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2,477 results for “type species”
Data from: Trait-based formal definition of plant functional types and functional communities in the multi-species and multi-traits context
<p>The concepts of traits, plant functional types (PFT), and functional communities are effective tools for the study of complex phenomena such as plant community assembly. Here, we (1) suggest a procedure formalising the classification of response traits to construct a PFT system; (2) integrate the PFT, and species compositional data to formally define functional communities; and, (3) identify environmental drivers that underpin the functional-community patterns.A species–trait data set featuring species pooled from two study sites (Eneabba and Cooljarloo, Western Australia), both supporting kwongan vegetation (sclerophyllous scrub and woodland communities), was subjected to classification to define PFTs. Species of both study sites were replaced with the newly derived PFTs and projected cover abundance-weighted means calculated for every plot. Functional communities were defined by classifications of the abundance-weighted PFT data in the respective sites. Distance-based redundancy analysis (using the abundance-weighted community and environmental data) was used to infer drivers of the functional community patterns for each site.A classification based on trait data assisted in reducing trait-space complexity in the studied vegetation and revealed 26 PFTs shared across the study sites. In total, seven functional communities were identified. We demonstrate a putative functional-community pattern-driving effect of soil-texture (clay—sand) gradients at Eneabba (42% of the total inertia explained) and that of water repellence at Cooljarloo (36%). Synthesis. This paper presents a procedure formalising the classification of multiple response traits leading to the delineation of PFTs and functional communities. This step captures plant responses to stresses and disturbance characteristic of kwongan vegetation, including low nutrient status, water stress, and fire (a landscape-level disturbance factor). Our study is the first to introduce a formal procedure assisting their formal recognition. Our results support the role of short-term abiotic drivers structuring the formation of fine-scale functional community patterns in a complex, species-rich vegetation of Western Australia.</p>
Liana communities exhibit different species composition, diversity and community structure across forest types in the Congo Basin
<p>Lianas are poorly characterized for central African forests. We quantify variation in liana composition, diversity and community structure in different forest types in the Yangambi Man and Biosphere Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. These attributes of liana assemblages were examined in 12 1-ha plots, randomly demarcated within regrowth forest, old-growth monodominant forest, old-growth mixed forest and old-growth edge forest. Using a combination of multivariate and univariate community analyses, we visualize the patterns of these liana assemblage attributes and/or test for their significant differences across forest types. The combined 12 1-ha area contains 2,638 lianas (≥ 2 cm diameter) representing 105 species, 49 genera and 22 families. Liana species composition differed significantly across forest types. Taxonomic diversity was higher in old-growth mixed forests compared to old-growth monodominant and regrowth forests. Trait diversity was higher than expected in the regrowth forest as opposed to the rest of forest types. Similarly, the regrowth forest differed from the rest of forest types in the pattern of liana species ecological traits and diameter frequency distribution. The regrowth forest was also less densely populated in lianas, and had lower liana total basal area than the rest of forest types. We speculate that the mechanism of liana competitive exclusion by dominant tree species is mainly responsible for the lower liana species diversity in monodominant compared to mixed forests. We attribute variation in liana community structure between regrowth and old-growth forests mostly to short development time of size hierarchies.</p>
Data from: Effects of soil type and light on height growth, biomass partitioning, and nitrogen dynamics on 22 species of tropical dry forest tree seedlings: comparisons between legumes and nonlegumes
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The seedling stage is particularly vulnerable to resource limitation, with potential consequences for community composition. We investigated how light and soil variation affected early growth, biomass partitioning, morphology, and physiology of 22 tree species common in tropical dry forest, including eight legumes. Our hypothesis was that legume seedlings are better at taking advantage of increased resource availability, which contributes to their successful regeneration in tropical dry forests. METHODS: We grew seedlings in a full-factorial design under two light levels in two soil types that differed in nutrient concentrations and soil moisture. We measured height biweekly and, at final harvest, biomass partitioning, internode segments, leaf carbon, nitrogen, δ 13 C, and δ 15 N. KEY RESULTS: Legumes initially grew taller and maintained that height advantage over time under all experimental conditions. Legumes also had the highest final total biomass and water-use efficiency in the high-light and high-resource soil. For nitrogen-fixing legumes, the amount of nitrogen derived from fixation was highest in the richer soil. Although seed mass tended to be larger in legumes, seed size alone did not account for all the differences between legumes and nonlegumes. Both belowground and aboveground resources were limiting to early seedling growth and function. CONCLUSIONS: Legumes may have a different regeneration niche, in that they germinate rapidly and grow taller than other species immediately after germination, maximizing their performance when light and belowground resources are readily available, and potentially permitting them to take advantage of high light, nutrient, and water availability at the beginning of the wet season.
Data from: Cryptic species in the mountaintops: species delimitation and taxonomy of the Bembidion breve species group (Coleoptera: Carabidae) aided by genomic architecture of a century-old type specimen
The breve species group includes closely related Bembidion Latreille ground beetles commonly found at high elevation in the mountains of western North America. For several decades, the group has been considered to consist of two species. Here, we present evidence from morphological, molecular and geographic data that the group contains nine species: Bembidion ampliatum, B. breve, B. geopearlis, B. laxatum, B. lividulum, B. oromaia, B. saturatum, B. testatum and B. vulcanix. We describe three species (B. geopearlis, B. oromaia and B. vulcanix) as new and resurrect four previously synonymized names (B. ampliatum, B. lividulum, B. saturatum and B. testatum). Species diversity is highest throughout the Cascades in Oregon and Washington, and Sierra Nevada of California, where up to seven species can occur in sympatry. We resolved challenging nomenclatural issues through analysis of sequences obtained from century-old type specimens by using a novel application of rDNA copy number analysis – an approach that may prove useful for other historical specimens.
Impact of intercept trap type on plume structure: a potential mechanism for differential performance of intercept trap designs for Monochamus species
<p>Studies have demonstrated that semiochemical-baited intercept traps differ in their performance for sampling insects, but we have an incomplete understanding of how and why intercept trap design effects vary among insects. This can significantly delay both the development of new and optimization of existing survey and detection tools. The development of a mechanistic understanding of why trap performance varies within and among species would mitigate this delay. The primary objective of this study was to develop methods to characterize and compare the odor plumes associated with intercept traps that differ in their performance for forest Coleoptera. We released CO<sub>2</sub> and measured fluctuations of this tracer gas from 175-point locations arranged in a 2-by-3-by-2-m grid cuboid downwind of a standard multiple-funnel, a modified multiple-funnel, a panel, a canopy malaise trap, and a blank control (i.e., no trap) in a greenhouse. Significant differences in trapping efficacy between these different trap designs were observed for <i>Monochamus scutellatus</i> (Say) and <i>Monochamus notatus</i> (Drury) in a field trial. Significant differences were also observed in how CO<sub>2</sub> accumulated in time at different positions downwind among these different trap designs. Turbulent dispersion is the dominant force structuring odor plumes and creates intermittency in the odor plume that is important for sustained upwind flight in insects. Methodological and instrumental limitations resulted in the inability to determine instantaneous plume structures and vortex shedding frequencies for different intercept trap designs. Although we observed differences in the odor plumes emanating downwind of the different intercept trap designs, we were unable to reconcile these differences with capture rates of the different trap designs for <i>M. scutellatus</i> and <i>M. notatus</i>.</p>
Figure 6. - Ovipositor of the Japanese Epicephala species. A, Epicephalaanthophilia (paratype, slide No. AK250) B Epicephalabipollenella (slide No. AK281) C Epicephalalanceolatella (non-type, slide No. AK251) D Epicephalaperplexa (paratype, slide No. AK253) E Epicephalaobovatella (non-type, slide No. AK246) F Epicephalacorruptrix (paratype, slide No. AK262) G Epicephalavitisidaea (slide No. AK239) H Epicephalaparasitica (non-type, slide No. AK239) I Epicephalanudilingua (paratype, slide No. AK296). Scale bar 0.1 mm.
Figure 6. - Ovipositor of the Japanese Epicephala species. A, Epicephalaanthophilia (paratype, slide No. AK250) B Epicephalabipollenella (slide No. AK281) C Epicephalalanceolatella (non-type, slide No. AK251) D Epicephalaperplexa (paratype, slide No. AK253) E Epicephalaobovatella (non-type, slide No. AK246) F Epicephalacorruptrix (paratype, slide No. AK262) G Epicephalavitisidaea (slide No. AK239) H Epicephalaparasitica (non-type, slide No. AK239) I Epicephalanudilingua (paratype, slide No. AK296). Scale bar 0.1 mm.
Figure 3. - Aedeagus of the Japanese Epicephala species. A Epicephalaanthophilia (paratype, slide No. AK249), lateral view B Epicephalabipollenella (slide No. AK258), lateral view C Epicephalalanceolatella, lateral (left; non-type, slide No. AK270) and dorsal (right; non-type, slide No. AK271) view D Epicephalaperplexa (paratype, slide No. AK272), lateral view E Epicephalaobovatella (non-type, slide No. AK245), lateral view F Epicephalacorruptrix (paratype, slide No. AK260), lateral view G Epicephalavitisidaea (slide No. AK234), lateral view H Epicephalaparasitica (non-type, slide No. AK290), lateral view I Epicephalanudilingua (paratype, slide No. AK292), ventral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Figure 3. - Aedeagus of the Japanese Epicephala species. A Epicephalaanthophilia (paratype, slide No. AK249), lateral view B Epicephalabipollenella (slide No. AK258), lateral view C Epicephalalanceolatella, lateral (left; non-type, slide No. AK270) and dorsal (right; non-type, slide No. AK271) view D Epicephalaperplexa (paratype, slide No. AK272), lateral view E Epicephalaobovatella (non-type, slide No. AK245), lateral view F Epicephalacorruptrix (paratype, slide No. AK260), lateral view G Epicephalavitisidaea (slide No. AK234), lateral view H Epicephalaparasitica (non-type, slide No. AK290), lateral view I Epicephalanudilingua (paratype, slide No. AK292), ventral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Figure 5. - Apophyses and eighth abdominal segment of the Japanese Epicephala species. A Epicephalaanthophilia (paratype, slide No. AK250) B Epicephalabipollenella (slide No. AK281) C Epicephalalanceolatella (non-type, slide No. AK251) D Epicephalaperplexa (paratype, slide No. AK253) E Epicephalaobovatella (non-type, slide No. AK246) F Epicephalacorruptrix (paratype, slide No. AK262) G Epicephalavitisidaea (slide No. AK239) H Epicephalaparasitica (non-type, slide No. AK239) I Epicephalanudilingua (paratype, slide No. AK296). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 5. - Apophyses and eighth abdominal segment of the Japanese Epicephala species. A Epicephalaanthophilia (paratype, slide No. AK250) B Epicephalabipollenella (slide No. AK281) C Epicephalalanceolatella (non-type, slide No. AK251) D Epicephalaperplexa (paratype, slide No. AK253) E Epicephalaobovatella (non-type, slide No. AK246) F Epicephalacorruptrix (paratype, slide No. AK262) G Epicephalavitisidaea (slide No. AK239) H Epicephalaparasitica (non-type, slide No. AK239) I Epicephalanudilingua (paratype, slide No. AK296). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 2. - Valva of the Japanese Epicephala species. A Epicephalaanthophilia (paratype, slide No. AK249) B Epicephalabipollenella (slide No. AK258) C Epicephalalanceolatella (non-type, slide No. AK270) D Epicephalaperplexa (paratype, slide No. AK272) E Epicephalaobovatella (non-type, slide No. AK245) F Epicephalacorruptrix (paratype, slide No. AK260) G Epicephalavitisidaea (slide No. AK234); H, Epicephalaparasitica (non-type, slide No. AK290) I Epicephalanudilingua (paratype, slide No. AK292). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 2. - Valva of the Japanese Epicephala species. A Epicephalaanthophilia (paratype, slide No. AK249) B Epicephalabipollenella (slide No. AK258) C Epicephalalanceolatella (non-type, slide No. AK270) D Epicephalaperplexa (paratype, slide No. AK272) E Epicephalaobovatella (non-type, slide No. AK245) F Epicephalacorruptrix (paratype, slide No. AK260) G Epicephalavitisidaea (slide No. AK234); H, Epicephalaparasitica (non-type, slide No. AK290) I Epicephalanudilingua (paratype, slide No. AK292). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 7. - Section of the female proboscis of the Japanese Epicephala species. All photographs were taken from non-type specimens. A Epicephalaanthophilia (slide No. AK303) B Epicephalabipollenella (slide No. AK298) C Epicephalalanceolatella (slide No. AK300) D Epicephalaperplexa (slide No. AK301) E Epicephalaobovatella (slide No. AK307) F Epicephalacorruptrix (slide No. AK304) G Epicephalavitisidaea (slide No. AK297) H Epicephalaparasitica (slide No. AK308), arrows indicate rudimentary sensilla I Epicephalanudilingua (slide No. AK309). lp, labial palp. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Figure 7. - Section of the female proboscis of the Japanese Epicephala species. All photographs were taken from non-type specimens. A Epicephalaanthophilia (slide No. AK303) B Epicephalabipollenella (slide No. AK298) C Epicephalalanceolatella (slide No. AK300) D Epicephalaperplexa (slide No. AK301) E Epicephalaobovatella (slide No. AK307) F Epicephalacorruptrix (slide No. AK304) G Epicephalavitisidaea (slide No. AK297) H Epicephalaparasitica (slide No. AK308), arrows indicate rudimentary sensilla I Epicephalanudilingua (slide No. AK309). lp, labial palp. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Figure 4. - Seventh abdominal segment and corpus and ductus bursae of the Japanese Epicephala species. A, Epicephalaanthophilia (paratype, slide No. AK250) B Epicephalabipollenella (slide No. AK281) C Epicephalalanceolatella (non-type, slide No. AK251) D Epicephalaperplexa (paratype, slide No. AK253) E Epicephalaobovatella (non-type, slide No. AK246) F Epicephalacorruptrix (paratype, slide No. AK262) G Epicephalavitisidaea (slide No. AK239) H Epicephalaparasitica (non-type, slide No. AK293) I Epicephalanudilingua (paratype, slide No. AK296). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 4. - Seventh abdominal segment and corpus and ductus bursae of the Japanese Epicephala species. A, Epicephalaanthophilia (paratype, slide No. AK250) B Epicephalabipollenella (slide No. AK281) C Epicephalalanceolatella (non-type, slide No. AK251) D Epicephalaperplexa (paratype, slide No. AK253) E Epicephalaobovatella (non-type, slide No. AK246) F Epicephalacorruptrix (paratype, slide No. AK262) G Epicephalavitisidaea (slide No. AK239) H Epicephalaparasitica (non-type, slide No. AK293) I Epicephalanudilingua (paratype, slide No. AK296). Scale bar: 1 mm.
Data from: Species contributions to ecosystem stability change with disturbance type
<p>Simultaneous exposure to multiple stressors complicates the challenge of predicting ecological responses to global environmental change. Here, we show that the contributions of individual species and functional groups to the overall stability of ecosystems can be modified by the presence of different stressors, both individually and in combination. By disturbing natural rocky shore communities with nutrients and sediments and simulating extinction of predatory whelks and grazers, we also found that consumers can simultaneously stabilise and destabilise communities along different stability dimensions, irrespective of their trophic position. Our results suggest that our experimental disturbances influenced consumer contributions to stability indirectly by modifying the interactions between consumers and macroalgae in different ways. These findings merit further exploration in different systems exposed to a range of different stressors to better understand how perturbations of different kinds can modify the multifaceted contributions of species to the overall stability of ecosystems.</p>
Bryosphere loss impairs litter decomposition consistently across moss species, litter types, and micro-arthropod abundance
<p>The bryosphere (i.e., ground mosses and their associated biota) is a key driver of nutrient and carbon dynamics in many terrestrial ecosystems, in part because it regulates litter decomposition. However, we have a poor understanding of how litter decomposition responds to changes in the bryosphere, including changes in bryosphere cover, moss species, and bryosphere-associated biota. Specifically, the contribution of micro-arthropods to litter decomposition in the bryosphere is unclear. Here, we used a 16-month litterbag field experiment in two boreal forests to investigate bryosphere effects on litter decomposition rates among two moss species (<i>Pleurozium schreberi</i> and <i>Hylocomium splendens</i>), and two litter types (higher-quality <i>Betula pendula</i> litter and lower-quality <i>P. schreberi</i> litter). Additionally, we counted all micro-arthropods in the litterbags and identified them to functional groups. We found that bryosphere removal reduced litter decomposition rates by 28% and micro-arthropod abundance by 29%, and led to a colder micro-climate. Litter decomposition rates and micro-arthropod abundance were uncorrelated overall, but were positively correlated in <i>B. pendula</i> litterbags. Bryosphere effects on litter decomposition rates were consistent across moss species, litter types, and micro-arthropod abundances and community compositions. These findings suggest that micro-arthropods play a minor role in litter decomposition in the boreal forest floor, suggesting that other factors (e.g., micro-climate, nutrient availability) likely drive the positive effect of the bryosphere on decomposition rates. Our results point to a substantial and consistent impairment of litter decomposition in response to loss of moss cover, which could have important implications for nutrient and carbon cycling in moss-dominated ecosystems.</p>
Reduced genetic diversity associated with the northern expansion of an amphibian species with high habitat-specialization, Ascaphus truei, resolved using two types of genetic markers
<p>Reconstruction of historical relationships between geographic regions within a species' range can indicate dispersal patterns and help predict future responses to shifts in climate. <em>Ascaphus truei </em>(coastal tailed frog) is an indicator species of the health of forests and perennial streams in the Coastal and Cascade Mountains of the Pacific Northwest of North America. We used two genetic techniques — microsatellite and genotype-by-sequencing (GBS) — to compare the within region genetic diversity of populations near the northern extent of the species' range (British Columbia, Canada) to two geographic regions in British Columbia and two in Washington, USA, moving towards the core of the range. Allelic richness and heterozygosity declined substantially as latitude increased. The northernmost region had the lowest mean expected heterozygosities for both techniques (microsatellite, M = 0.20, SE = 0.080; GBS, M = 0.025, SE = 0.0010) and the southernmost region had the highest (microsatellite, M = 0.88, SE = 0.054; GBS, M = 0.20, SE = 0.0029). The northernmost regions (NC and MC) clustered together in population structure models for both genetic techniques. Our discovery of reduced diversity may have important conservation and management implications for population connectivity and the response of <em>A. truei</em> to climate change.</p>
Figs 11, 12. Inurois membranaria, type specimens. 11a in Identification and misidentifications in the genus Inurous (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) with description of a new species
Figs 11, 12. Inurois membranaria, type specimens. 11a – lectotype, male; 11b – labels;
Cell type matching across species using protein embeddings and transfer learning
<p>TACTiCS is a method to transfer and align cell types in cross-species data. This repository contains the protein sequences, protein embeddings, count matrices and trained models for human, mouse and marmoset.</p>
Fig. 12. Doliops villalobosi Heller, 1926 in Type specimens of the genera Doliops Waterhouse, 1841 and Lamprobityle Heller, 1923 (stat. nov.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and description of two new species deposited in Senckenberg Natural History collections Dresden, Germany
Fig. 12. Doliops villalobosi Heller, 1926 (A – dorsal view, B – lateral view, C – labels)
Fig. 10. Doliops pachyrrhynchoides Heller, 1916 in Type specimens of the genera Doliops Waterhouse, 1841 and Lamprobityle Heller, 1923 (stat. nov.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and description of two new species deposited in Senckenberg Natural History collections Dresden, Germany
Fig. 10. Doliops pachyrrhynchoides Heller, 1916 (A – dorsal view, B – lateral view, C – labels)
Fig. 9. Doliops multifasciata Schultze, 1922 in Type specimens of the genera Doliops Waterhouse, 1841 and Lamprobityle Heller, 1923 (stat. nov.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and description of two new species deposited in Senckenberg Natural History collections Dresden, Germany
Fig. 9. Doliops multifasciata Schultze, 1922 (A – dorsal view, B – lateral view, C – labels)
Fig. 6. Doliops frosti Schultze, 1923 in Type specimens of the genera Doliops Waterhouse, 1841 and Lamprobityle Heller, 1923 (stat. nov.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) and description of two new species deposited in Senckenberg Natural History collections Dresden, Germany
Fig. 6. Doliops frosti Schultze, 1923 (A – dorsal view, B – lateral view, C – labels)
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.