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FIGURE 5 in The end of a mystery: transferring Streptostachys robusta to Ichnanthus (Poaceae, Paspaleae) based on DNA sequences, morphology and leaf anatomy

FIGURE 5. Bayesian consensus tree resulting from the combined (ndhF and ITS) analysis. Bayesian posterior probabilities> 0.5 and Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support values> 50% are reported above and below branches, respectively. Ichnanthus robustus is highlighted in bold, followed by a bracket.

FIGURE 4 in The end of a mystery: transferring Streptostachys robusta to Ichnanthus (Poaceae, Paspaleae) based on DNA sequences, morphology and leaf anatomy

FIGURE 4. Part of the trees resulting from the Bayesian and Maximum Likelihood (ML) individual analyses representing the Ichnanthus clade. Bayesian posterior probabilities> 0.5 and ML bootstrap support values> 50% are reported below branches. A. ndhF Bayesian consensus tree; B. ndhF ML tree; C. ITS Bayesian consensus tree; D. ITS ML tree. Ichnanthus robustus is highlighted in bold, followed by a bracket. The accession followed by an asterisk was identified as Ichnanthus sp. BA in Silva et al. (2015b; voucher: Oliveira et al. 1216).

FIGURE 3 in The end of a mystery: transferring Streptostachys robusta to Ichnanthus (Poaceae, Paspaleae) based on DNA sequences, morphology and leaf anatomy

FIGURE 3. Stereomicroscope (SM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the upper anthecium. A–H. Ichnanthus robustus [SM: Amorim et al. 780 (CEPEC) and Silva & Daneu 1057 (HUEFS); SEM: Amorim et al. 780 (CEPEC), Borges et al. 444 (HUEFS), and Silva & Daneu 1057 (HUEFS)]. A. Young anthecium, ventral view; B. Mature anthecium, ventral view; C. Young anthecium, ventral view; D. Mature anthecium, ventral view; E. Young anthecium, base, lateral view; F. Mature anthecium, base, dorsal view; G. Mature anthecium, apex, ventral view; H. Mature anthecium, apex, lateral view. I–M. Ichnanthus bambusiflorus [SM: Ribeiro-Filho 221 (HUEFS); SEM: Silva et al. 295 (HUEFS)]. I. Young anthecium, ventral view; J. Mature anthecium, ventral view; K–M. Partially mature anthecium; K. Ventral view; L. Base, dorsal view; M. Apex, lateral view. [Scale bars A, B, I, J = 1 mm; C–H, K–M = 500 μm. GL = germination lid; L = lemma; P = palea; PB = palea base; R = rachilla; SB = silica bodies; ST = stomata; W = winged appendages]

FIGURE 1. Ichnanthus robustus. A in The end of a mystery: transferring Streptostachys robusta to Ichnanthus (Poaceae, Paspaleae) based on DNA sequences, morphology and leaf anatomy

FIGURE 1. Ichnanthus robustus. A. Habit (including inflorescence); B. Culm, leaf sheath base (node region), and leaf blade base; C. Pulvini at the base of the primary branches; D. Segment of an inflorescence branch with pairs of spikelets; E. Pair of spikelets, lateral view; F. Spikelet, dorsal view; G. Spikelet, ventral view; H–J. Young upper anthecium; H. ventral view; I. lateral view; J. dorsal view; K–M. Mature upper anthecium; K. ventral view; L. lateral view; M. dorsal view. (based on C. Silva et al. 1049)

FIGURE 6 in The end of a mystery: transferring Streptostachys robusta to Ichnanthus (Poaceae, Paspaleae) based on DNA sequences, morphology and leaf anatomy

FIGURE 6. Cross-sections of the leaf blades showing the midrib and the mesophyll of Ichnanthus robustus [Calderón et al. 2443 (CEPEC), Silva et al. 1049 (HUEFS), and Silva & Daneu 1057 (HUEFS)] and I. bambusiflorus [Silva et al. 1025 (HUEFS)]. A–D. I. robustus. A. Midrib overview; B. Mesophyll overview; C. First order vascular bundle; D. Third order vascular bundle. E–H. I. bambusiflorus. E. Midrib and mesophyll overview; F. Mesophyll, third order vascular bundles; G. First order vascular bundle; H. Third order vascular bundle. [Scale bars A–C, E = 100 μm; D, G–H = 20 μm; F = 50 μm]

FIGURE 2. Ichnanthus robustus. A in The end of a mystery: transferring Streptostachys robusta to Ichnanthus (Poaceae, Paspaleae) based on DNA sequences, morphology and leaf anatomy

FIGURE 2. Ichnanthus robustus. A. Habitat, montane forest in Southern Bahia; B. Habit; C. Base of the plant, including culms, adventitious roots, and rhizome; D. Culm, leaf sheath base (node region), and leaf blade base; E. Node region glabrous; F. Trichomes in the adaxial surface of the leaf blade; G. Vinaceous spots in the abaxial surface of the leaf blade; H. Inflorescence; I. Pair of spikelets, dorsal (left) and lateral (right) views; J. Spikelet, dorsal view. (Photos by C. Silva)

FIGURES 9–15 in Sporolithon indopacificum sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta) from tropical western Indian and western Pacific oceans: First report, confirmed by DNA sequence data, of a widely distributed species of Sporolithon

FIGURES 9–15. Tetrasporangial anatomy of the holotype of Sporolithon indopacificum (L 3964509). 9. Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) showing two tetra/bisporangial sori in surface view (arrowheads) (scale bar = 200 μm). 10. SEM showing a magnified view of several tetra/bisporangial chambers in surface view. Note the open, unoccluded pores (P), intact pore plugs (p) and the rosette cells surrounding the pores (scale bar = 15 μm). 11. Transverse section through two contiguously fused protuberances showing an extensive sorus (arrowheads) (scale bar = 300 μm). 12. Vertical section through the edge of a raised sorus (S) showing tetra/bisporangial chambers with floors (black arrowhead) that are flush with the surrounding vegetative surface (white arrowhead) (scale bar = 50 μm). 13. Vertical section through the edge of a raised sorus (S) showing tetra/bisporangial chambers with floors (black arrowhead) that are sunken below the surrounding vegetative surface (white arrowhead) (scale bar = 50 μm). 14. Vertical section through a sorus showing several tightly abutting, longitudinally elliptical tetra/bisporangial chambers bearing mostly uncleaved sporangia (t) borne on a single stalk cell (black arrowheads). Note the sporangial chamber pore plugs (white arrowheads), a 'T'-shaped divided tetrasporangium (T) and the sterile paraphyses of elongate cells (arrow) between two adjacent tetra/bisporangial chambers (scale bar = 50 μm). 15. Magnified view through a sorus showing three tetra/bisporangial chambers, one of which bears a zonately arranged bisporangium (B). Note the sporangial chamber pore plugs (white arrowheads) and the layer of elongate cells at the base of the sporangial chambers (black arrowheads) (scale bar = 30 μm).

FIGURES 3–8 in Sporolithon indopacificum sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta) from tropical western Indian and western Pacific oceans: First report, confirmed by DNA sequence data, of a widely distributed species of Sporolithon

FIGURES 3–8. Vegetative anatomy of the holotype of Sporolithon indopacificum (L 3964509). 3. Holotype specimen showing lumpy growth form with swollen, crowded protuberances (scale bar = 10 mm). 4. Magnified view of the protuberances showing their contiguously fused nature and numerous superficial sori (white arrowheads) scattered across the protuberances. Note that sori are often abraded or shed from the surface (black arrowheads) (scale bar = 2 mm). 5. Vertical section showing layers of S. indopacificum crusts (L) overgrowing itself in a superimposed manner (scale bar = 200 μm). 6. Vertical section through the monomerous thallus showing the epithallus (arrowhead) and a predominantly thick cortex (C) subtended by a thin medulla (M) (scale bar = 100 μm). 7. Vertical section of the ventral region of the thallus showing a plumose medulla (M) and cortical filaments (C) joined primarily by secondary pit connections (arrowheads) (scale bar = 50 μm). 8. Vertical section of the dorsal region of the thallus showing a single layer of flared epithallial cells (arrow) subtended by a layer of subepithallial initials (i). Note the layer of senescent epithallial cells (e) being shed, the primary pit connections between adjacent cortical filaments (black arrowheads) and a single, rare cell fusion (white arrowhead) (scale bar = 20 μm).

FIGURE 1 in Sporolithon indopacificum sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta) from tropical western Indian and western Pacific oceans: First report, confirmed by DNA sequence data, of a widely distributed species of Sporolithon

FIGURE 1. Phylogram of Sporolithon species inferred by maximum likelihood analysis of psbA sequences; Heydrichia species were the outgroup; sequences identified by GenBank accession number. Bolded scientific names are type specimens, topotype specimens, or specimens linked to type specimens by DNA sequence. Bootstrap support values (in %) are provided for nodes where> 50%. Scale bar refers to substitutions per site.

FIGURE 2 in Sporolithon indopacificum sp. nov. (Sporolithales, Rhodophyta) from tropical western Indian and western Pacific oceans: First report, confirmed by DNA sequence data, of a widely distributed species of Sporolithon

FIGURE 2. Phylogram of Sporolithon species inferred by maximum likelihood analysis of rbcL sequences; Heydrichia species were the outgroup; sequences identified by GenBank accession number. Bolded scientific names are type specimens, topotype specimens, or specimens linked to type specimens by DNA sequence. Bootstrap support values (in %) are provided for nodes where> 50%. Scale bar refers to substitutions per site.

FIGURES 31–36 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences

FIGURES 31–36. Neidium vandusenense sp. nov. SEM, external view. Fig. 31. Whole valve. Fig. 32. Central valve with multiple longitudinal canals and transapical central area. Proximal raphe branches evenly hooked. Fig. 33. Apex valve face and mantle showing concave mantle wall, longitudinal canals reducing to one at the apex. Fig. 34. Valve face showing developed ridge along one side of the raphe (arrow) and scattered surface depressions along the axial area. Areolae recessed with a finger-like cribra. Fig. 35. Apex with 3 evident copulae. Copulae open bands with 2 rows of pores. Lacina extends to band base (arrow). Fig. 36. Central region showing a weak elevation of the longitudinal canal. Scale bars = 20 μm: Fig. 31; 10 μm: Figs 32, 33; 2 μm: Figs 34–36.

FIGURES 79–82 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences

FIGURES 79–82. Neidium lavoieanum sp. nov. SEM, internal view. Fig. 79. Half valve showing valve outline. Fig. 80. Broken longitudinal canal with areoale and internal valve face areolae. Arrow indicates renilimbia. Fig. 81. Internal central nodule with a covering over the verminae along the margin. Helictoglossae separated and aligned. Fig. 82. Apex, showing longitudinal canal extending to the apex and an erect helictoglossa next to hyaline thickened apex. Scale bars = 10 μm: Fig. 79; 5 μm: Fig. 81; 3 μm: Figs 80, 82.

FIGURES 1–5 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences

FIGURES 1–5. Neidium iridis (Fig. 1) and Neidium beatyi sp. nov. (Figs 2 (holotype), 3–5). Scale bar = 50 μm.

FIGURES 75–78 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences

FIGURES 75–78. Neidium lavoieanum sp. nov. SEM, external view. Fig. 75. Half valve. Fig. 76. Surface areolae with no occlusions and axial area mid-way along the valve. Fig. 77. Elevated central area with elongated areolae along the margin and recurved proximal raphe endings. Fig. 78. Apex showing lacinia and longitudinal canals extending to the apex. Scale bars = 10 μm: Fig. 75; 3 μm: Figs 76–78.

FIGURES 56–61 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences

FIGURES 56–61. Neidium collare sp. nov. SEM, external view. Fig. 56. Whole valve. Fig. 57. Central valve with longitudinal canal and transapical central area. Proximal raphe branches deflected. Fig. 58. Valve face mantle junction with epivalve, hypovalve and copula band. Fig. 59. Valve face with developed areolae. Areolae without finger-like cribra. Fig. 60. Apex with open bands of copulae. Copulae with 2 rows of pores. Lacinia weakly developed. Fig 61. Apex showing no apparent lacinia. Longitudinal canals extend to the tip of the apex. Scale bars = 30 μm: Fig. 56; 5 μm: Figs 57, 58, 60; 3 μm: Fig. 61; 2 μm: Fig. 59.

FIGURES 37–44 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences

FIGURES 37–44. Neidium vandusenense sp. nov.SEM, internal view.Fig. 37. Central area with offset forming interconnected helictoglossae. Surface depressions (ghost striae) present in the central area. Figs 38, 39. Apex showing upright formation of the helictoglossae at the edge of the terminal nodule. Longitudinal canals blend in with areolae. Figs 40, 41. Margin of the valve showing multiple longitudinal canals. Open chambered formation (Fig. 41 (arrow), apical and transapical). Fig. 42. Renilimbia surround hymenae covered areolae (arrow). Figs 43, 44. Open copula band with 2 rows of poroids. Scale bars = 5 μm: Figs. 37, 38, 43; 2 μm: Figs 40, 41; 1 μm: Figs 42, 44.

FIGURES 6–12 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences

FIGURES 6–12. Neidium beatyi sp. nov. SEM, external view. Fig. 6. Whole valve. Fig. 7. Central area raphe with silica ridges along each side. Figs 8, 10. Valve margin and mantle with multiple longitudinal canals. Copulae 2 rows of poroids. Fig 9, 12. Recessed areolae chambered and interconnected with finger-like cribra. Fig. 11. Apex showing arrow-like bifurcate lacinia. Copulae (3 evident) open bands with no evident poroids. Scale bars = 20 μm: Fig. 6; 10 μm: Fig. 11; 5 μm: Figs 7–10; 2 μm: Fig 12.

FIGURES 62–68 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences

FIGURES 62–68. Neidium collare sp. nov. SEM, internal view. Fig. 62. Whole valve. Figs 63, 67. Recessed areolae and longitudinal canals at mid-valve and close to apex. Figs 65, 66. Central area with offset forming interconnected helictoglossae. Very weak surface depressions (ghost striae) present in the central area. Remnants of renilimbia present (arrows). Fig. 64. Apex showing an erect helictoglossa at terminal nodule and single longitudinal canal extending to the apex. Fig. 68. broken valve showing the canal. Scale bars: 20 μm: Fig. 62; 5 μm: Figs 64, 65; 3 μm: Figs 63, 66, 67; 1 μm: Figs 68.

FIGURES 83 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences

FIGURES 83. RaxML phylogenic tree construction showing boostrap (BS) confidence levels using the gene rbcL for selected taxa within the genus Neidium.

FIGURES 13–18 in Novel Neidium Pfitzer species from western Canada based upon morphology and plastid DNA sequences

FIGURES 13–18. Neidium beatyi sp. nov. SEM internal view. Fig. 13. Central area with linear forming interconnected helictoglossae. Fig. 14. Apex with a curved forming helictoglossa at the edge of the terminal nodule. A single prominent longitudinal canal extends to the nodule. Figs 15, 17. Multiple longitudinal canals; at center canal similar (Fig. 15), towards apex one becomes more prominent (Fig. 17, arrow). Fig. 16. Renilimbia surround hymenae covered areolae (arrow). Fig. 18. Open chambered formation (apically and transapically) of the longitudinal canal. Scale bars = 10 μm: Fig. 14; 5 μm: Figs 13, 17; 2 μm: Fig. 15: 500 nm: Figs 16, 18.