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2,142 results for “by contact”
Evolution of the Sabulina verna group (Caryophyllaceae) in Europe: A deep split, followed by secondary contacts, multiple allopolyploidization and colonization of challenging substrates
<p>One of the major goals of contemporary evolutionary biology is to elucidate the relative roles of allopatric and ecological differentiation and polyploidy in speciation. In this study, we address the taxonomically intricate <em>Sabulina verna</em> group, which has a disjunct Arctic–alpine postglacial range in Europe and occupies a broad range of ecological niches, including substrates toxic to plants. Using genome-wide ddRAD sequencing combined with morphometric analyses based on extensive sampling of 111 natural populations, we aimed to disentangle internal evolutionary relationships and examine their correspondence with the pronounced edaphic and ploidy diversity within the group. We identified two spatially distinct groups of diploids: a widespread Arctic–alpine group and a spatially restricted yet diverse Balkan group. Most tetraploids exhibited a considerably admixed ancestry derived from both these groups, suggesting their allopolyploid origin. Four genetic clusters in congruence with geography and mostly supported by morphological traits were recognized in the diploid Arctic–alpine group. Tetraploids are split into two distinct and geographically vicariant groups, indicating their repeated polytopic origin. Furthermore, our results also revealed at least five-fold parallel colonization of toxic substrates (serpentine and metalliferous), altogether demonstrating a complex interaction between geography, challenging substrates, and polyploidy in the evolution of the group. Finally, we propose a new taxonomic treatment of this intricate complex.</p>
IODP Expedition 391 Magnetic susceptibility (point or contact system)
Magnetic susceptibility was measured on section halves on the Section Half Multisensor Logger (SHMSL) using a Bartington MS2 meter and either a MS2E or MS2K probe. Because all JRSO cores meet minimum size requirements for these two probes, MSPOINT data are corrected for volume and recorded in SI susceptibility units (x10<sup>-5</sup>).
Data from: the two faces of secondary contact on islands: introgressive hybridization between endemics and reproductive interference between endemics and introduced species
<p>Aim: Hybridization is thought to have played an important role in shaping the evolutionary history of diverse island taxa. Here, we propose an ecological and evolutionary framework for understanding the causes and consequences of heterospecific mating on islands – with and without introgressive hybridization. We use this framework to support our main contention that cases of secondary contact among endemic species should commonly result in introgressive hybridization whereas cases of contact between endemic and introduced species should commonly result in reproductive interference – resulting in two qualitatively different faces of secondary contact on islands.</p> <p>Location: Canary Islands, Galapagos, New Zealand, Caribbean, and Hawaii.</p> <p>Taxa: 705 vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant species spanning 167 genera and 99 families.</p> <p>Methods: Using a quantitative analysis of empirical research on secondary contact on islands, we weigh evidence for the drivers of secondary contact and heterospecific mating on islands. In particular, we compare cases of secondary contact between endemic species versus secondary contact between endemic and introduced species.</p> <p>Results: We find that three main drivers of secondary contact and heterospecific mating on islands most frequently reported in the literature are disturbance, long-distance (e.g. inter-island) dispersal, and compromised assortative mating. We find support for the hypothesis that introgression is a more common outcome between endemic species while reproductive interference is a more common outcome between endemic and introduced species.</p> <p>Main conclusions: We conclude that there are biological reasons to predict secondary contact and heterospecific mating to be common on islands for all taxa, but that the consequence of secondary contact is categorically different for contact between endemic species and contact between endemic and introduced species. We conclude that the former likely explains the apparent frequency of hybridization on islands, while the latter presents a cryptic and underappreciated conservation threat.</p>
Material model calibration of Hertzian contact situations of a sphere and a plate with implemented pressure measurement film
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Fig. 3 in Genomic integrity of Phyciodes butterfly species in a region of contact (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Fig. 3. Principal component analysis of 1,477 SNPs for 152 individuals. (A) The first two dimensions show P. pulchella as the most genetically distinct, with P. batesii intermediate between P. cocyta and P. pulchella. Two potential F1 hybrid individuals each appear between their likely parental species. (B) The third dimension shows P. batesii as genetically distinct from the other 3 species.
Fig. 2 in Genomic integrity of Phyciodes butterfly species in a region of contact (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Fig. 2. (A) Maximum likelihood consensus tree of 2443 SNPs for 156 individuals. Branches with <50% UFBoot support are collapsed and support of> 75% is indicated on branches. (B) STRUCTURE analyses of 1,477 SNPs with individuals aligned to SNP tree. (C) Membership in haplotype groups (Wahlberg et al. 2003a) from ML analysis of 633 bp of COI (Supplementary Fig. S2), with individuals aligned to SNP tree. Butterflies images are courtesy of Norbert Kondla.
Fig. 1 in Genomic integrity of Phyciodes butterfly species in a region of contact (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Fig. 1. Range map for the Phyciodes tharos group of butterflies. Distributions shown are based on Layberry et al. (1998), Wahlberg et al. (2003a), Brock and Kaufman (2006), iNaturalist (2020) (research grade data only), and Lotts and Naberhaus (2020). White dots show sampling locations (details in Supplementary Table S1). Map on right shows expansion of Alberta, the region with the most intensive sampling, with black stars for locations of major cities: Edmonton and Calgary. Butterfly images are courtesy of Norbert Kondla.
Visuomotor Reaction Time Performance in Collegiate Contact and Limited Contact Team Sports
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A neurocognitive approach to prevent non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in football: A scoping review
<p><em>Background - </em>Non-contact anterior cruciate ligament injuries (NC-ACLI) are becoming more common in football due to the involvement of actions such as cutting, landing, pivoting, changing directions, and jumping that expose the knee to angular stresses, rotational motions, and anterior translation force. These risk factors are addressed in the current injury prevention programs(IPP) but have shown to be less effective in further lowering NC-ACLI risk. The missing piece in these IPPs is their inability to target neurocognitive risk factors when a relationship between cognitive competencies and the mechanism of NC-ACLI is evidenced. This gap serves as the basis for the review.</p> <p><em>Purpose – </em>To map the literature that has investigated the application of neurocognitive training (NCT) for the prevention of NC-ACLI in footballers.</p> <p><em>Study Design – </em>Scoping Review</p> <p><em>Methods – </em>A broad eligibility criteria was applied through population, concept, and context framework. Restrictions were applied to language (English) and age (>11 years), as the incidence rises with age. 39 databases and 4 websites were searched for literature until August 12, 2023. Four studies were included after screening the 144 studies found. Each study underwent quality assessment. The data was extracted and synthesised using data chart.</p> <p><em>Results – </em>The reviewed studies provided comprehensive details on components of NCT with methods and provider of intervention, outcome of NCT application and the cognitive skills targeted, along with the theoretical explanations for their outcomes. The limited number of included studies despite broad eligibility criteria, indicates the emerging nature of research in this domain, corroborated by recent publication dates of included literature.</p> <p><em>Conclusion – </em>This review provides baseline information on NCT in the prevention of NC-ACLI in football and attempts to guide future research.</p>
Direct measurement of Tan's contact in a one-dimensional Lieb-Liniger gas
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Raw GC-ToF-MS and processed data from individuals sampled in allopatric and contact zones and MZmine 3.9.0 and Rstudio analysis
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Contact-mediated nucleation in melt emulsions investigated by Rheo-NMR
<p>Contact-mediated nucleation in melt emulsions investigated by Rheo-NMR</p>
Data belonging to the thesis intitled "Prosody in Language Contact. French and Vietnamese"
<p>This dataset belongs to our doctoral thesis intitled "Prosody in Language Contact. French and Vietnamese". The dataset contains recordings of oral data as well as tables of written data, transcriptions and annotations. It also contains metadata about oral and written data. Detailed information about this data and how to understand it can be taken from our thesis.</p> <p>In the thesis, we are dealing with prosodic language contact between the languages Vietnamese and French. Our research is devoted to different language contact situations as well as to both directions of language contact. The starting point of our experimental research is the observation of French loanwords in Vietnamese. In this context, we examine prosodic adaptation patterns that speakers have undertaken to adapt the loanwords to Vietnamese. The focus is on the repair of structures that are illicit in Vietnamese: Consonants in certain positions in the syllable are replaced or deleted, consonant clusters are dissolved by epenthesis or by deletion of one of the two consonants, syllable boundaries are shifted, consonants or consonant slots in certain syllabic structures are doubled, and tones are assigned to syllables according to certain patterns.</p> <p>The aim of our experimental investigations then is to find out whether similar or different patterns occur in an instantaneous situation of language contact. Monolingual speakers of Vietnamese are exposed to French stimuli and asked to reproduce them in three different conditions. We have additionally conducted the same experiment with learners of French whose first language is Vietnamese. The experimental data show many similar patterns to the loanword data. However, the data from monolingual speakers in particular display much more variability. Finally, we reverse the direction of language contact: Native speakers of French are asked to reproduce Vietnamese stimuli. In this case, the question is whether certain patterns can be reversed in the opposite direction, which can partly be observed.</p> <p>With the help of the present work, we can gain a deep understanding of systematicity and variability in borrowing and second language acquisition. We conclude that from a phonological perspective, there are many similarities between the two fields of prosodic language contact, and we suggest, for the phenomena under consideration, to understand some aspects in their complexity in a gradual rather than a categorical way.</p>
A novel method for measuring sublingual temperature using conventional non-contact forehead thermometer
<p>Dataset includes :</p> <p>1. Data file - Excel spread sheet including recorded non contact sublingual recordings with corresponding tympanic temperature recordings.</p> <p>2.Consent form.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian
FIGURE 3 Results of demographic modelling (δaδi; Gutenkunst et al., 2009) and demographic parameter estimation (G-PHOCS; Gronau et al., 2011) analyses. (a) Stylized representation of the best supported model from δaδi with parameters superimposed from G-PHOCS. (b) The fit between the best-supported model and the data is shown using the two-dimensional site frequency spectrum (2D-SFS) and plots of the residuals
FIGURE 2 in Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian
FIGURE 2 Results of the HIEST version 2.0 (Fitzpatrick, 2012) analysis. (a) Joint maximum likelihood estimates of ancestry (S value) and interclass heterozygosity (H value) for Schistometopum thomense (S. thomense) and Schistometopum ephele (S. ephele) for 41 diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Individuals are coloured by morphology (yellow, unflecked = yellow; brown, flecked = grey) indicating that most admixed individuals (intermediate S and H values) are flecked. (b) H values plotted against latitude show that admixed individuals are restricted to the centre of the island at the contact zone. Individuals are coloured according to S values (≥0.9 or ≤0.1)
FIGURE 1 in Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian
FIGURE 1 Schistometopum sampling on São Tomé Island. (a) Map shows distribution of genomic samples with the size of circles proportional to the number of individuals at that site. Individuals with at least 90% ancestry assigned to Schistometopum thomense (S. thomense) are shown in purple, 90% ancestry assigned to Schistometopum ephele (S. ephele) in green, and admixed individuals in orange. Site abbreviations are as follows: AA, Anselmo Andrade; BO, Bombaim; BS, Bom Sucesso; CN, Contador Valley North; CS, Contador Valley South; CV, Canavial; JA, Java + Abade; LB, Lemba River; ML, Rio Maria Luisa; ON, Obo National Park; PA, Porto Alegre; QI, Quisinda; RD, Rio d'Ouro; SF, Santa Fe; SL, Santa Luzia. The type locality of S. ephele (Água Izé, 400–700 m) is probably between the coastal community of Água Izé (indicated by black star) and Java. (b) Plot of ancestry coefficients estimated with ADMIXTURE version 1.3.0 (Alexander et al. (2009) for K = 2. Circles above the plot show the haplotype of each individual from the mitochondrial ND4 locus, and morphological assignment (yellow, unflecked = yellow; brown, flecked = grey). (c) ND4 haplotype network for new samples and previously published data (Stoelting et al., 2014) estimated in PopART (Leigh & Bryant, 2015). Twenty-six mutations separate the haplotype groups. (d) Principal component analysis (PCA) of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data with individuals coloured according to their ancestry assignment from (b). Photo credits: A. Stanbridge
FIGURE 4 in Speciation and secondary contact in a fossorial island endemic, the São Tomé caecilian
FIGURE 4 Summary of environmental space occupancy analyses. (a) Photos of habitat in representative dry (top) and wet (bottom) regions of São Tomé Island. (b) Violin plot of precipitation values at sites for pure and admixed caecilians (top), bar plots of land cover (middle), and bar plots of soil types and ages (bottom). (c) Annual precipitation (mm) across the island, with drier habitat in the north and wetter habitat in the south (top), land cover across the island, adapted from Soares (2017; middle), and soil types and ages across the island, adapted from Caldeira and Munhá (2002) and Stoelting et al. (2014; bottom). Photo credits: J. Shevock, A. Stanbridge
Origin and evolution of nephrite, diopsidites and giant diopside crystals from the contact zones of the Pounamu Ultramafics, Westland, New Zealand
<p>Paper in New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics</p>
Impact of rapid thermal processing on bulk and surface recombination mechanisms in FZ silicon with fired passivating contacts
<p>Data underlying the article</p>
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OpenNeuro
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