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Figure 2 in Multi-scale patterns in the host specificity of plant-dwelling arthropods: the influence of host plant and temporal variation on species richness and assemblage composition of true bugs (Hemiptera)

Figure 2. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (MDS) ordination showing hemipteran composition for all sampling periods with selected plant species superimposed.

Figure 5 in Multi-scale patterns in the host specificity of plant-dwelling arthropods: the influence of host plant and temporal variation on species richness and assemblage composition of true bugs (Hemiptera)

Figure 5. Annual cyclic pattern of the proportion of the effectively specialized fauna (squares) and singleton species (circles) for the total number of hemipteran species from each sampling period.

Figure 3 in Multi-scale patterns in the host specificity of plant-dwelling arthropods: the influence of host plant and temporal variation on species richness and assemblage composition of true bugs (Hemiptera)

Figure 3. Mean number of individuals (from SIMPER analysis) of dominant hemipteran species, during each sampling period, for most plant species.

Figure 1 in Multi-scale patterns in the host specificity of plant-dwelling arthropods: the influence of host plant and temporal variation on species richness and assemblage composition of true bugs (Hemiptera)

Figure 1. Interactions between plant species sampled and sampling period for (A) abundance (number of individuals) per plant and (B) species richness per plant (standard error bars are shown).

Figure 6 in Multi-scale patterns in the host specificity of plant-dwelling arthropods: the influence of host plant and temporal variation on species richness and assemblage composition of true bugs (Hemiptera)

Figure 6. Relationship between the effectively specialized fauna (squares) and singleton species (circles) for the number of hemipteran species from each sampling period and for the entire collection. An exponential decay equation is fitted for effectively specialized fauna, y = 2.973∗ exp (−0.00575∗ x) + (−1.478), R2 = 0.7598, and for singleton species, y = 22.53∗exp (−0.08466∗x) + 0.2614, R2 = 0.9873.

FIGURES 136–145 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURES 136–145. Penis valves of Xyela species: X. curva group, X. julii group (part). Figs 138–139 and 141 reproduced from Blank et al. (2005).

FIGURES 66–85 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURES 66–85. Color pattern of head of Xyela species: X. julii group (part). Legend: HT—holotype; PT—paratype.

FIGURES 105–120 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURES 105–120. Ovipositor sheaths of Xyela species. All figures at same scale. Legend: HT—holotype; NT—neotype; PT—paratype.

FIGURE 21 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURE 21. Records of Xyela lugdunensis (7 specimens from 4 collection sites) and natural distribution of the supposed host plant, Pinus nigra (solid line, combined from Meusel et al. 1965 and Barbéro et al. 1998).

FIGURES 95–104 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURES 95–104. Ovipositor sheaths of Xyela species. All figures at same scale. Legend: HT—holotype; PT—paratype.

FIGURE 17 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURE 17. Records of Xyela julii (2094 specimens from 356 collection sites) and natural distribution of the host plant, Pinus sylvestris (solid line, combined from Mirov 1967, Sokolov et al. 1977 and Willis et al. 1998).

FIGURE 23 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURE 23. Barcoding analysis of Xyela species. The tree is primarily based on specimens for which COI sequences longer than 600 bp and including less than three ambigous nucleotides could be obtained. Some shorter sequences have been added to associate sexes or larvae with imagines. Each specimen is labelled as follows: "Xyela ..."—species name; "DEIGISHym ..."—unique identification number of specimen in DEI collection; "Male / Female"—sex, larva if no sex is indicated; e.g., "661" / "603" / "658" ...—base pairs [bp] sequence length; "[0n] / [1n] / [2n]"—0–2 ambiguous nucleotides included in sequence; e.g., "Austria, Karnten [= Kärnten, Carinthia]"—country and province of origin of specimen; "BOLD: ..."—globally unique identifier (GUID). The label "Xyela 005 P. sabiniana sp." refers to larvae obtained from Pinus sabiniana which here are identified as X. bakeri.

FIGURE 22 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURE 22. Records of Xyela rasnitsyni (27 specimens from 7 collection sites) and natural distribution of the supposed host plant, Pinus koraiensis (solid line, according to Mirov (1967).

FIGURE 19 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURE 19. Records of three West Palearctic, subalpine Xyela species, X. helvetica (2 specimens from 2 collection sites), X. obscura (221 specimens from 30 collection sites) and X. uncinatae (48 specimens from 9 collection sites) and natural distribution of the (supposed) host plants, Pinus mugo (solid line) and P. uncinata (dashed line, distribution of both pines according to Meusel et al. 1965). The distribution ranges of these pine species overlap in the Alps (see text). Additional literature record included for X. obscura from the Ukraine (Zombori & Ermolenko 1999).

FIGURE 18 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURE 18. Records of Xyela menelaus (311 specimens from 20 collection sites) and natural distribution of the host plant, Pinus nigra (solid line, combined from Meusel et al. 1965 and Barbéro et al. 1998).

FIGURE 15 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURE 15. Records of Xyela graeca (553 specimens from 53 collection sites) and natural distribution of the host plant, Pinus nigra (solid line, combined from Meusel et al. 1965 and Barbéro et al. 1998).

FIGURES 86–94 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURES 86–94. Ovipositor sheath, sensilla pattern and sensilla plate (spl) at the apex of the ovipositor sheath. 86, Xyela helvetica. 87, X. longula, arrows indicate the modified hairs at apex of valvula 1. 88, X. lugdunensis. 89, X. meridionalis. 90–91, X. alpigena. 92–93, X. curva. 94, X. densiflorae.

FIGURE 14 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURE 14. Emergence phenology of imagines of Xyela curva, X. graeca and X. menelaus under laboratory conditions between 24.3. (= day 1) and 19.4.1999 (= day 25). Rearing data from two almost syntopic samples (Z42A/98, Z42B/98) taken from Pinus nigra pallasiana in southern Turkey in 1998.

FIGURES 126–135 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURES 126–135. Penis valves of Xyela species: X. longula groups, X. lugdunensis group, X. alpigena group, X. meridionalis group. 127, tentatively identified male of from Tence (France: Auvergne, MNHN), see text. 128, paratype of X. nigroabscondita.

FIGURE 16 in The Eurasian species of Xyela (Hymenoptera, Xyelidae): taxonomy, host plants and distribution

FIGURE 16. Records of Xyela heldreichii (72 specimens from 7 collection sites) and natural distribution of the host plant, Pinus heldreichii (solid line, according to Willis et al. 1998).