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2,576 results for “host species”
Experimental warming influences species abundances in a Drosophila host community through direct effects on species performance rather than altered competition and parasitism
<p>Current global warming trends are expected to have direct effects on species through their sensitivity to temperature, as well as on their biotic interactions, with cascading indirect effects on species, communities, and entire ecosystems. To predict the community-level consequences of global change we need to understand the relative roles of both the direct and indirect effects of warming. We used a laboratory experiment to investigate how warming affects a tropical community of three species of <em>Drosophila</em> hosts interacting with two species of parasitoids over a single generation. Our experimental design allowed us to distinguish between the direct effects of temperature on host species performance, and indirect effects through altered biotic interactions (competition among hosts and parasitism by parasitoid wasps). Although experimental warming significantly decreased parasitism for all host-parasitoid pairs, the effects of parasitism and competition on host communities did not vary across temperatures. Instead, effects on host relative abundances were species-specific, with one host species dominating the community at warmer temperatures, independently of parasitism and competition treatments. Our results show that temperature shaped a <em>Drosophila </em>host community directly through differences in species’ thermal performance, and not via its influences on biotic interactions.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Checklist of Cycloposthiidae species (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida), with a brief review on taxonomy, morphology and hosts
FIGURE 3. Species from the genus Triplumaria in drawings based from descriptions and redescriptions performed by other authors. A. T. acuticaudata (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); B. T. alluvia (Ito et al. 2008); C. T. corrugata (Van Hovel et al. 1998); D. T. asiatica (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); E. T. selenica (Ito et al. 2010); F. T. fulgora (Ito et al. 2011); G. T. grypoclunis (Ito et al. 2008); H. T. hamertoni (Anette & Van Hoven, 1980); I. T. antis (Ito et al. 2011); J. T. harpagonis (Ito et al. 2011); K. T. dvoinoisi (Ito et al. 2011); L. T. izmirae (Gürelli & Ito, 2014); M. T. longinucleata (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); N. T. doliiformis (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); O. T. suwako (Ito et al. 2011); P. T. sukuna (Ito et al. 2011); Q. T. solea (Ito et al. 2011); R. T. poljanskii (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); S. T. zuze (Ito et al. 2011); T. T. heterofasciculata (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); U. T. ovina (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); V. T. irregularis (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); W. T. nucleocaudata (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995). Ma: macronucleus; PK: paralabial kineties; PVP: perivestibular polybrachykinety; SP: skeletal plates; Ve: vestibulum. Bars: 100µm.
FIGURE 4. Part 2 in Checklist of Cycloposthiidae species (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida), with a brief review on taxonomy, morphology and hosts
FIGURE 4. Part 2. Morphometric characterization of species which were described in the Cycloposthiidae family. The morphometric values shown in the figure refer to the mean, standard deviation and minimum and maximum values retrieved from the literature for each species. However, statistical data is not avalibable for all species. The species Carinoposthium caudatum, Cycloposthium plicatocaudatum and Prototapirella intestinalis were not included in the figure because their morphometric data are unavailable. 1Van Hoven et al. 1987; 2Ito et al. 2014; 3Buisson, 1923; 4Hsiung, 1930; 5Ito & Imai, 2000; 6Cunha & Muniz, 1927; 7Van Hoven et al. 1998; 8Thurston & Noirot-Timothée, 1973; 9Ito et al. 2016; 10Timoshenko & Imai, 1995; 11Ito et al. 2008; 12Ito et al. 2011; 13Hoare, 1937; 14 Gürelli & Ito, 2014; 15Ito et al. 2010.
FIGURE 4. Part 1 in Checklist of Cycloposthiidae species (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida), with a brief review on taxonomy, morphology and hosts
FIGURE 4. Part 1. Morphometric characterization of species which were described in the Cycloposthiidae family. The morphometric values shown in the figure refer to the mean, standard deviation and minimum and maximum values retrieved from the literature for each species. However, statistical data is not avalibable for all species. The species Carinoposthium caudatum, Cycloposthium plicatocaudatum and Prototapirella intestinalis were not included in the figure because their morphometric data are unavailable. 1Van Hoven et al. 1987; 2Ito et al. 2014; 3Buisson, 1923; 4Hsiung, 1930; 5Ito & Imai, 2000; 6Cunha & Muniz, 1927; 7Van Hoven et al. 1998; 8Thurston & Noirot-Timothée, 1973; 9Ito et al. 2016; 10Timoshenko & Imai, 1995; 11Ito et al. 2008; 12Ito et al. 2011; 13Hoare, 1937; 14 Gürelli & Ito, 2014; 15Ito et al. 2010.
FIGURE 2 in Checklist of Cycloposthiidae species (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida), with a brief review on taxonomy, morphology and hosts
FIGURE 2. Species of the genera Arachnodinella, Bozasella, Lavierella, Monoposthium, Phalodinium, Prototapirella, Tricaudalia, Trifascicularia e Tripalmaria in drawings based from descriptions and redescriptions performed by other authors. A. Arachnodinella noveni (Van Hoven et al. 1987); B. Monoposthium acanthum (Thurston & Noirot-Timothe, 1973); C. Monoposthium bracchium (Van Hoven et al. 1987); D. Monoposthium latus (Van Hoven et al. 1987); E. Monoposthium cynodontum (Ito & Imai, 2000); F. Monoposthium vulgaris (Van Hoven et al. 1987); G. Phalodinium digitalis (Van Hoven et al. 1987); H. Lavierella africana (Buisson, 1923); I. Lavierella klipdrifi (Van Hoven et al. 1987); J. Prototapirella clypeata (Buisson, 1923); K. Bozasella gracilis (Ito et al. 2014); L. Bozasella rhinocerotis (Buisson, 1923); M. Prototapirella fosseyi (Ito et al. 2016); N. Tricaudalia brumpti (Buisson, 1923); O. Tripalmaria dogieli (Hsiung, 1930); P. Prototapirella cristata (Buisson, 1923); Q. Prototapirella elephantis (Buisson, 1923); R. Prototapirella rwanda (Ito et al. 2016); S. Prototapirella gorillae (Ito et al. 2016); T. Prototapirella intestinalis (Anette & Van Hoven, 1980); U. Trifascicularia cycloposthium (Strelkow, 1939). AC: adoral ciliary; Cau: caudalia; Ma: macronucleus; SP: skeletal plate. Bars: 100µm.
FIGURE 1 in Checklist of Cycloposthiidae species (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida), with a brief review on taxonomy, morphology and hosts
FIGURE 1. Species of the genus Cycloposthium, in drawings based from descriptions and redescriptions performed by other authors. A. C. caudatum (Ito & Imai, 2000); B. C. elongatum (Ito & Imai, 2000); C. C. hydrochoeri (Ito & Imai, 2000); D. C. affinae (Hsiung, 1930); E. C. incurvum (Ito & Imai, 2000); F. C. edentatum (Strelkow, 1939); G. C. magnum (Cunha & Muniz, 1927); H. C. lenticularis (Ito & Imai, 2000); I. C. plicatocaudatum (Strelkow, 1939); J. C. compressum (Ito & Imai, 2000); K. C. piscicauda (Strelkow, 1939); L. C. bipalmatum (Ito et al. 2002); M. C. dentiferum (Strelkow, 1939); N. C. bursa (Ito & Imai, 2000); O. C. vorax (Cunha & Muniz, 1927); P. C. minutum (Ito & Imai, 2000); Q. C. scutigerum (Hsiung, 1930); R. C. ishikawai (Strelkow, 1939); S. C. corrugatum (Strelkow, 1939); T. C. cristatum (Ito & Imai, 2000). AC: adoral ciliary; Cau: caudalia; Ma: macronucleus; PVP: perivestibular polybrachykinety; SP: skeletal plate; Ve: vestíbulum. Bars: 100µm.
FIGURES 1–6 in Thysanoptera host-plant associations, with an account of species living on Tamarix, and a new species of Lissothrips (Phlaeothripidae)
FIGURES 1–6. Lissothrips hemingi sp.n.: (1) Adult (female); (2) Adult (male); (3) Head and pronotum; (4) Meso, metanotum and pelta (female); (5) Meso and metanotum (male); (6) Antenna.
FIGURES 7–10 in Thysanoptera host-plant associations, with an account of species living on Tamarix, and a new species of Lissothrips (Phlaeothripidae)
FIGURES 7–10. Lissothrips hemingi sp.n.: (7) Abdominal tergites IV-VII (male); (8) Prostenum; (9) Head and fore leg (female); (10) Abdominal tergites IX and tube (female).
Data from: Host species composition influences infection severity among amphibians in the absence of spillover transmission
Wildlife epidemiological outcomes can depend strongly on the composition of an ecological community, particularly when multiple host species are affected by the same pathogen. However, the relationship between host species richness and disease risk can vary with community context and with the degree of spillover transmission that occurs among co-occurring host species. We examined the degree to which host species composition influences infection by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), a widespread fungal pathogen associated with amphibian population declines around the world, and whether transmission occurs from one highly susceptible host species to other co-occurring host species. By manipulating larval assemblages of three sympatric amphibian species in the laboratory, we characterized the relationship between host species richness and infection severity, whether infection mediates growth and survivorship differently across various combinations of host species, and whether Bd is transmitted from experimentally inoculated tadpoles to uninfected tadpoles. We found evidence of a dilution effect where Bd infection severity was dramatically reduced in the most susceptible of the three host species (Anaxyrus boreas). Infection also mediated survival and growth of all three host species such that the presence of multiple host species had both positive (e.g., infection reduction) and negative (e.g., mortality) effects on focal species. However, we found no evidence that Bd infection is transmitted by this species. While these results demonstrate that host species richness as well as species identity underpin infection dynamics in this system, dilution is not the product of reduced transmission via fewer infectious individuals of a susceptible host species. We discuss various mechanisms, including encounter reduction and antagonistic interactions such as competition and opportunistic cannibalism that may act in concert to mediate patterns of infection severity, growth, and mortality observed in multihost communities.
Data from: Phylogenetic signal in module composition and species connectivity in compartmentalized host-parasite networks
Across different taxa, networks of mutualistic or antagonistic interactions show consistent architecture. Most networks are modular, with modules being distinct species subsets connected mainly with each other and having few connections to other modules. We investigate the phylogenetic relatedness of species within modules and whether a phylogenetic signal is detectable in the within- and among module connectivity of species using 27 mammal-flea networks from the Palaearctic. In the 24 networks that were modular, closely-related hosts co-occurred in the same module more often than expected by chance; in contrast, this was rarely the case for parasites. The within- and among-module connectivity of the same host or parasite species varied geographically. However, among-module but not within-module connectivity of host and parasites was somewhat phylogenetically constrained. These findings suggest that the establishment of host-parasite networks results from the interplay between phylogenetic influences acting mostly on hosts and local factors acting on parasites, to create an asymmetrically constrained pattern of geographic variation in modular structure. Modularity in host-parasite networks seems to result from the shared evolutionary history of hosts and by trait convergence among unrelated parasites. This suggests profound differences between hosts and parasites in the establishment and functioning of bipartite antagonistic networks.
Data from: Description of a new species of Hedruris Nitzsch, 1821 (Nematoda, Hedruridae) from freshwater turtles in Argentina, with information on its life cycle and a review of the genus's host and geographic distribution
Hedruris dratini n. sp. (Nematoda, Hedruridae) is described from freshwater turtles in Argentina and information about its life cycle provided. The new species differs from the remaining species of the genus by possessing an excretory pore, and the nerve ring and deirids being positioned at equal distance from the anterior end. Additionally, H. dratini n. sp. has mammilated eggs and males possess nine pairs of caudal papillae. The first life cycle within the genus including an amphipod as intermediate host and a reptile as a definitive host is presented. Furthermore, the host and geographic distribution of species of the genus Hedruris Nitzsch, 1821 are analyzed. Although the genus has a cosmopolitan distribution and parasitizes a great diversity of hosts, the majority of its species follow a Gondwanian distribution and its preferred hosts are amphibians.
Data from: Selective logging in tropical forests decreases the robustness of liana-tree interaction networks to the loss of host tree species
Selective logging is one of the major drivers of tropical forest degradation, causing important shifts in species composition. Whether such changes modify interactions between species and the networks in which they are embedded remain fundamental questions to assess the 'health' and ecosystem functionality of logged forests. We focus on interactions between lianas and their tree hosts within primary and selectively logged forests in the biodiversity hotspot of Malaysian Borneo. We found that lianas were more abundant, had higher species richness and different species compositions in logged than in primary forests. Logged forests showed heavier liana loads disparately affecting slow-growth tree species, which could exacerbate the loss of timber value and carbon storage already associated to logging. Moreover, simulation scenarios of host tree local species loss indicated that logging might decrease the robustness of liana-tree interaction networks if heavily infested trees (i.e. the most connected ones) are more likely to disappear. This effect is partially mitigated in the short term by the colonization of host trees by a greater diversity of liana species within logged forests, yet this might not compensate for the loss of preferred tree hosts in the long term. As a consequence, species interaction networks may show a lagged response to disturbance, which may trigger sudden collapses in species richness and ecosystem function in response to additional disturbances, representing a new type of "extinction debt".
Data from: A host immune hormone modifies parasite species interactions and epidemics: insights from a field manipulation.
Parasite epidemics can depend on priority effects, and parasite priority effects can result from the host immune response to prior infection. Yet we lack experimental evidence that such immune-mediated priority effects influence epidemics. To address this research gap, we manipulated key host immune hormones, then measured the consequences for within-host parasite interactions, and ultimately parasite epidemics in the field. Specifically, we applied plant immune-signaling hormones to sentinel plants, embedded into a wild host population, and tracked foliar infections caused by two common fungal parasites. Within host individuals, priority effects were altered by the immune-signaling hormone, salicylic acid. Scaling up from within-host interactions, hosts treated with salicylic acid experienced lower prevalence of a less aggressive parasite, increased burden of infection by a more aggressive parasite, and experienced fewer coinfections. Together, these results indicate that by altering within-host priority effects, host immune hormones can drive parasite epidemics. This study therefore experimentally links host immune hormones to within-host priority effects and parasite epidemics, advancing a more mechanistic understanding of how interactions among parasites alter their epidemics.
Data from: Generalist haemosporidian parasites are better adapted to a subset of host species in a multiple host community
Parasites that can infect multiple host species are considered to be host generalists with low host specificity. However, whether generalist parasites are better adapted to a subset of their host species remains unknown. To elucidate this possibility, we compared the variation in prevalence and infection intensity among host species of three generalist parasite lineages belonging to the morphological species Haemoproteus majoris, in a natural bird community in southern Sweden. Prevalence in each host species was confirmed by nested PCR and DNA sequencing and infection intensities were quantified using lineage-specific real-time qPCR. For two of the three lineages, we detected positive correlations between prevalence and infection intensity, indicating that these generalist parasites are better adapted to a subset of host species, which may have been more frequently encountered during the evolution of the parasite; we refer to these as main host species. For both lineages, the main host species were more phylogenetically related than expected by chance as revealed by strong phylogenetic signal in prevalence among hosts. By comparing our results with previous records of these parasites, we found that the host range of a generalist parasite can vary among different communities and may partly be shaped by the presence of other parasites. Our study reveals that generalist parasites may be specialized on a subset of their host species and it highlights the importance of considering infection intensity and host phylogeny when determining the host specificity of a parasite.
Data from: Bottom-up effects of host-plant species diversity and top-down effects of ants interactively increase plant performance
While plant diversity is well known to increase primary productivity, whether these bottom-up effects are enhanced by reciprocal top-down effects from the third trophic level is unknown. We studied whether pine tree species diversity, aphid-tending ants and their interaction determined plant performance and arthropod community structure. Plant diversity had a positive effect on aphids, but only in the presence of mutualistic ants, leading to threefold greater number of both groups in the tri-specific cultures than in monocultures. Plant diversity increased ant abundance not only by increasing aphid number, but also by increasing ant recruitment per aphid. The positive effect of diversity on ants in turn cascaded down to increase plant performance; diversity increased plant growth (but not biomass), and this effect was stronger in the presence of ants. Consequently, bottom-up effects of diversity within the same genus and guild of plants and top-down effects from the third trophic level (predatory ants) interactively increased plant performance.
Congruent population genetic structures and divergence histories in anther-smut fungi and their host plants Silene italica and the S. nutans species complex
The study of population genetic structure congruence between hosts and pathogens gives important insights into their shared phylogeographic and coevolutionary histories. We studied the population genetic structure of castrating anther-smut fungi (<i>Microbotryum</i> genus) and of their host plants, the <i>Silene nutans</i> species complex, and the morphologically and genetically close <i>S. italica</i>, which can be found in sympatry. Phylogeographic population genetic structure related to persistence in separate glacial refugia has been recently revealed in the <i>S. nutans</i> plant species complex across Western Europe, identifying several distinct lineages. We genotyped 171 associated plant-pathogen pairs of anther-smut fungi and their host plant individuals using microsatellite markers and plant chloroplastic SNPs. We found clear differentiation between fungal populations parasitizing <i>S. nutans</i> and <i>S. italica</i> plants. The population genetic structure of fungal strains parasitizing the <i>S. nutans</i> plant species complex mirrored the host plant genetic structure, suggesting that the pathogen was isolated in glacial refugia together with its host and/or that it has specialized on the plant genetic lineages. Using random forest approximate Bayesian computation (ABC-RF), we found that the divergence history of the fungal lineages on <i>S. nutans</i> was congruent with the one previously inferred for the host plant and likely occurred with ancient but no recent gene flow. Genome sequences confirmed the genetic structure and the absence of recent gene flow between fungal genetic lineages. Our analyses of host-pathogen individual pairs contribute to a better understanding of co-evolutionary histories between hosts and pathogens in natural ecosystems, in which such studies are still scarce.
Data from: Ectomycorrhizal fungal richness declines towards the host species' range edge
Plant range boundaries are generally considered to reflect abiotic conditions; however, a rise in negative or decline in positive species interactions at range margins may contribute to these stable boundaries. While evidence suggests that pollinator mutualisms may decline near range boundaries, little is known about other important plant mutualisms, including microbial root symbionts. Here, we used molecular methods to characterize root-associated fungal communities in populations of two related temperate tree species from across the species' range in the eastern United States. We found that ectomycorrhizal fungal richness on plant roots declined with distance from the centre of the host species range. These patterns were not evident in nonmycorrhizal fungal communities on roots nor in fungal communities in bulk soil. Climatic and soil chemical variables could not explain these biogeographic patterns, although these abiotic gradients affected other components of the bulk soil and rhizosphere fungal community. Depauperate ectomycorrhizal fungal communities may represent an underappreciated challenge to marginal tree populations, especially as rapid climate change pushes these populations outside their current climate niche.
Data from: Species mtDNA genetic diversity explained by infrapopulation size in a host-symbiont system
Understanding what shapes variation in genetic diversity among species remains a major challenge in evolutionary ecology, and it has been seldom studied in parasites and other host-symbiont systems. Here, we studied mtDNA variation in a host-symbiont non-model system: 418 individual feather mites from 17 feather mite species living on 17 different passerine bird species. We explored how a surrogate of census size, the median infrapopulation size (i.e., the median number of individual parasites per infected host individual), explains mtDNA genetic diversity. Feather mite species genetic diversity was positively correlated with mean infrapopulation size, explaining 34% of the variation. As expected from the biology of feather mites, we found bottleneck signatures for most of the species studied but, in particular, three species presented extremely low mtDNA diversity values given their infrapopulation size. Their star-like haplotype networks (in contrast with more reticulated networks for the other species) suggested that their low genetic diversity was the consequence of severe bottlenecks or selective sweeps. Our study shows for the first time that mtDNA diversity can be explained by infrapopulation sizes, and suggests that departures from this relationship could be informative of underlying ecological and evolutionary processes.
Data from: Effects of host species and environmental factors on the prevalence of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in northern Europe
The fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) poses a major threat to amphibian populations. To assist efforts to address such threats, we examined differences in Bd host infection prevalence among amphibian species and its relations to both local environmental factors in breeding habitats and landscape variables measured at three scales (500, 2000 and 5000 m radii) around breeding sites in southernmost Sweden. We sampled 947 anurans of six species in 31 ponds and assessed their infection status. We then examined correlations of infection prevalence with canopy cover, pond perimeter and pH (treated as local-scale pond characteristics), and the number of ponds, area of arable land, area of mature forest, number of resident people and presence of sea within the three radii (treated as landscape variables). The Bd infection prevalence was very low, 0.5-1.0%, in two of the six anuran species (Bufo bufo and Rana temporaria), and substantially higher (13-64%) in the other four (Bombina bombina, Bufotes variabilis, Epidalea calamita, Rana arvalis). In the latter four species Bd infection prevalence was positively associated with ponds' pH (site range: 5.3-8.1), and negatively associated with areas of mature forest and/or wetlands in the surroundings. Our results show that the infection dynamics of Bd are complex and associated with host species, local pond characteristics and several landscape variables at larger spatial scales. Knowledge of environmental factors associated with Bd infections and differences in species' susceptibility may help to counter further spread of the disease and guide conservation action plans, especially for the most threatened species.
Data from: Allopatric origin of cryptic butterfly species that were discovered feeding on distinct host plants in sympatry
Surveys of tropical insects are increasingly uncovering cryptic species - morphologically similar yet reproductively isolated taxa once thought to comprise a single interbreeding entity. The vast majority of such species are described from a single location. This leaves us with little information on geographic range and intraspecific variation and limits our ability to infer the forces responsible for generating such diversity. For example, in herbivorous and parasitic insects, multiple specialists are often discovered within what were thought to be single more generalized species. Host shifts are likely to have contributed to speciation in these cases. But when and where did those shifts occur, and were they facilitated by geographic isolation? We attempted to answer these questions for two cryptic species within the butterfly Cymothoe egesta that were recently discovered on different host plants in central Cameroon. We first used mtDNA markers to separate individuals collected on the two hosts within Cameroon and then extended our analysis to incorporate individuals collected across the entire pan-Afrotropical range of the original taxon. To our surprise, we found that the species are almost entirely allopatric, dividing the original range and overlapping only in the narrow zone of West-Central Africa where they were first discovered in sympatry. This finding, combined with analyses of genetic variation within each butterfly species, strongly suggests that speciation occurred in allopatry, probably during the Pleistocene. We discuss the implications of our results for understanding speciation among other cryptic species recently discovered in the tropics and argue that more work is needed on geographic patterns and host usage in such taxa.
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