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Figures 40-45 from: Gosik R, Sprick P, Czerewko K (2017) Morphology of the larvae of three Central European Strophosoma Billberg, 1820 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 64(1): 27-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.64.11446

Figures 40-45 - Sampling sites, host plants, larvae, teneral and mature adults. 40 - sampling site of Strophosoma capitatum in a beech forest in the Deister Mountains southwest of Hannover, 41 - adult Strophosoma capitatum feeding on Salix caprea in a pine forest on the outskirts of Celle (Niedersachsen), 42 - habitat of Strophosoma melanogrammum near Ilsenburg (Sachsen-Anhalt) in the National Park Harz, a broken down spruce plantation, now containing a pioneer forest with young birch trees, 43 - mature larva and fresh adult of Strophosoma sus from breeding, 44 - searching site for immature stages of Strophosoma sus between the roots of Calluna vulgaris in the southern part of the Lower Saxonian heathland near Berkhof, 45 - mature larvae of Strophosoma melanogrammum found between the roots of Cytisus scoparius near Brelingen in the north of Hannover.

Figures 35-39 from: Gosik R, Sprick P, Czerewko K (2017) Morphology of the larvae of three Central European Strophosoma Billberg, 1820 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 64(1): 27-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.64.11446

Figures 35-39 - Strophosoma sus, larva of high instar, body parts. 35 - left antenna, 36 - clypeus, labrum and epipharynx, 37 - left mandible, 38 - praelabium, 39 - maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Lr – labral rods. Setae: als – anterolateral, ams – anteromedial, cls – clypeal, clss – clypeal sensorium, dms – dorsal malar, ligs – ligular, lrs – labral, mbs – malar basiventral, mds – mandibular, mes – median, mxps – maxillary palps, pfs – palpiferal, plbs – prelabial, pslbs – postlabial, stps – stipal, vms – ventral malar.

Figures 13-17 from: Gosik R, Sprick P, Czerewko K (2017) Morphology of the larvae of three Central European Strophosoma Billberg, 1820 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 64(1): 27-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.64.11446

Figures 13-17 - Strophosoma capitatum mature larva, body parts. 13 - left antenna, 14 - clypeus, labrum and epipharynx, 15 - left mandible, 16 - praelabium, 17 - maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Lr – labral rods. Setae: als – anterolateral, ams – anteromedial, cls – clypeal, clss – clypeal sensorium, dms - dorsal malar, ligs – ligular, lrs – labral, mbs – malar basiventral, mds – mandibular, mes – median, mxps – maxillary palps, pfs – palpiferal, plbs – prelabial, pslbs – postlabial, stps – stipal, vms – ventral malar.

Figure 12 from: Gosik R, Sprick P, Czerewko K (2017) Morphology of the larvae of three Central European Strophosoma Billberg, 1820 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 64(1): 27-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.64.11446

Figure 12 - Strophosoma capitatum, mature larva, head. Abbreviations at – antenna, HL – head length, HW – head width, st – stemmata. Setae: des - dorsal epicranial, fs – frontal, les – lateral epicranial, pes – postepicranial, ves – ventral.

Figures 24-28 from: Gosik R, Sprick P, Czerewko K (2017) Morphology of the larvae of three Central European Strophosoma Billberg, 1820 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 64(1): 27-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.64.11446

Figures 24-28 - Strophosoma melanogrammum, mature larva, body parts. 24 - left antenna, 25 - clypeus, labrum and epipharynx, 26 - left mandible, 27 - praelabium, 28 - maxillolabial complex, ventral aspect. Lr – labral rods. Setae: als – anterolateral, ams – anteromedial, cls – clypeal, clss – clypeal sensorium, dms – dorsal malar, ligs – ligular, lrs – labral, mbs – malar basiventral, mds – mandibular, mes – median, mxps – maxillary palps, pfs – palpiferal, plbs – prelabial, pslbs – postlabial, stps – stipal, vms – ventral malar.

Figures 7-11 from: Gosik R, Sprick P, Czerewko K (2017) Morphology of the larvae of three Central European Strophosoma Billberg, 1820 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 64(1): 27-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.64.11446

Figures 7-11 - Strophosoma capitatum, mature larva, chaetotaxy. 7 - thoracic segments and first abdominal segment, 8 - third abdominal segment, 9 - the 7th – 10th abdominal segments, 10 - ventral view of abdominal segments 7th – 10th, 11 - dorsal view of abdominal segments 7th – 10th. Abbreviations Th. I-III – thoracic segments, Abd. I-X – abdominal segments. Setae: as – alar, ps – pleural, eps – epipleural, ds – dorsal, lsts – laterosternal, eus – eusternal, pda – pedal, pds – postdorsal, prns – pronotal, prs – prodorsal, sps – spiracular, sts – sternal.

Figure 23 from: Gosik R, Sprick P, Czerewko K (2017) Morphology of the larvae of three Central European Strophosoma Billberg, 1820 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 64(1): 27-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.64.11446

Figure 23 - Strophosoma melanogrammum, mature larva, head. Abbreviations: at – antenna st – stemmata. Setae: des - dorsal epicranial, fs – frontal, les - lateral epicranial, pes – postepicranial, ves – ventral.

Figures 1-6 from: Gosik R, Sprick P, Czerewko K (2017) Morphology of the larvae of three Central European Strophosoma Billberg, 1820 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 64(1): 27-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.64.11446

Figures 1-6 - Strophosoma capitatum, 1, 2; Strophosoma melanogrammum 3, 4; Strophosoma sus, 5, 6; 1, 3, 5 - mature larva, lateral view; 2, 4, 6 - structure of last abdominal segments.

Figures 18-22 from: Gosik R, Sprick P, Czerewko K (2017) Morphology of the larvae of three Central European Strophosoma Billberg, 1820 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) species. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 64(1): 27-42. https://doi.org/10.3897/dez.64.11446

Figures 18-22 - Strophosoma melanogrammum, mature larva, chaetotaxy. 18 - thoracic segments and first abdominal segment, 19 - third abdominal segment, 20 - the 7th – 10th abdominal segments, 21 - ventral view of abdominal segments 7th – 10th, 22 - dorsal view of abdominal segments 7th – 10th. Abbreviations: Th. I-III – thoracic segments, Abd. I-X – abdominal segments. Setae: as – alar, ps – pleural, eps – epipleural, ds – dorsal, lsts – laterosternal, eus – eusternal, pda – pedal, pds – postdorsal, prns – pronotal, prs – prodorsal, sps – spiracular sts – sternal.

Figures 27-28 from: Prosi R, Wiesbauer H, Müller A (2016) Distribution, biology and habitat of the rare European osmiine bee species Osmia (Melanosmia) pilicornis (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Osmiini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.52.10441

Figures 27-28 - Floral morphs of Pulmonaria mollis in top and lateral view: 27 Longistylous flower with anthers deeply hidden within the floral tube 28 Brevistylous flower with anthers located at the entrance of the floral tube.

Figures 21-26 from: Prosi R, Wiesbauer H, Müller A (2016) Distribution, biology and habitat of the rare European osmiine bee species Osmia (Melanosmia) pilicornis (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Osmiini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.52.10441

Figures 21-26 - Female mandibles of three closely related Osmia (Melanosmia) species; left=mandible in front view, right=mandible from below: 21–22 Osmia pilicornis 23–24 Osmia inermis 25–26 Osmia parietina. Figures are not to scale.

Figure 2 from: Prosi R, Wiesbauer H, Müller A (2016) Distribution, biology and habitat of the rare European osmiine bee species Osmia (Melanosmia) pilicornis (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Osmiini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.52.10441

Figure 2 - Phenology of Osmia pilicornis in Central Europe. Central Europe is defined here to comprise Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland, Slovakia and Slovenia.

Figures 42-49 from: Prosi R, Wiesbauer H, Müller A (2016) Distribution, biology and habitat of the rare European osmiine bee species Osmia (Melanosmia) pilicornis (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Osmiini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.52.10441

Figures 42-49 - Habitats of Osmia pilicornis: 42 Clear-cutting in southern Germany west of Crailsheim 43 Forest edge in southern Germany northeast of Crailsheim 44 Coppiced woodland in northeastern Austria near Ernstbrunn 45–47 Thinned forests in northeastern Austria near Ernstbrunn (45) and in northern Switzerland near Flaach (46, 47) 48 Clear-cutting in southern England near Battle in East Sussex (photo R. Earwaker) 49 Pasture in semi-open, oak-dominated woodland in middle Sweden near Sparreholm in Södermanland (photo A.L. Nilsson).

Figures 37-41 from: Prosi R, Wiesbauer H, Müller A (2016) Distribution, biology and habitat of the rare European osmiine bee species Osmia (Melanosmia) pilicornis (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Osmiini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.52.10441

Figures 37-41 - Brood parasites and male mating strategy of Osmia pilicornis: 37 Female of the chrysidid wasp Chrysura hirsuta lurking near nest of Osmia pilicornis 38 Male resting on flexed grass blades lying on the ground 39 Male sucking nectar on flower of Pulmonaria mollis 40 Pair separating after copulation on the ground 41 Male with well visible hairs along the posterior margin of the antennae.

Figures 29-36 from: Prosi R, Wiesbauer H, Müller A (2016) Distribution, biology and habitat of the rare European osmiine bee species Osmia (Melanosmia) pilicornis (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Osmiini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.52.10441

Figures 29-36 - Flower-visiting behaviour of Osmia pilicornis: 29–30 Females collecting pollen on flowers of Pulmonaria mollis in the early red stage 31 Female forcefully opening a bud of Pulmonaria obscura 32 Female collecting pollen on brevistylous flower of Pulmonaria mollis 33 Female removing pollen sticking to the bristled proboscis with her forelegs 34 Specialized pollen-harvesting bristles on the galeae of the female proboscis 35 Female collecting pollen on flower of Ajuga reptans 36 Female moving her proboscis back and forth, thereby probably thickening the collected nectar.

Figures 3-11 from: Prosi R, Wiesbauer H, Müller A (2016) Distribution, biology and habitat of the rare European osmiine bee species Osmia (Melanosmia) pilicornis (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Osmiini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.52.10441

Figures 3-11 - Nesting sites of Osmia pilicornis in dead fallen branches (see Table 2): 3–4 Nesting site 1 with nests 1 and 2 in a branch of Fraxinus excelsior 5–6 Nesting site 2 with nest 3 in a branch of Picea abies 7–9 Nesting site 3 with nests 4 and 5 in a branch of Salix spec. 10–11 Nesting site 4 with nest 6 in a branch of Corylus avellana.

Figures 12-14 from: Prosi R, Wiesbauer H, Müller A (2016) Distribution, biology and habitat of the rare European osmiine bee species Osmia (Melanosmia) pilicornis (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Osmiini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.52.10441

Figures 12-14 - Opened nests of Osmia pilicornis in dead branches (see Table 2): 12 Nests 1 and 2 with three and two brood cells, respectively, each containing a cocoon spun by the Osmia pilicornis larva 13 Nest 3 with one brood cell containing a cocoon spun by the Osmia pilicornis larva; at the bottom a pupa of Molorchus minor (Cerambycidae) 14 Nests 4 and 5 with two and one brood cell, respectively, each containing a larval provision; an empty vestibule is present between the outermost cell partition and the nest plug in nest 4, while the cell partition is part of the nest plug in nest 5.

Figures 15-20 from: Prosi R, Wiesbauer H, Müller A (2016) Distribution, biology and habitat of the rare European osmiine bee species Osmia (Melanosmia) pilicornis (Hymenoptera, Megachilidae, Osmiini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 52: 1-36. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.52.10441

Figures 15-20 - Nesting behaviour of Osmia pilicornis (see Table 2): 15–16 Females of nests 1 and 4 tunneling out burrows in dead branches 17–18 Females of nests 2 and 4 transporting small leaf fragments of Fragaria vesca to build brood cell partitions and nest plug 19 Female harvesting nest-building material on a leaf of Fragaria vesca 20 Female of nest 4 returning from a foraging flight with pollen-filled metasomal scopa.

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Figures 7-12 from: Gibson G (2010) Calosota Curtis (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae) – review of the New World and European fauna including revision of species from the West Indies and Central and North America. ZooKeys 55: 1-75. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.55.490

Figures 7-12 - Head ♀, frontal view: 7 Calosota metallica (27) 8 Calosota grylli (lectotype) 9 Calosota albipalpus (9) 10 Calosota setosa (holotype) 11 Calosota bicolorata (holotype) 12 Calosota acron ♀ dorsal mesoscutum (33). Numbers in parentheses = CNC Photo 2009-no. Abbreviations: aal = anteroadmedian line, not = notaulus, pl = parapsidal line.