 1. P. extincta, male, Russia, Primorje (AFM); 2. P. extincta, female, Russia, Jewish Autonomous Region (AFM); 3. P. balazsi, male, holotype, China, Sichuan (GBG /ZSM); 4. P. balazsi, female, paratype, China, Sichuan (AFM); 5. P. pekarskyi, male, holotype, China, Sichuan (GBG /ZSM); 6. P. pekarskyi, male, paratype, China, Sichuan (AFM); 7. P. pekarskyi, female, paratype, China, Shaanxi (FHB); 8. P. gyulaipeteri, male, paratype, China, Sichuan (PGM); 9. P. hoenei, male, Russia, Primorje (AFM); 10. P. hoenei, male, Russia, Primorje (AFM).
FIGURES 12–15. Xestia ssp. males genitalia. 12. X in Two new Xestia Hübner, 1818 species from China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
FIGURES 12–15. Xestia ssp. males genitalia. 12. X. rimas sp. n., holotype, capsule, prep. PGy3213; 13. X. rimas sp. n., holotype, aedeagus, prep. PGy3213; 14. X. rimas sp. n., paratype, capsule, prep. PGy2893; 15. X. rimas sp. n., paratype, aedeagus, prep. PGy2893.
FIGURES 1–5. Xestia ssp. adults. 1. X in Two new Xestia Hübner, 1818 species from China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
FIGURES 1–5. Xestia ssp. adults. 1. X. elisabetha sp. n., male, holotype, China, Sichuan (coll. P. Gyulai); 2. X. elisabetha sp. n., male, paratype, China, Sichuan (coll. P. Gyulai); 3. X. aplectoides, male, China, Yunnan (coll. P. Gyulai); 4. X. rimas sp. n., male, holotype, China, Sichuan (coll. P. Gyulai); 5. Mixed forest – the biotope of X. rimas sp. n., China, N-Sichuan, road Songpan/Jiuzhaigou.
FIGURES 6–11. Xestia ssp. males genitalia. 6. X in Two new Xestia Hübner, 1818 species from China (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
FIGURES 6–11. Xestia ssp. males genitalia. 6. X. elisabetha sp. n., holotype, capsule, prep. BJ1839; 7. X. elisabetha sp. n., holotype, aedeagus, prep. BJ1839; 8. X. elisabetha sp. n., paratype, capsule, prep. PGy3060; 9. X. elisabetha sp. n., paratype, aedeagus, prep. PGy3060; 10. X. aplectoides, capsule, prep. PGy3079; 11 X. aplectoides, aedeagus, prep. PGy3079.
FIGURES 21–24. Craniophora ssp., male genitalia. 21. C in New species of the genera Acronicta Ochsenheimer, 1816 and Craniophora Snellen, 1867 from China with notes on synonymy and checklist (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Acronictinae)
FIGURES 21–24. Craniophora ssp., male genitalia. 21. C. tapaishana, lectotype, prep. Ho 156 (ZFMK); 22. C. tapaishana, vesica everted, prep. 1996 VK (ZFMK); 23. C. simillima, prep. 1997 VK (ZFMK); 24. C. draudti, paratype, prep. 1996 VK (ZFMK).
FIGURES 1–6. Acronicta ssp., adults. 1. A in New species of the genera Acronicta Ochsenheimer, 1816 and Craniophora Snellen, 1867 from China with notes on synonymy and checklist (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Acronictinae)
FIGURES 1–6. Acronicta ssp., adults. 1. A. naxi, male, holotype, China (NEFU); 2. A. naxi, female, paratype, China (NEFU); 3. A. alni, China, Tapaishan (ZFMK); 4. A. alni, S Korea (CIS); 5. A. alni, Russia, Primorye (IBSS); 6. A. alni, Denmark (ZM OU).
FIGURES 17–20. Craniophora ssp., adults. 17. C in New species of the genera Acronicta Ochsenheimer, 1816 and Craniophora Snellen, 1867 from China with notes on synonymy and checklist (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Acronictinae)
FIGURES 17–20. Craniophora ssp., adults. 17. C. draudti, type series (ZFMK); 18. C. filipjevi (ZFMK); 19. C. tapaishana, types and other material (ZFMK); 20. C. simillima, types and other material (ZFMK).
FIGURES 7–10. Acronicta ssp., genitalia. 7. A in New species of the genera Acronicta Ochsenheimer, 1816 and Craniophora Snellen, 1867 from China with notes on synonymy and checklist (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae: Acronictinae)
FIGURES 7–10. Acronicta ssp., genitalia. 7. A. naxi, male, holotype, prep. 1496 HHL; 8. A. alni, S Korea, prep. CIS 104-05 VK; 9. A. naxi, female, paratype, prep. 1495 HHL; 10. A. alni, S Korea, prep. 1774 HHL.
FIGURE 3. Begonia rigidifolia ssp. sonhungii C.W.Lin from Lin 714. A, B, C in Begonia rigidifolia ssp. sonhungii (sect. Petermannia, Begoniaceae), a new subspecies from limestone hills in Central Vietnam
FIGURE 3. Begonia rigidifolia ssp. sonhungii C.W.Lin from Lin 714. A, B, C. Habit and habitats, showing inflorescence and infructescence; D, E. Portion of leaf, adaxial and abaxial surfaces; F. Rhizome, showing stipules; G. Inflorescence, showing staminate and pistillate flowers.
FIGURE 1 in Begonia rigidifolia ssp. sonhungii (sect. Petermannia, Begoniaceae), a new subspecies from limestone hills in Central Vietnam
FIGURE 1. Distribution map of B. rigidifolia ssp. rigidifolia (circular) and B. rigidifolia ssp. sonhungii (star) in Central Vietnam.
FIGURE 2. Begonia rigidifolia ssp. sonhungii C.W.Lin from Lin 714. A in Begonia rigidifolia ssp. sonhungii (sect. Petermannia, Begoniaceae), a new subspecies from limestone hills in Central Vietnam
FIGURE 2. Begonia rigidifolia ssp. sonhungii C.W.Lin from Lin 714. A. Habit; B, B'. Portion of leaf abaxial and adaxial surfaces, also showing leaf margin; C. Stipule; D. Bracts; E, E'. Staminate flower, face and side views; F, F'. Stamens, ventral and dorsal views; G, G'. Pistillate flower, face and side views; H, H'. Style and stigmatic band, dorsal and ventral views; I. Capsule; J. Cross section of an immature capsule.
FIGURES 6a–6b. Bidessus anatolicus adiyaman ssp. n in Bidessus anatolicus adiyaman ssp. n. from Adıyaman province, southern Turkey (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Bidessini)
FIGURES 6a–6b. Bidessus anatolicus adiyaman ssp. n. (female paratype): (a) gonocoxosternum; (b) gonocoxae.
FIGURES 5a–5h in Bidessus anatolicus adiyaman ssp. n. from Adıyaman province, southern Turkey (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Bidessini)
FIGURES 5a–5h. Male genitalia of: a–c: Bidessus anatolicus adiyaman ssp. n. (holotype): (a) median lobe in ventral view; (b) median lobe in lateral view; (c) left paramere; d–h: Bidessus a. anatolicus: (d) median lobe in ventral view; (e) median lobe in lateral view; (h) left paramere (all adopted from Wewalka 1972: 73); f, g: Bidessus a. anatolicus (specimen from Kumluca): (f) median lobe in lateral view; (h) left paramere (arrows indicate direction of view on ventral surface of median lobe).
FIGURES 4a–4b in Bidessus anatolicus adiyaman ssp. n. from Adıyaman province, southern Turkey (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae, Bidessini)
FIGURES 4a–4b. Ventral view on protarsomeres of Bidessus anatolicus adiyaman ssp. n. (paratypes): (a) male; (b) female.
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OpenNeuro
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