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Figure 8 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia

Figure 8. Semi-thin sections showing aspects of the cephalic copulatory apparatus, male phase. (A) Buccal mass and copulatory apparatus, arrowhead, opening direction of penial sheath, asterisks, ciliated loops of prostatic duct, note paraprostatic duct passing through retractor muscle (anterior view, dorsal side is up); (A') tip of penis with chitinous thorn; (B, C) more anterior sections showing relation of penis and basal finger, note widening of ejaculatory duct; (D) prostate; (E) regular epithelium covering the basal finger; (F) curved base of basal finger showing course of distal paraprostatic duct, note bypass to lumen of penial sheath, open base of stylet, asterisk indicates lumen inside stylet that will connect to paraprostatic duct; (G) stylet showing lumen filled with epithelial cells (∗) and outer groove (∗∗); (H–L) series of sections through stylet, L closest to tip. Abbreviations: bf, basal finger; bp, bypass of paraprostatic duct into lumen of penial sheath; ed, ejaculatory duct; p, penis; ph, pharynx; pr, prostate; ppd, paraprostatic duct; r, radula; rm, retractor muscle of copulatory apparatus; st, stylet of basal finger; th, thorn of penis tip. Scale bars: A, 250 µm; B, C, F, 100 µm; D, E, 50 µm; A', G, H, J–L, 25 µm.

Figure 7 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia

Figure 7. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the genital system, male phase. (A) Genital system (right view); (B) posterior genital system (oblique anterior view); (C) detail of distal gonoduct and genital opening (right view); (D) complete genital system (ventral view); (E) copulatory apparatus (anteroventral view); (F) copulatory apparatus (right view, ∗ indicates blind ending of paraprostate; prostate and penial sheath omitted). Abbreviations: am, ampulla; bc, bursa copulatrix; bf, basal finger; bp, bypass of paraprostatic duct; bs, bursa stalk; bvd, "posterior-leading" vas deferens; dv, diverticle; ed, ejaculatory duct; gd, gonoduct; go, gonad; gol, central lumen of gonad; gp, genital pore; gpa, anterior genital opening; p, penis; pp, paraprostate; ppd, paraprostatic duct, pr, prostate; ps, penial sheath; rm, retractor muscle; rs, receptaculum seminis; sg, external sperm groove; st, stylet; th, thorn. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, D–F, 250 µm; C, 100 µm.

Figure 3 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia

Figure 3. Semi-thin cross-sections of anterior head–foot. (A) Cross-section through body at level of buccal mass (retracted); (B) foot with ciliated sole, subepidermal foot glands (arrowheads indicate upper and lower margins of glandular layer), connective tissue with spicules (asterisks), note crossing muscle fibres; (C) left eye; (D) cross-section through buccal mass with cuticularized pharynx and folded dorsal branch of radula (young branch still separated from pharyngeal cavity); (E) ganglia on the right side of CNS; (F) ganglia on the left side (note giant nerve cells in subg+vg). Abbreviations: bf, basal finger; bs, bursa stalk; bm, buccal mass; cg, cerebral ganglion; dg, digestive gland; dp, diaphragm separating cavities of head–foot and visceral sac; ey, eye; ht, heart; it, intestine; kd, kidney; le, eyelens; nd, nephroduct; oc, odontophore cavity; opt, optic ganglion; osg, tentative osphradial ganglion; ot, oral tube; pag, left parietal ganglion; pc, lumen of pericardium; pg, pedal ganglion; pgl, anterior pedal gland; pgr, granular pigment layer; ph, pharynx; plg, pleural ganglion; pp, loops of paraprostate; ps, lumen of penial sheath; r, radula; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary gland; spc, spicules; ssc, sensory cell of eye; ssl, sensory layer; st, statocyst; subg+vg, combined subintestinal and visceral ganglion; supg+pag, combined supraintestinal and right parietal ganglion; vc, long connective between subg+vg and supg+pag. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B, C, 50 µm; D–F, 100 µm.

Figure 2 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia

Figure 2. External anatomy and aspects of radula. (A) Dorsal view of live specimen from Batu Gatja River, Ambon; original drawing by A. Strubell, 1892 (modified from Küthe 1935, used with permission); (B) ventral view of live juvenile specimen from Watatiri, Ambon; (C–E) aspects of radula (modified from Küthe 1935, used with permission): (C) anterior view of rhachidian tooth, (D) right view of rhachidian tooth showing denticulate margins; (E) portion of folded radula with lateral plates, note lack of denticle in lp1; (F) scanning electron micrograph of radula of Watatiri specimen, note rhachidian teeth worn down to their bases and strong denticle on each lateral plate, asterisk indicates presumed position of second lateral plate folded down in the sample. Abbreviations: cc, central cusp of rhachidian tooth; dt, denticles; ey, eye; ft, foot; llp, left lateral plate; lp1 and 2, first and second lateral plates; lt, labial tentacles; rh, rhinophore; rlp, (first) right lateral plate; rt, rhachidian tooth. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Figure 1 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia

Figure 1. Three-dimensional reconstruction of general anatomy, central nervous (CNS), circulatory, excretory, and anterior digestive systems of Strubellia paradoxa, paratype. (A) External morphology (contracted specimen, right view), arrowhead indicates position of diaphragm between head–foot and visceral sac; (B) overview of microanatomy showing internal organ systems; (C) CNS (posterior view, buccal ganglia omitted); (D) CNS, including buccal ganglia at left (right view); (E) excretory and circulatory systems (ventrolateral right view), asterisk indicates intersection between kidney and nephroduct; (F) buccal apparatus and anterior pedal gland, right view, asterisks indicate ciliated part of oesophagus. Abbreviations: ao, aorta; au, auricle; bc, bursa copulatrix; bg, buccal ganglion; bm, buccal mass; ccm, cerebral commissure; cg, cerebral ganglion; cns, central nervous system; dg, digestive gland; dkd, distal lumen of kidney; es, oesophagus; ey, eye; ft, foot; go, gonad; gog, gastro-oesophageal ganglion; gp, genital pore; ht, heart; kd, kidney; ln, labial tentacle nerve; nd, nephroduct; ndl, distal loop of nephroduct; np, position of nephroporus; oc, odontophore cavity; on, optic nerve; opt, optical

Figure 5 in Redescription and three-dimensional reconstruction of the limnic acochlidian gastropod Strubellia paradoxa (Strubell, 1892) (Gastropoda: Euthyneura) from Ambon, Indonesia

Figure 5. Semithin sections of anterior right visceral sac with the pericardium, heart and kidney; dorsal side to the upper right. (A) Overview of anterior right visceral sac with pericardial complex (arrowheads indicate membrane of pericardium, asterisks indicate loops of nephroduct, ∗∗ indicates ciliary tuft at intersection between distal kidney and nephroduct); (B) section more anterior to A showing medioventral tip of heart with protruding aorta, (1) vacuolate epicardium, (2) tentative "rhogocyte", (3) loose cells and (4) muscular bridge inside the ventricular lumen; (C) section posterior to A with kidney and heart at base of renopericardioduct, asterisk marks thickened margins of venous vessel opening to the haemocoel; (D) kidney posterior toheart showing proximal and vacuolate distal lumina; (E) most anterior portion of excretory system with nephroduct loop proximal to nephroporus, vacuolate cells inside pericardium (asterisk) and distalmost intestine. Abbreviations: ao, aorta; au, lumen of auricle; bc, bursa copulatrix; bs, bursa stalk; ctm, connective tissue membrane; dg, digestive gland; dkd, distal lumen of kidney; dp, diaphragm separating body cavities; ep, epidermis; gd, gonoduct; hc, haemocoel

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Figure 3. Haplotype networks for cytochrome oxidase I in Bythinella Moquin-Tandon, 1856 (Gastropoda: Rissooidea: Bythinellidae) in Romania: species richness in a glacial refugium

Figure 3. Haplotype networks for cytochrome oxidase I (COI), computed with TCS 1.21; square and ellipse size reflects haplotype frequency; connection limit excluding homoplastic changes was set to 95% (hence excluding some haplotypes from network); haplotypes in squares have biggest outgroup weights.

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Figure 1 in Bythinella Moquin-Tandon, 1856 (Gastropoda: Rissooidea: Bythinellidae) in Romania: species richness in a glacial refugium

Figure 1. Sampling localities of Bythinella in Romania. Figure produced using Cartografx Professional Software.

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Figure 2. Bayesian phylogram computed for cytochrome oxidase I in Bythinella Moquin-Tandon, 1856 (Gastropoda: Rissooidea: Bythinellidae) in Romania: species richness in a glacial refugium

Figure 2. Bayesian phylogram computed for cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences with MRBAYES, Bayesian probabilities for branches are given.

Figure 9 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Figure 9. Transverse histological sections through the proboscis of three caenogastropod taxa. (A) Cabestana spengleri (Ranellidae) everted proboscis and branching ventral odontophoral retractor muscles; (B) C. spengleri proboscis base, ventrolateral and dorsolateral retractor muscles; (C) C. spengleri proboscis wall; (D) Semicassis pyrum (Cassidae) everted proboscis and ventral odontophoral retractor muscles; (E) S. pyrum proboscis wall; (F) Ficus subintermedia (Ficidae) introverted proboscis; (G) F. subintermedia proboscis wall. Scale bars: (A, B, D, F) 1 mm; (C, E, G) 200 µm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.

Figure 8 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Figure 8. Transverse histological sections through the proboscis of two epitoniid taxa. (A) Janthina janthina (Epitoniidae) proboscis and aortic muscles; (B) J. janthina proboscis wall; (C) Opalia ballinensis (Epitoniidae) introverted proboscis and accessory proboscis retractor muscles (D) O. ballinensis aortic muscles; (E) O. ballinensis proboscis wall. Scale bars: (A, C) 1 mm; (B, E) 100 µm; (D) 500 µm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.

Figure 7 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Figure 7. Transverse histological sections through the proboscis of three "ptenoglossan" taxa. (A) Mesophora fusca (Triphoridae) introverted proboscis and ventral odontophoral retractor muscles; (B) M. fusca proboscis wall; (C) Ataxocerithium sp. (Cerithiopsidae) introverted proboscis and aortic muscles; (D) Ataxocerithium sp. proboscis wall (E) Apicalia cf. brazieri (Eulimidae) partially everted proboscis; (F) Apicalia cf. brazieri introverted proboscis and aortic muscles (G) Apicalia cf. brazieri proboscis wall. Scale bars: (A, C, E, F) 200 µm; (B, D, G) 50 µm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.

Figure 12 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Figure 12. Snout and proboscis evolution in Caenogastropoda, illustrated on a phylogeny of Caenogastropoda based on the strict consensus tree generated by Ponder et al. (2008) (Figure 13.16) using maximum parsimony analysis of a morphological dataset. Taxa originally included in their analysis which were not examined in this study have been pruned; Columbellidae, Vanikoridae and Turbinellidae were not included by Ponder et al. (2008) and are not

Figure 2 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Figure 2. Transverse histological sections through the snout of four non-caenogastropod taxa. (A) Montfortula rugosa (Fissurellidae) snout; (B) M. rugosa snout wall; (C) Austrocochlea porcata (Trochidae) snout; (D) A. porcata snout wall; (E) Nerita atramentosa (Neritidae) snout; (F) N. atramentosa snout wall; (G) Pyrgulina pascoei (Pyramidellidae) introverted proboscis (H) P. pascoei proboscis wall. Scale bars: (A, C, E) 1 mm; (B, D, F–H) 100 µm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.

Figure 4 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Figure 4. Transverse histological sections through the snout of three caenogastropod taxa. (A) Serpulorbis sp. (Vermetidae) snout; (B) Serpulorbis sp. snout wall; (C) Bembicium nanum (Littorinidae) snout; (D) B. nanum fused aortic muscles; (E) B. nanum snout wall; (F) Carinaria cristata (Carinariidae) snout; (G) C. cristata accessory retractor muscles; (H) C. cristata snout wall. Scale bars: (A, C, D, F, G) 1 mm; (B, E, H) 100 µm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.

Figure 1 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Figure 1. Schematic classification of proboscis and snout morphology, with retractor muscles shown in grey. (A) Snout; (B) acrembolic proboscis everted; (C) acrembolic proboscis introverted; (D) pleurembolic proboscis everted; (E) pleurembolic proboscis introverted; (F) intraembolic proboscis extended; (G) intraembolic proboscis retracted; (H) polyembolic proboscis everted; (I) polyembolic proboscis introverted; (J) "argobucciniform" proboscis extended; (K) "argobucciniform" proboscis retracted. A–E modified from Fretter and Graham (1994, Figure 88); F–I modified from Miller (1989, Figure 3); J–K modified from Day (1969, Figure 1).

Figure 3 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Figure 3. Transverse histological sections through the snout of four caenogastropod taxa. (A) Pomacea bridgesii (Ampullariidae) snout (A); P. bridgesii snout wall; (C) Pupina robusta (Pupinidae) snout; (D) P. robusta snout wall; (E) Batillaria australis (Batillariidae) snout; (F) B. australis snout wall; (G) Cerithium columna (Cerithiidae) snout; (H) C. columna aortic muscles; (I) C. columna snout wall. Scale bars: (A, C, E, G, H) 1 mm; (B, D, E, I) 100 µm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.

Figure 5 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Figure 5. Transverse histological sections through the snout of four caenogastropod taxa. (A) Rissoina crassa (Rissoidae) snout; (B) R. crassa circumoesophageal nerve ring and aortic muscles (C) R. crassa snout wall; (D) Edgbastonia alanwillsi (Hydrobiidae) snout; (E) E. alanwillsi snout wall; (F) Vanikoro cancellata (Vanikoridae) snout; (G) V. cancellata snout wall; (H) Bostrycapulus pritzkeri (Calyptraeidae) snout; (I) B. pritzkeri snout wall. Scale bars: (A, B, D, H) 200 µm; (C, E, G, I) 50 µm; (F) 1 mm; for abbreviations see Appendix 2.

Figure 13 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Figure 13. Diagrams of snout and proboscis wall structure. (A) Pomacea bridgesii (Ampullariidae); (B) Cerithium columna (Cerithiidae); (C) Opalia ballinensis (Epitoniidae); (D) Carinaria cristata (Carinariidae); (E) Mitra carbonaria (Mitridae); (F) Strombus gibberulus (Strombidae); (G) Monetaria annulus (Cypraeidae); (H) Vasum turbinellum (Turbinellidae); (I) Cabestana spengleri (Ranellidae); (J) Semicassis pyrum (Tonnidae); (K) Ficus subintermedia (Ficidae).

Figure 10 in The evolutionary and biomechanical implications of snout and proboscis morphology in Caenogastropoda (Mollusca: Gastropoda)

Figure 10. Transverse histological sections through the proboscis of three neogastropods. (A) Euplica scripta (Columbellidae) introverted proboscis; (B) E. scripta ventrolateral proboscis retractor muscles; (C) E. scripta proboscis wall; (D) Conus papilliferus (Conidae) retracted proboscis; (E) C. papilliferus ventrolateral proboscis retractor muscles; (F) C. papilliferus proboscis wall; (G) Cymbiola pulchra (Volutidae) everted proboscis; (H) C. pulchra proboscis wall. Scale bars: (A, B, G, H) 500 µm; (D, E) 1 mm; (C, F) 50 µm, for abbreviations see Appendix 2.