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2,358 results for “wing”
#20 - Assyrian Human-headed winged bull 859 B.C
Part of my Everyday a Scan series! "From the ninth to the seventh century B.C., the kings of Assyria ruled over a vast empire centered in northern Iraq. The great Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II (r. 883–859 B.C.), undertook a vast building program at Nimrud, ancient Kalhu. Until it became the capital city under Ashurnasirpal, Nimrud had been no more than a provincial town. The new capital occupied an area of about nine hundred acres, around which Ashurnasirpal constructed a mudbrick wall that was 120 feet thick, 42 feet high, and five miles long. In the southwest corner of this enclosure was the acropolis, where the temples, palaces, and administrative offices of the empire were located..." Source: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/322608?sortBy=Relevance&who=Assyrian&ft=*&offset=60&rpp=100&pos=157 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Owl Wing in Ghost Town, Bodie California
Looking into a dirty window in the ghost town of Bodie California is a abandoned room with a large wing of a barn owl that meet a bad fate by being trapped and paniced. Dead birds are one of the gristly, filthy, diseased, and disturbing things that one finds in ghost towns. The scene evokes images of a nightmare for the owl and a place that you would not want to be in when it was happening. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Wing geometric morphometrics and COI barcoding of Culex pipiens subgroup in the Republic of Korea
<p>Two members of the <em>Culex pipiens</em> subgroup, <em>Culex pallens</em> and <em>Culex pipiens</em> f. <em>molestus</em>, are known to occur in the Republic of Korea (ROK). These species exhibit morphologically similar features and are challenging to distinguish below the species level. Therefore, this study utilized wing geometric morphometrics (GM) on the right wing of the <em>Culex pipiens</em> subgroup, alongside sequencing of the cytochrome <em>c</em> oxidase subunit I (<em>COI</em>) region. Mosquitoes were collected from 11 locations between June and October to minimize regional and seasonal variations. Additionally, <em>Culex pipiens</em> f. <em>pipiens</em>, which is not native to the ROK, was included in the analysis. <em>Culex tritaeniorhynchus</em>, <em>Aedes albopictus</em>, and <em>Anopheles sinensis</em>, the primary vectors in the ROK, were used as outgroups for comparison. All three taxa within the <em>Culex pipiens</em> subgroup could be identified with an 82.4%–97.0% accuracy using GM. However, a comparison of the <em>COI</em> regions of the <em>Culex pipiens</em> subgroup revealed no clear differences between the taxa. These data can be used for accurate identification, contributing to effective mosquito control, in addition to providing a foundation for evolutionary and ecological studies on wing shape differences.</p>
Wing lengths of three Arctic butterfly species decrease as summers warm in Alaska
<p>Climate warming can cause arthropods to express plastic and/or evolved changes in morphology. Previous studies have demonstrated that body sizes of Arctic butterflies are influenced by the temperatures experienced as larvae. To investigate whether this was occurring among Alaskan butterflies, we analyzed temporal trends in the wing sizes of three Holarctic species, <em>Colias hecla, Boloria chariclea, </em>and<em> Boloria freija</em>, using museum specimens collected in Arctic tundra regions of Alaska between 1971 and 1995. Wing length was compared to accumulated growing degree days (GDD) during both the spring of the year collected and the previous year's summer during the normal period of larval development. We used mixed-effects models to test if spring and summer temperatures affected adult morphology. Results show that for every 1°C increase in average seasonal temperature, wingspans decreased between 0.7 millimeters and 5 millimeters, with <em>B. freija </em>the most strongly affected. Our results suggest that the morphological sensitivity of Arctic butterflies to warming is the outcome of interactions between life-history traits and regional climate, with all species sensitive to warming the summer before the flight year as well as warming the spring of the flight year. <em>Boloria freija</em>, which overwinters as late instar larvae that do not feed before pupation the following spring, was particularly strongly affected by summer warming.</p>
Data from: A convolutional neural network to identify mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of the genus Aedes by wing images
<p>Accurate species identification is a prerequisite to assess the medical relevance of a mosquito specimens. In monitoring or surveillance programs, mosquitoes are typically identified based on morphological characters, which can be supported by molecular biological assays. Both methods require intensive experience of the observers and well-equipped laboratories. The use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to identify species based on images may be a cost-effective and reliable alternative. In this proof-of-concept study, we developed a CNN to identify seven <em>Aedes</em> species by wing images, only. While previous studies used images of the whole mosquito body, the nearly two-dimensional wings may facilitate standardized image capture and thereby reduce the complexity of the CNN implementation.</p> <p>Mosquitoes were sampled from different sites in Germany. Their wings were mounted and photographed with a professional stereomicroscope. The data set consisted of 1,155 wing images from seven <em>Aedes</em> species, including the exotic species <em>Aedes albopictus</em> und six native <em>Aedes</em> species, as well as 554 wings from different non-<em>Aedes </em>mosquitoes. The wing images were used to train a CNN to differentiate between <em>Aedes</em> and non-<em>Aedes</em> mosquitoes and to classify the seven <em>Aedes </em>species. The training was conducted separately for grayscale and RGB images. Image processing, data augmentation, training, validation and testing were conducted in python using deep-learning framework PyTorch. </p> <p>For both input images, i.e. grayscale and RGB images, our best-performing CNN configuration achieved an accuracy of 100% to discriminate <em>Aedes</em> from non-<em>Aedes </em>mosquito species<em>. </em>The accuracy to predict the <em>Aedes</em> species reached 93% for grayscale images and 96% for RGB images. <em>Aedes albopictus</em> could be identified with an accuracy of 100%. </p> <p>In conclusion, wing images are sufficient to identify mosquito species by CNN based image classification. Thus, wing images can represent a useful complement for CNN-based image classification, e.g. for damaged mosquito specimens. Larger training data sets with further mosquito species and a greater variety of images are required to improve and test broad applicability.</p>
Achoanus hulleyi, n.sp. I. Head of male in profile; 2. Head of female in profile: 3. Wing. in A New Genus And Species Of Syrphidae (Diptera) From South Africa
Achoanus hulleyi, n.sp. I. Head of male in profile; 2. Head of female in profile: 3. Wing.
Data from: A winged relative of ice crawlers in amber bridges the cryptic extant Xenonomia and a rich fossil record
<p>Until the advent of phylogenomics, the atypical morphology of extant representatives of the insect orders <em>Grylloblattodea</em> (ice crawlers) and <em>Mantophasmatodea </em>(gladiators) had confounding effects on efforts to resolve their placement within Polyneoptera. This recent research has unequivocally shown that these species‐poor groups are closely related and form the clade Xenonomia. Nonetheless, divergence dates of these groups remain poorly constrained, and their evolutionary history debated, as the few well‐identified fossils, characterized by a suite of morphological features similar to that of extant forms, are comparatively young. Notably, the extant forms of both groups are wingless, whereas most of the pre‐Cretaceous insect fossil record is composed of winged insects, which represents a major shortcoming of the taxonomy. Here, we present new specimens embedded in Early Cretaceous amber from Myanmar and belonging to the recently described species <em>Aristovia daniili</em>. The abundant material and pristine preservation allowed a detailed documentation of the morphology of the species, including critical head features. Combined with a morphological data set encompassing all Polyneoptera, these new data unequivocally demonstrate that <em>A. daniili</em> is a winged stem <em>Grylloblattodea</em>. This discovery demonstrates that winglessness was acquired independently in <em>Grylloblattodea </em>and <em>Mantophasmatodea</em>. Concurrently, wing apomorphic traits shared by the new fossil and earlier fossils demonstrate that a large subset of the former "Protorthoptera" assemblage, representing a third of all known insect species in some Permian localities, are genuine representatives of Xenonomia. Data from the fossil record depict a distinctive evolutionary trajectory, with the group being both highly diverse and abundant during the Permian but experiencing a severe decline from the Triassic onwards.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary change in flight-to-light response in urban moths comes with changes in wing morphology
<p>Moths and other insects are attracted by artificial light sources. This flight-to-light behaviour disrupts their general activity focused on finding essential habitat resources, such as mating partners, and increases predation risk. It thus has substantial fitness costs. In illuminated urban areas, spindle ermine moths <em>Yponomeuta cagnagella</em> were reported to have evolved a reduced flight-to-light response. Yet, the specific mechanism remained unknown, and was hypothesized to involve either changes in visual perception or general flight ability or overall mobility traits. Here, we test whether spindle ermine moths from urban and rural populations—with known differences in flight-to-light response—differ in flight-related morphological traits. Urban individuals were found to have on average smaller wings than rural moths, which in turn correlated with a lower probability of being attracted to an artificial light source. Our finding supports the reduced mobility hypothesis, which states that reduced mobility in urban areas is associated with specific morphological changes in the flight apparatus.</p>
Evolution of wing shape in geometrid moths: phylogenetic effects dominate over ecology
<p>Locomotory performance is an important determinant of fitness in most animals, including flying insects. Strong selective pressures on wing morphology are therefore expected. Previous studies on wing shape in Lepidoptera have found some support for hypotheses relating wing shape to environment-specific selective pressures on aerodynamic performance. Here, we present a phylogenetic comparative study on wing shape in the lepidopteran family Geometridae, covering all 374 species of the northern European fauna. We focused on eleven wing traits including aspect ratio, wing roundness, and the pointedness of the apex, as well as the ratio of forewing and hindwing areas. All measures were taken from images available on the internet, using a combination of tools available in Fiji software and in R. We found that wing shape demonstrates a phylogenetically conservative pattern of evolution in Geometridae, showing similar or greater phylogenetic signal than many of its potential predictors. Several wing traits showed statistically significant associations with predictors such as body size, flight phenology, and preference for forest habitats. Overall, however, all of these associations remained notably weak, with no wing shape being excluded for any value of the predictors, including body size. We conclude that, in geometrids, wing traits do not readily respond to selective pressures optimising aerodynamic performance of the moths in different environments. Selection on wing shape may nevertheless operate through other functions of the wings, with the effectiveness of crypsis at rest being a promising candidate for further studies.</p>
Reconstructing illusory camouflage patterns on moth wings using computer vision - Datas and codes
<p>This repository contains the data, codes and pre-trained weights for the experiments in our paper "Reconstructing illusory camouflage patterns on moth wings using computer vision", accepted for publication in the Journal of The Royal Society Interface.</p> <p>The images, in photos.zip, are available under CC-BY-SA 4.0 International license.</p> <p>The c++ codes, available in codes_closed_forms.zip, are available under a GPL 3.0 license.</p> <p>The monocular depth reconstruction toolbox we used to test different deep learning models for monocular reconstruction is available under the Apache 2.0 software license.</p>
Fig. 3. Posterior wings. A in New genus and new species of spittlebugs (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) from the Philippines
Fig. 3. Posterior wings. A. Mioscarta sp. B. Poeciloterpa sp.
Out from under the wing: reconceptualizing the insect wing gene regulatory network as a versatile, general module for body-wall lobes in arthropods
<p>Body plan evolution often occurs through the differentiation of serially homologous body parts, particularly in the evolution of arthropod body plans. Recently, homeotic transformations resulting from experimental manipulation of gene expression have been interpreted as evidence that portions of dorsal and lateral arthropod body-wall are serially homologous to wings. These results, along with comparative data on the expression and function of genes in the wing regulatory network, provided a new perspective on an old question in insect evolution—how did the insect wing, evolve? A proposed ancestral role for the wing regulatory network in patterning body-wall margins motivated a broader comparison of gene function in wings and body-wall. We investigated the roles of a suite of ten wing- and body-wall related genes in a hemimetabolous insect, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Our results indicate that genes involved in wing development in O. fasciatus play similar roles in the development of adult body-wall flattened cuticular evaginations. We found extensive functional similarity between the development of wings and other bilayered evaginations of the body wall. Overall, our results support the existence of a versatile development module for building bilayered cuticular epithelial structures, which may have played a central role in the evolution of wings.</p>
DNA Metabarcoding Enables High-Throughput Detection of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) within Unsorted Trap Catches
<p>Data to support the paper: DNA Metabarcoding Enables High-Throughput Detection of Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) within Unsorted Trap Catches</p>
Song of a male Green-winged Saltator (Saltator similis)
<p>Supplementary file for the article <em>Song as a signal of identity and quality in male Green-winged Saltator (Saltator similis).</em> This is a section from a recording containing songs from a single individual. Recorded inside the recording room reported in the paper.</p>
Evolution of body size and wing shape trade-offs in arsenurine silkmoths
<p>One of the key objectives in biological research is understanding how evolutionary processes have produced Earth's diversity. A critical step towards revealing these processes is an investigation of evolutionary tradeoffs – that is, the opposing pressures of multiple selective forces. For millennia, nocturnal moths have had to balance successful flight, as they search for mates or host plants, with evading bat predators. However, the potential for evolutionary trade-offs between wing shape and body size are poorly understood. In this study, we used phylogenomics and geometric morphometrics to examine the evolution of wing shape in the wild silkmoth subfamily Arsenurinae (Saturniidae) and evaluate potential evolutionary relationships between body size and wing shape. The phylogeny was inferred based on 782 loci from target capture data of 42 arsenurine species representing all 10 recognized genera. After detecting in our data one of the most vexing problems in phylogenetic inference – a region of a tree that possesses short branches and no "support" for relationships (i.e., a polytomy), we looked for hidden phylogenomic signal (i.e., inspecting differing phylogenetic inferences, alternative support values, quartets, and phylogenetic networks) to better illuminate the most probable generic relationships within the subfamily.</p> <p>We found there are putative evolutionary trade-offs between wing shape, body size, and the interaction of fore- and hindwing shape. Namely, body size tends to decrease with increasing hindwing length but increases as forewing shape becomes more complex. Additionally, the type of hindwing (i.e., tail or no tail) a lineage possesses has a significant effect on the complexity of forewing shape. We outline possible selective forces driving the complex hindwing shapes that make Arsenurinae, and silkmoths as a whole, so charismatic.</p>
Video of female wing and mandibular protest sounds of the katydid, Nesoecia nigrispina (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae)
<p>The katydids,<em> Nesoecia nigrispina</em> (Stal, 1873) (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae, Cocconotini) emit sound signals in three ways: using the tegminal sound apparatus (males only), wings, and, presumably, mandibles (individuals of both sexes). The repertoire of sound signals includes calling song of two types and 3 types of protest signals. Males, which, like other katydids, have tegminal stridulatory organ, produce sounds of all types. However, the emission of protest signals of the 2nd and 3rd types is carried out with the help of the wings and mouth organs (apparently, mandibles). Females can also produce Type 2 and Type 3 protest sounds in the same way as males.</p> <p>In the video, can be seen and heard how the female produces wing protest sounds, as well as short clicks that accompany the movements of the mouthparts.</p>
Video of male wing and mandibular protest sounds of the katydid, Nesoecia nigrispina (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae)
<p>The katydids,<em> Nesoecia nigrispina</em> (Stal, 1873) (Orthoptera, Pseudophyllinae, Cocconotini) emit sound signals in three ways: using the tegminal sound apparatus (males only), wings, and, presumably, mandibles (individuals of both sexes). The repertoire of sound signals includes calling song of two types and 3 types of protest signals. Males, which, like other katydids, have tegminal stridulatory organ, produce sounds of all types. However, the emission of protest signals of the 2nd and 3rd types is carried out with the help of the wings and mouth organs (apparently, mandibles). Females can also produce Type 2 and Type 3 protest sounds in the same way as males.</p> <p>In the video, can be seen and heard how the male produces wing protest sounds, as well as short clicks can be heard that accompany the movements of the mouthparts.</p>
Data from: Controlling trapping, overgrazing and invasive vegetation is key to saving Java's last population of the Black-winged Myna
<p><span><span>The Black-winged Myna (<em>Acridotheres melanopterus</em>) is an Endangered passerine endemic to the islands of Java and Bali, Indonesia. </span><span>Illegal trapping to supply the cage-bird trade has led to its near-total extinction, with the global population estimated to number fewer than 100 individuals. The only known population of Black-winged Mynas on Java occurs at Baluran National Park (BNP). </span>These data were generated to meet the two primary aims of the linked paper: the first was to estimate the Black-winged Myna <em>(Acridotheres</em> <em>melanopterus</em>) population size and range at BNP; and the second was to use species distribution modelling to evaluate the potential suitability of areas currently unoccupied by Black-winged Mynas across BNP to identify priorities for management intervention. We carried out line-transect distance sampling following the standard distance analysis method to estimate the population size. A total of 56 detections of groups of Black-winged Mynas were recorded along line transects and are included in the dataset. These records are associated with the land cover type for that segment of the transect, the perpendicular distance of the record to the transect, and the survey effort associated with each transect. To produce the species distribution model, we used three predictor raster layers along with all Black-winged Myna presences recorded </span>(not freely available, see below) and a generated set of pseudo-absences. The dataset contains both the raw data used to create the land cover classification as well as the final raster. The raw data used to produce the habitat classification contains classified points (n = 426) from across BNP, which were used as a training and test data for a random forest land cover classification.</p>
Data from "Evidence of attack deflection suggests adaptive evolution of wing tails in butterflies"
<p><span>Predation is a powerful selective force shaping many behavioural and morphological traits in prey species. The deflection of predator attacks from vital parts of the prey usually involves the coordinated evolution of prey body shape and colour. Here, we test the deflection effect of hindwing tails in the swallowtail butterfly <em>Iphiclides podalirius</em>. In this species, hindwings display long tails associated with a conspicuous colour pattern. By surveying the wings within a wild population of <em>I. podalirius</em>, we observed that wing damage was much more frequent on the tails. We then used a standardised behavioural assay employing dummy butterflies with real <em>I. podalirius </em>wings to study the location of attacks by great tits <em>Parus major.</em> Wing tails and conspicuous coloration of the hindwings were struck more often than the rest of the body by birds. Finally, we characterised the mechanical properties of fresh wings and found that the tail vein was more fragile than the others, suggesting facilitated escape ability of butterflies attacked at this location. Our results clearly support the deflective effect of hindwing tails and suggest that predation is an important selective driver of the evolution of wing tails and colour pattern in butterflies.</span></p>
Community science reveals links between migration arrival timing advance, migration distance, and wing shape
<p>Substantial global data show that many taxa are shifting their phenologies in response to climate change. For birds, migration arrival dates in breeding regions have been shifting earlier, and there is evidence that both evolutionary adaptation and behavioural flexibility influence these shifts. As more efficient flyers may be able to demonstrate more flexibility to respond to changing conditions during migratory flight, we hypothesize that differences among passerine species in flight efficiency, as reflected by morphology, may be associated with the magnitude of shifts in arrival date in response to climate warming. We applied a logistic model to eighteen years of eBird data to estimate mean arrival date for 44 common passerines migrating to northeast North America. We then used linear mixed-effects models to estimate changes in mean arrival date and compared these changes to morphological proxies for flight efficiency and migratory distance using phylogenetic generalized least squares models. On average, passerine species shifted their arrival dates 0.120 days earlier each year, with 27 of the 44 species shifting to significantly earlier arrival times, and two shifting to significantly later ones. Of the 15 species with non-significant shifts, 13 trended toward earlier arrivals. Longer migration distances and higher wing aspect ratios were associated with greater shifts towards earlier arrivals. Migration distance and aspect ratio were also significantly correlated to each other. This suggests that changes in arrival date are affected by factors pertaining to migratory flight over long distances namely, flight efficiency and migration distance. These traits may be able predict the magnitude of arrival date shift, and by extension identify species that are most at risk to climate change due to inflexible arrival timing.</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.