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Fig. 5 in Pellets independent of or associated with Bohemian Ordovician body fossils

Fig. 5. Clusters of pellets associated with echinoderms (A, E), hyolithids (B, F), gastropods (C), and independent of body fossils (D, G). A. Sagittacystis prima (Barrande, 1887); specimen with pellets in the posterior part of the plastron; NM L 36008; Osek; Šárka Formation; × 2.5. B. Bactrotheca teres (Barrande, 1867); specimen with several pellets in the adapertural portion of the shell; NM L 36137; Praha−Šárka (pole u vily); Dobrotivá Formation; × 5.4. C. Trochonema excavatum Barrande in Perner, 1903; shell with one convolution filled by thousands of pellets; NM L 36502; Dubeč; Zahořany Formation; × 10.3. D. Tomaculum problematicum Groom, 1902; row with several tens of pellets; MR 9615; Díly; Šárka Formation; × 3.3. E. Mitrocystites mitra Barrande, 1887; specimen with cluster of pellets in the antero−lateral part of theca; CGU JH 1199; Díly; Šárka Formation; × 2.7. F. Elegantilites elegans (Barrande, 1847); specimen with several pellets; MR 22454; Díly; Šárka Formation; × 10. G. Tomaculum problematicum Groom, 1902; row with several tens of pellets; MR 9614; Rokycany; Šárka Formation; × 3. All specimens from the Ordovician of the Prague Basin, Czech Republic.

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Fig. 4. SEMphotographsofclustersofpellets. A in Pellets independent of or associated with Bohemian Ordovician body fossils

Fig. 4. SEMphotographsofclustersofpellets. A. Detailofpelletsin Parabarrandia crassa (Barrande, 1872), note thatin the terminalpartsofsome pelletsthere are indications of central canals; NM L 16862, overall views of specimen are figured in Fig. 3C and F; × 21. B. Cross section through the cephalon of Pricyclopyge binodosa (Salter,1859)showingarrangementofpelletsinsidetheinteriorspaceoftheglabella;NML35062,overallviewofspecimenisfiguredin Fig.3A;orientationofthetrilobiteexoskeletonisdorsalsideup,thecrosssectionisorientedperpendicularlytothesagittalaxisofthetrilobitespecimen;×10.

FIGURE 2 in RNames, a stratigraphical database designed for the statistical analysis of fossil occurrences - the Ordovician diversification as a case study

FIGURE 2. Structure of algorithm for time binning of stratigraphical units of the RNames Database (available under https://github.com/bjoekroe/RNames). Time bins are selected via three correlation routes (colour codes) and six rules resulting in six tables with referenced bins from which only those are selected which are most precise (i.e., range through lowest number of bins). Abbreviations: bio.unit, biostratigraphic unit; non-bio. unit, non-biostratigraphic unit. Colour code: red, correlation exclusively based on biostratigraphy; orange; correlation indirectly based on biostratigraphy; yellow, correlation based on direct or indirect assignments to time bins. -> arrow refers to referenced relations in RNames.

FIGURE 1 in RNames, a stratigraphical database designed for the statistical analysis of fossil occurrences - the Ordovician diversification as a case study

FIGURE 1. Simplified structure of the RNames Database (rnames.luomus.fi/). The database contains eight related tables (blue and red objects) of which the object "Relations" is central. In "Relations" correlated stratigraphic units are listed by reference. Three output tables (yellow objects) list time binned stratigraphic units based on a search algorithm that uses "Relations" via R-Package RMySQL (the scripts are available under https://github.com/bjoekroe/ RNames). Global Stages after Cooper et al. (2012). Abbreviations: ID, identifier; StS, Stage Slice (Bergström et al., 2009); TS, Time Slice (Webby et al., 2004)

FIGURE 5 in RNames, a stratigraphical database designed for the statistical analysis of fossil occurrences - the Ordovician diversification as a case study

FIGURE 5. Quality of PaleobioDB data used for diversity calculations. 1. Number of collections available per time bin. 2. Mean stratigraphic range of collections through time bins. Diamonds, two-time-bin resolution; triangles, one-time bin resolution; squares, all collections. Red, Global Stages after Cooper et al. (2012), green; Stage Slices, Bergström et al. (2009); blue, Time Slices, Webby et al. (2004).

FIGURE 4 in RNames, a stratigraphical database designed for the statistical analysis of fossil occurrences - the Ordovician diversification as a case study

FIGURE 4. Ordovician genus-level diversity trends of PaleobioDB occurrence data, based on three different time binning approaches. 1. Total mean standing diversity (after Cooper, 2004). 2. Rarefied diversity with time bins of <100 collections culled, with quota 600. Diamonds, two-time-bin resolution; triangles, one-time bin resolution; stars, all collections. Red, Global Stages after Cooper et al. (2012), green; Stage Slices, Bergström et al. (2009); blue, Time Slices, Webby et al. (2004). Error bars reflect 95% confidence interval.

Fig. 4 in Enrolment in a Middle Ordovician agnostoid trilobite

Fig. 4. Trinodus elspethi (Raymond, 1925), silicified specimens from Edinburg Formation, Virginia, USA. A. PMO 206.303. Cephalon in posterior (A1), tilted frontal (A2), and oblique lateral (A3) views from ventral. Note hollow posterolateral spine. B. PMO 206.307. Completely enrolled specimen; B1, ventral view, note cephalothoracic aperture is not visible and how the second thoracic segment overlaps the pygidium at the shoulder; B2, oblique posterior view showing cephalothoracic aperture and how distal tip of first thoracic segment slots into base of posterolateral spine; B3, specimen tilted from ventral position so that cephalothoracic aperture is visible; B4, detail of articulation between cephalon and first thoracic segment. C. PMO 206.306/2. Posterior view of pygidium to show raised flange of doublure.

Fig. 3 in Enrolment in a Middle Ordovician agnostoid trilobite

Fig. 3. Trinodus elspethi (Raymond, 1925), silicified specimens from Edinburg Formation, Virginia, USA, PMO 206.304/1. A. Detail of articulating groove on posterior margin of the first thoracic segment. B. Lateral view showing inflated distal end and flange. During enrolment the latter slots into the base of the posterolateral spine of the cephalon. C. Detail of articulating groove along anterior margin.

Fig. 5 in Enrolment in a Middle Ordovician agnostoid trilobite

Fig. 5. Reconstruction of Trinodus elspethi (Raymond, 1925), Edinburg Formation, Virginia, U.S.A. A. Oblique posterior lateral view of completely enrolled individual. B. Partial pull−apart from anterior, to show articulation between cephalon and thorax. Drawn by Bogdan Bocianowski.

Fig. 1 in Enrolment in a Middle Ordovician agnostoid trilobite

Fig. 1. Trinodus elspethi (Raymond, 1925), silicified specimens from Edinburg Formation, Virginia, USA. A. PMO 206.303/1, dorsal view of holaspid cephalon. B. PMO 206.303/2, ventral view of holaspid cephalon; the posterolateral notch accommodates the anterior border of the pygidium during enrolment. C. PMO 206.304/1, dorsal view of first thoracic segment. D. PMO 206.304/2, ventral view of first thoracic segment. E. PMO 206.305, dorsal view of second thoracic segment. F. Ventral view of second thoracic segment; note articulating half−ring. G. PMO 206.306/1, dorsal view of pygidium. H. PMO 206.306/2, ventral view of pygidium with socket for posterior prong of second thoracic segment.

Fig. 6 in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 6. Principal component analysis (PCA) of 10 selected brachiopod faunas from uppermost Arenigian–middle Caradocian of South China, Kazakhstan, Avalonia, Sibumasu, and Laurentia, performed using PAST (Hammer et al. 2004). Data matrix: variance−covariance; Algorithm: singular value decomposition (SVD). See Fig. 5 for abbreviations of the faunas and Appendix 1 for number codes.

Fig. 1 in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 1. Location map of the study area. A. Map of China, with the South China palaeoplate outlined by thick line; inset box enlarged as B. B. The border region between Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces; inset enlarged as C. C. Detailed map of the Shizigou Valley section near the Weixin County town, with the fossil locality marked by solid triangle.

Fig. 4 in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 4. Stratigraphical range and relative abundance of brachiopod species in the Shihtzupu Formation, Shizigou Valley section near the Weixin County town, Yunnan Province.

Fig. 2 in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 2. Middle Ordovician sedimentary facies on the Yangtze Platform, South China palaeoplate (modified from Zhang et al. 2002), with three fossil localities discussed in the text: 1, Shihtzupu Formation at Shizigou Valley near the Weixin County town, Yunnan Province; 2, Type area of Shihtzupu Formation at Donggongsi, Zunyi, Guizhou Province; 3, Dashaba Formation at Shuanghe, Changning, Sichuan Province.

Fig. 15. A–C in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 15. A–C. Tritoechia sp. A. NIGP139165, dorsal internal mould (A1) and latex cast (A2) with enlarged view of cardinalia (A3). B. NIGP139166, dorsal internal mould. C. NIGP139167, ventral internal (C1) and latex cast (C2). D. Peritritoechia imbricatia? Xu, Rong, and Liu, 1974; NIGP139168, ventral internal mould (D1) with local enlargement (D2) showing muscle field and pedicle epithelium. E. Porambonites transversus Xu, Rong, and Liu, 1974; NIGP139169, ventral and dorsal views (E1, E2) of internal mould, ventral external mould (E3) and enlarged view of beaded costellae (E4).

Fig. 13. A–I in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 13. A–I. Leptestiina veturna sp. nov. A. NIGP139145, paratype, ventral internal mould. B. NIGP139146, paratype, ventral internal mould. C. NIGP139147, holotype, ventral internal mould (C1) and latex cast (C2). D. NIGP139148, paratype, ventral internal mould. E. NIGP139149, paratype, ventral internal mould (E1) and latex cast (E2). F. NIGP139150, paratype, dorsal internal mould. G. NIGP139151, paratype, three dorsal external moulds, with dorsal external mould of Leptellinidae gen. et sp. nov. (to be erected by Zhan and Jin in press) (second from right). H. NIGP139152, paratype, dorsal external mould (H1) and latex cast (H2); note also ventral interarea. I. NIGP139153, paratype, broken dorsal internal mould. J. Strophomenid gen. et sp. indeterminate; NIGP139154, dorsal internal mould (J1) and latex cast (J2), together with a dorsal internal mould of Leptellina spatiosa sp. nov. (top).

Fig. 5 in Brachiopods from the Middle Ordovician Shihtzupu Formation of Yunnan Province, China

Fig. 5. Cluster analysis of 10 brachiopod faunas from uppermost Arenigian to middle Caradocian, using the algorithm of paired group and Raup−Crick similarity (PAST, Hammer et al. 2004). Abbreviations: ZY, Shihtzupu Formation, Zunyi (type locality), northern Guizhou Province; WX, Shihtzupu Formation, Weixin, northeastern Yunnan Province; CN, Dashaba Formation, Changning, southeastern Sichuan Province; YC, Miaopo Formation, Yichang, western Hubei Province; NQ, Siliangssu Formation, Ningqiang, southern Shaanxi Province; CK, Houping Formation, Chengkou, northern Chongqing; BM, Naungkangyi Group and its equivalents (Caradocian), Shan States, Burma; KZ, Uzunbulak Formation (Darriwilian), Chu−Ili Mountains, southern Kazakhstan; NF, Unnamed Ordovician tuffs (Darriwilian), Virgin Arm, Newfoundland; AP, Lenoir Formation (Darriwilian), eastern United States.

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Fig. 4 in Ordovician ostracods from east central Iran

Fig. 4. Palaeogeographical position of Iran during the late Middle Ordovician. The ostracod fauna of the Shirgesht Formation (species of Cerninella and Aechmina?) appears to show affinity with that of the late Middle Ordovician of Spain and western France (Ibero−Armorica), the position of which is arrowed in the figure, and which also lay in a peri−Gondwanan setting. A second arrow points to the palaeogeographical position of Podolia.

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Fig. 2. Lithological details for Section B in Ordovician ostracods from east central Iran

Fig. 2. Lithological details for Section B of the Shirgesht Formation in the Derenjal Mountains on the west side of the Dahaneh Kolut valley. The position of fossil sample points, and the stratigraphical distribution of ostracods and selected trilobites, brachiopods and conodonts are also shown. Within lithological Unit B5, ostracod sample B−D/2 was taken from the base of the unit, sample B−D/3 at 18.85 m and sample B−D/4 at 46.7 m above the base of the unit. Ostracod sample B−D/5 was taken at the base of lithological Unit B6. The dashed lines for Liomegalaspides winsnesi, Neseuretinus birmanicus, and Nicolella sp. indicate that this fossil material was collected from loose blocks directly adjacent to the upper part of lithological Unit B5 in the field.