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opennotspecifiedMar 2016View details →

Figure 1 in Chemistry supports the identification of gender-specific reproductive tissue in Tyrannosaurus rex

Figure 1. Morphological differentiation between MB and CB. (A) Mid shaft section from reproductively active laying hen femur shows textural differences between CB and MB. (B) more proximal region of hen femur shows that trabecular bone (T) can be differentiated from MB in hand sample, and that MB is deposited between trabeculae, infilling trabecular spaces. (C) MB in hand sample of ostrich femur appears to grade from CB, but can be differentiated by color and spiculation, as well as the presence of large erosion rooms (ER, arrows) at the boundary between layers. Infilling of erosion rooms with crystalline MB is also seen (*). (D) Ground section of ostrich at higher magnification shows clear separation of MB and CB. Bone fragment of MOR 1125 femur in (E) cross section and (F) medial, or medullary face orientation shows both textural and color differences between CB and MB, as well as the distinct separation between bone types. (G) Transverse section of MOR 1125 whole femur, showing almost complete infilling of the medullary cavity with MB. No gross deformation (corresponding to fracture callus) or bony expansion (corresponding to osteopetrosis) can be seen. Red line marks boundary between dense cortical bone and endosteal lamellar bone penetrated by multiple erosion rooms. Erosion rooms can be seen extending deep into the cortex in one region of the bone (*). (H) Petrographic ground section of deep CB layer and adjacent, internal MB of MOR 1125, showing change in texture and vascularity. Black arrows show distinct separation between innermost endosteal bone with erosion rooms, and region of MB deposition. Trabeculae (T) of laminar bone can be seen surrounded by MB. Scale bars as indicated.

opennotspecifiedOct 2010View details →

Figure 1 in Cannibalism in Tyrannosaurus rex

Figure 1. Tooth marks made by Tyrannosaurus rex. Aı hadrosaurid metatarsal (UCMP uncatalogued) and closeup of tooth marks on distal articular surface. Bı fragment of hadrosaurid pubis (CM 105) showing tooth marks on prepubic process. Cı ceratopsid? frill element (TMP 1998.102.2) showing tooth mark. Dı Triceratops right squamosal (YPM 53263) showing tooth marks on edge. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0013419.g001

FIGURE 7. Pedal phalanx III-2 in New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States

FIGURE 7. Pedal phalanx III-2 YPM VP 057488(B) of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Buck Creek of Wyoming, USA. A, lateral view. B, medial view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. E, posterior view. F, anterior view. G, position of pedal phalanx III-2 in the foot (left foot). Abbreviation: lp, lateral ligament pit.

FIGURE 4 in New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States

FIGURE 4. Examples of an adult Tyrannosaurus rex dentaries from the Hell Creek Formation Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of North America. AMNH FR 5027 from Dry Creek, McCone County, Montana. BHI 3033 from the Niemi Ranch, near Buffalo, Harding County, South Dakota. A, lateral. B, medial. All photographs by Lawrence Witmer; used with permission.

FIGURE 5. Pedal phalanx II-2 in New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States

FIGURE 5. Pedal phalanx II-2 YPM VP 057488(A) of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Buck Creek of Wyoming, USA. A, lateral view. B, medial view. C, dorsal view. D, ventral view. E, posterior view. F, anterior view. G, position of pedal phalanx II-2 in the foot (left foot). Abbreviation: lp, lateral ligament pit.

FIGURE 2 in New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States

FIGURE 2. Map of the State of Wyoming, USA. The Buck Creek and the town of Lusk (A) from which pedal phalanges II-2 YPM VP 057488(A) and III-2 YPM VP 057488(B) of Tyrannosaurus rex and isolated teeth cf. Tyrannosaurus YPM VP 002220(A), YPM VP 002220(B) and YPM VP 054459(A–G) were recovered. The Bighorn basin (B) from which a right anterior dentary YPM VPPU 016516 of T. rex was recovered. Map modified from Trumbull (1913).

FIGURE 3 in New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States

FIGURE 3. Tyrannosaurus rex (YPM VPPU 016516) right anterior dentary fragment from the Bighorn basin of Wyoming, USA. A, lateral. B, medial. C, dorsal. D, ventral. E, anterior. A1–E1, interpretive drawings of the dentary fragment. Abbreviations: ab, convex articular brace "chin" on the dentary symphysis; alv, alveolus; alvr, alveolar row of foramina; gdl, groove for dental lamina; idp, interdental plates; fio, foramen intermandibularis oralis; ip, inflection point where anterior and ventral margins of dentary meet; lb, lingual bar; mg, Meckelian groove; rim, sinuous rim continuing anterodorsally from articular brace of symphysis; ids, interdentary symphysis; rs, rugose surface; t, tooth; ventr, ventral row of foramina.

FIGURE 9 in New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States

FIGURE 9. Tyrannosaurus rex YPM VP 002220(A) first dentary tooth from the Upper Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) Buck Creek of Wyoming, USA. A, lateral. B, posterior. C, crown base cross section.

FIGURE 8 in New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States

FIGURE 8. Examples of the pedal phalanx III-2 of adult Tyrannosaurus rex (FMNH PR 2081) from the Hell Creek Formation Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) of South Dakota, USA. A, lateral view. B, dorsal view. C, ventral view. Abbreviation: lp, lateral ligament. Pedal phalanx III-2 redrawn from Brochu (2003).

FIGURE 11 in New Examples of Tyrannosaurus rex from the Lance Formation of Wyoming, United States

FIGURE 11. Map of the State of Wyoming and the adjacent states of Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota, USA, and of southwestern Canada showing distribution of known Tyrannosaurus rex specimens found in the Lance Formation of Wyoming. 1, YPM VP 057488(A, B), YPM VP 002220(A, B), YPM VP 054459(A–G), USNM 2110, USNM 8064, USNM 6183, UCRC PV1, "Pete" LDP 977-2, "Monty" BIOPSI and "Lee rex" from Niobrara County, Wyoming, USA. 2, BMNH R7994 (formerly AMNH 5866) from Weston County, Wyoming, USA. 3, YPM VPPU 016516 from Big Horn County, Wyoming, USA.

opennotspecifiedDec 2002View details →

FIGURE 2 in How Fast Could Tyrannosaurus rex Run?

FIGURE 2. ESTIMATED EXTENSOR MUSCLE MASS per leg needed to run fast, as a fraction of total body mass. Larger animals need relatively more leg muscle to run. This dependence is illustrated by the solid line, calculated for a chicken scaled up to the size of T. rex. For several models of T. rex anatomy, the estimates (red) all require more leg muscle for running fast than the creature was likely to have had (orange dot). (Adapted from ref. 6.)

Fig. 7 in A 3D interactive method for estimating body segmental parameters in animals: Application to the turning and running performance of Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 7. The six cavities embedded in Tyrannosaurus Model 1's head, neck, and trunk segments, shown in right lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views. 'bc' indicates the buccal cavity; and 'pc' indicates the pharyngeal cavity.

Fig. 8 in A 3D interactive method for estimating body segmental parameters in animals: Application to the turning and running performance of Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 8. Six Tyrannosaurus models (in right lateral view) from our sensitivity analysis, representing the extreme high and low values obtained for mass, CM, and inertia. Shown: Model 1 (original 'skinny' model), Model 3 (largest torso), Model 7 (largest torso and legs), Model 21 (largest cavities), Model 27 (largest legs and cavities), and Model 30 ('best guess'). The right hip joint (pink circle; to left) and total body COM with respect to that point (red circle; to right) are indicated, with the x; y; z world axes (right hip joint) and the x; y; z principal axes for inertia calculations (COM) indicated by arrows.

FIGURE 8 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions

FIGURE 8. Morphologies of pmx4 and mx1 in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, photo traces of distal right premaxilla and mesial right maxilla in palatal view (AMNH 5027); note differences between the classes. B, Lpm4 and Lmx1 (AMNH 5027) in mesiolabial view. C, mx1 (AMNH 5027) in mesial view; note the mesial carina visible on the lingual edge (circle). Rmx1 of FMNH PR2081 in labial (D) and (E) lingual views; note sizes of mx1 and pm4, the flattened shape of the lingual face of pm4, and the placement of the carinae (circle). F, Rpm4 and Rmx1 of BHI 3033 in mesiolabial view; note size differences, carina placement (arrows), and the slight increase in mesial curvature in mx1 (scale bars equal 1cm). G, the teeth in mesiolingual view (image reflected).

Fig. 4 in A 3D interactive method for estimating body segmental parameters in animals: Application to the turning and running performance of Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 4. Ostrich trunk mass set models: (A) photograph of original trunk carcass in right lateral view, suspended on a cable for CM and inertia estimation experiments; (B) point cloud of carcass landmarks from digitization; (C) B-spline solid shrinkwrapped to fit underlying carcass landmarks (carcass model); (D) photograph of skeleton after defleshing of carcass, (E) point cloud of skeletal landmarks from digitization; (F) B-spline solid shrinkwrapped to fit underlying skeletal landmarks (skeleton model); and (G) Skeleton model with B-spline solid expanded laterally to simulate added flesh (fleshed-out model). Not to scale. The right hip joint (pink and black disk; caudal) and CM (red and black disk; cranial) are shown for the models, with principal axes (arrows). A dotted curve outlines the acetabulum in the carcass and skeleton pictures.

Fig. 5. Tyrannosaurus MOR 555 in A 3D interactive method for estimating body segmental parameters in animals: Application to the turning and running performance of Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 5. Tyrannosaurus MOR 555 skeleton: (A) Photograph of mounted skeleton in Berkeley, California (in left lateral view); (B) Torso skeletal landmark points digitized for our study, plus digitized pelvis and leg bones from Hutchinson et al. (2005); and (C, D) additional cranial and caudal photographic views of the skeleton from A.

FIGURE 12 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions

FIGURE 12. Morphology of d1 in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, first dentary teeth of AMNH 5027 in labial view. B, Rd1 of BHI 3033 in mesial and distal views. C, Rd1 of CM 9380 in mesial view. D, Rd1 of BHI 3033 in occlusal view. E, Ld1 of AMNH 5027 in distolabial view.

FIGURE 16 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions

FIGURE 16. Between-taxon comparisons of CBL (A), CBW (B), CH (C), and AL (D) for the theropods examined in this study (data from Smith et al., in press). Units are mm. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation.

FIGURE 1. A in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions

FIGURE 1. A, idealized human dental arcade, in palatal view, showing mesial, distal, labial, and lingual directions (modified from Smith and Dodson, 2003). LM1, left upper first molar. B, photo traces of AMNH 5027 Lmx7–8 (bones are schematic), showing mesiodistal orientations of crown long axes (points A–D were defined by Smith et al., 2005). C, photo trace of the premaxilla of AMNH 5027 (teeth are schematic) in palatal view showing labiolingual orientations of the crown long axes. D, Saurornitholestes Sues, 1978, crown in lateral view showing crown height (CH, measured from the apex to the base of the enamel (̴between points G and B)); crown base length (CBL, measured along the mesiodistal axis of the crown at the base of the enamel, ̴between points A and B); apical length (AL, measured between points A and G); crown angle (CA, angle GAB); mesial apical (MA), mesial mid-crown (MC), and mesial basal (MB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the mesial carina); distal apical (DA), distal mid-crown (DC), and distal basal (DB) denticle densities (measured along the length of the distal carina). E, the crown in D in basal view showing CBL and crown base width (CBW, measured perpendicular to CBL). Crown in D redrawn from Currie et al., (1990). Figure concept after Smith et al. (2005).

FIGURE 11 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions

FIGURE 11. Maxillary teeth (?5–7) of Tyrannosaurus rex (MOR 008) in apical view; note orientation with respect to lateral side of the bone (crowns are broken; view is of the cross sections of the teeth).