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Informativeness, contingency and time scale invariance in associative learning
<p>Contemporary theories guiding the search for neural mechanisms of learning and memory assume that associative learning results from the temporal pairing of cues and reinforcers resulting in coincident activation of associated neurons, strengthening their synaptic connection. While enduring, this framework has limitations: Temporal-pairing-based models of learning do not fit with many experimental observations and cannot be used to make quantitative predictions about behavior. Here we present behavioral data that supports an alternative, information-theoretic conception: The amount of information that cues provide about the timing of reward delivery predicts behavior. Furthermore, this approach accounts for the rate and depth of both inhibitory and excitatory learning across paradigms and species. We also show that dopamine release in the ventral striatum reflects cue–predicted changes in reinforcement rates consistent with subjects understanding temporal relationships between task events. Our results reshape the conceptual and biological framework for understanding associative learning.<strong><br></strong></p>
Figure 9. NHMUK R9832 in New shell information and new generic attributions for the Egyptian podocnemidid turtles "Podocnemis" fajumensis (Oligocene) and "Podocnemis" aegyptiaca (Miocene)
Figure 9. NHMUK R9832, entoplastron of an indeterminate representative of Erymnochelyini (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae), from the lower or middle Eocene, found 25 km north-northeast of InTasit (Gao Region, Mali). (a) Ventral view. (b) Dorsal view.
Figure 1. AMNH 5086 in New shell information and new generic attributions for the Egyptian podocnemidid turtles "Podocnemis" fajumensis (Oligocene) and "Podocnemis" aegyptiaca (Miocene)
Figure 1. AMNH 5086, neotype of the podocnemidid turtle Shetwemys fajumensis comb. nov. (Erymnochelyini), from the lower Oligocene (Rupelian) of the Fayum Depression (Fayum Governorate, northern Egypt), in ventral (a) and dorsal (b) views.
Figure 4 in New shell information and new generic attributions for the Egyptian podocnemidid turtles "Podocnemis" fajumensis (Oligocene) and "Podocnemis" aegyptiaca (Miocene)
Figure 4. Plastral remains of the podocnemidid turtle Shetwemys fajumensis comb. nov. (Erymnochelyini), from the lower Oligocene (Rupelian) of the Fayum Depression (Fayum Governorate, northern Egypt). (a–b) NHMUK R3435, anterior plastral lobe, in ventral (a) and dorsal (b) views. (c–d) NHMUK R8441, plaster cast of the specimen CGM C8509, anterior plastral lobe, in ventral (c) and dorsal (d) views. (e–f) AMNH 5093, articulated epiplastra and entoplastron, in ventral (e) and dorsal (f) views. (g–h) SMNS 11233/6, anterior plastral lobe, in ventral (g) and dorsal (h) views. (i–j) NHMUK R3103, partial anterior plastral lobe, in ventral (i) and dorsal (j) views. (k–l) SMNS 11233/5, right hypoplastron, in ventral (k) and dorsal (l) views. (m–n) SMNS 11233/3, articulated left hypoplastron and xiphiplastron, in dorsal (m) and ventral (n) views, and detail of the outer ornamental pattern (o).
Figure 8 in New shell information and new generic attributions for the Egyptian podocnemidid turtles "Podocnemis" fajumensis (Oligocene) and "Podocnemis" aegyptiaca (Miocene)
Figure 8. Geographical (a) and stratigraphic (b) position of the type localities of all extinct representatives of Erymnochelyini (Pleurodira, Podocnemididae) currently known (1–6), and region where the only extant representative of this lineage lives (7): (1) JonquiŁres, Aude, France, Europe. Early Eocene. Type locality of Eocenochelus lacombiana. (2) Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Yvelines, France, Europe. Middle Eocene. Type locality of Eocenochelus eremberti. (3) Osona, Catalonia, Spain, Europe. Late Eocene. Type locality of Eocenochelus farresi. (4) North of Lake Qarun, Fayum Depression, Fayum Governorate, Egypt, Africa. Early Oligocene. Type locality of Shetwemys fajumensis comb. nov. (5) Moghra Oasis, Qattara Depression, Matruh Governorate, Egypt, Africa. Early Miocene. Type locality of Apeshemys aegyptiaca comb. nov. (6) Lothagam, southwest of Lake Turkana, Kenya, Africa. Late Miocene. Type locality of Kenyemys williamsi and Turkanemys pattersoni. (7) Western Madagascar, Africa, where the extant Erymnochelys madagascariensis lives. The identification of each taxon through the shell or through both the skull and the shell is indicated in (b). Panel (b) is modified from the fig. 1 of PØrez-García et al. (2017).
Figure 3 in New shell information and new generic attributions for the Egyptian podocnemidid turtles "Podocnemis" fajumensis (Oligocene) and "Podocnemis" aegyptiaca (Miocene)
Figure 3. Shell remains of the podocnemidid turtle Shetwemys fajumensis comb. nov. (Erymnochelyini), from the lower Oligocene (Rupelian) of the Fayum Depression (Fayum Governorate, northern Egypt). (a–c) SMNS 11233/2, partial carapace, in dorsal (a), ventral (b), and left lateral (c) views. (d) Ventral view of the anterior lobe the holotype of the species, currently lost, based on the fig. 2C in plate 8 of Andrews (1903). (e–g) SMNS 12647, plastron, in ventral (e), dorsal (f), and left lateral (g) views. (g') corresponds to an enlarged photograph of the posterior plastral lobe, in left lateral view, in which the thickness in the regions close to the hypo-xiphiplastral suture (in blue), between the pelvic scars (in green), and at the level of the anal notch (in red), have been represented by arrows (h–i), SMNS 12646, plastron, in ventral (h) and dorsal (i) views.
Figure 2 in New shell information and new generic attributions for the Egyptian podocnemidid turtles "Podocnemis" fajumensis (Oligocene) and "Podocnemis" aegyptiaca (Miocene)
Figure 2. Shell remains of the podocnemidid turtle Shetwemys fajumensis comb. nov. (Erymnochelyini), from the lower Oligocene (Rupelian) of the Fayum Depression (Fayum Governorate, northern Egypt). (a–f) AMNH 5087, carapace and partial plastron, in dorsal (a), ventral (b), anterior (c), posterior (d), left lateral (e), and right lateral (f) views. (g–h) SMNS 11233/1, partial carapace, in dorsal (g) and ventral (h) views.
Figure 6 in New shell information and new generic attributions for the Egyptian podocnemidid turtles "Podocnemis" fajumensis (Oligocene) and "Podocnemis" aegyptiaca (Miocene)
Figure 6. Plastron of the podocnemidid turtle Apeshemys aegyptiaca comb. nov. (Erymnochelyini), from the lower Miocene (Burdigalian) of the Qattara Depression (Matruh Governorate, northern Egypt). (a–d) Type specimen. (a) Drawing of the ventral view of the plastron, corresponding to fig. 2 on plate 1 of Andrews (1900). (b–c) Plastron of the plaster cast NHMUK R2927, corresponding to the holoplastotype of the specimen, in ventral (b) and dorsal (c) views. (d) Drawing of the dorsal view of the posterior area of the posterior plastral lobe, corresponding to fig. 3 on plate 1 of Andrews (1900). (e) Ventral view of the partial plastron of another shell, currently lost, based on fig. 21 of Fourteau (1920).
◂Fig. 6 A molecular phylogeny of 56 systematically representative Peridiniaceae, including 42 accessions assignable to P. cinctum from various geographic regions. Maximum likelihood tree (– ln = 21,884.93), as inferred from a rRNA nucleotide alignment (1137 parsimony-informative sites) and with strain number information. Numbers on branches are ML bootstrap (above) and Bayesian support values (below) for the clusters (asterisks indicate maximal support values, values under 50 and 0.90, respectively, are not shown). Clades are indicated (CZE Czech Republic, E East, GER Germany, HET Heterocapsaceae, N North, PPE Protoperidiniaceae, POL Poland, rbn ribotype n, S South, SWE Sweden, UKR Ukraine, W West) in Bumps on the back: An unusual morphology in phylogenetically distinct Peridinium aff. cinctum (= Peridinium tuberosum; Peridiniales, Dinophyceae)
◂Fig. 6 A molecular phylogeny of 56 systematically representative Peridiniaceae, including 42 accessions assignable to P. cinctum from various geographic regions. Maximum likelihood tree (– ln = 21,884.93), as inferred from a rRNA nucleotide alignment (1137 parsimony-informative sites) and with strain number information. Numbers on branches are ML bootstrap (above) and Bayesian support values (below) for the clusters (asterisks indicate maximal support values, values under 50 and 0.90, respectively, are not shown). Clades are indicated (CZE Czech Republic, E East, GER Germany, HET Heterocapsaceae, N North, PPE Protoperidiniaceae, POL Poland, rbn ribotype n, S South, SWE Sweden, UKR Ukraine, W West)
◂Fig. 4 A molecular tree of 51 systematically representative Peridiniaceae, including all 28 accessions assignable to P. volzii. Maximum Likelihood tree (–ln = 22,017.62), as inferred from a rRNA nucleotide alignment (1,129 parsimony-informative sites) and with strain number information. Numbers on branches are ML bootstrap (above) and Bayesian support values (below) for the clusters (asterisks indicate maximal support values, values under 50 and 0.90, respectively, are not shown). Clades are indicated (abbreviations: HET, Heterocapsaceae; PPE, Protoperidiniaceae) in Morphological and molecular variability of Peridinium volzii Lemmerm. (Peridiniaceae, Dinophyceae) and its relevance for infraspecific taxonomy
◂Fig. 4 A molecular tree of 51 systematically representative Peridiniaceae, including all 28 accessions assignable to P. volzii. Maximum Likelihood tree (–ln = 22,017.62), as inferred from a rRNA nucleotide alignment (1,129 parsimony-informative sites) and with strain number information. Numbers on branches are ML bootstrap (above) and Bayesian support values (below) for the clusters (asterisks indicate maximal support values, values under 50 and 0.90, respectively, are not shown). Clades are indicated (abbreviations: HET, Heterocapsaceae; PPE, Protoperidiniaceae)
Listado de informes de investigación de posgrados UDG-ULS a 2023.2
<p>Registro de informes de los posgrados en Gestión de Ambientes de Aprendizaje Virtual (UDG) y en Gestión y Diseño de Ambientes Virtuales de Aprendizaje (ULS). </p>
Fig. 5 in Organismal Responses to Coastal Acidification Informed by Interrelating Erosion, Roundness and Growth of Gastropod Shells.
Fig. 5. Relationships for shell growth rate, shell roundness, and erosion index.. (A) Shell growth rate and roundness measured directly for snails from the secondary population. (B) Shell roundness plotted against erosion index for the primary population. (C) Predicted growth rate plotted against the erosion index. Regression equations and significant differences are given in the Materials and Methods section. Dashed lines represent 95% CI.
Fig. 4 in Organismal Responses to Coastal Acidification Informed by Interrelating Erosion, Roundness and Growth of Gastropod Shells.
Fig. 4. (A–B) Relationships for shell growth rate and shell size based on the secondary data set. (C) Erosion time (ET) as a function of shell size (SL), and (D) comparison of standardized erosion time (SET) between the acidified (EM) and non-acidified (UB) sites using the primary data sets. Dashed lines represent 95% CI. Red symbols indicate snails collected from the acidified site and black symbols from the non-acidified site.
Fig. 3 in Organismal Responses to Coastal Acidification Informed by Interrelating Erosion, Roundness and Growth of Gastropod Shells.
Fig. 3. (A–C) Relationships between total suture length, eroded suture length and shell length for snails from acidified (EM, red) and reference (UBD, black) sites. (D–F) Relationships between erosion index (EI), shell erosion rank (SER), and shell length (SL). Mean values are indicated by large circles. Regression equations and significant differences are given in the Materials and Methods section.
Fig. 1 in Organismal Responses to Coastal Acidification Informed by Interrelating Erosion, Roundness and Growth of Gastropod Shells.
Fig. 1. Methods for determining shell roundness, shell dissolution and growth rate. (A) Shell roundness was assessed from shell width (SW)/ shell length (SL). Shell erosion rank (SER) was scored using eight segments, where moderate erosion (ridges still observed) covered> 50% of the numerically greatest segment. The vertical line through the shell bisects the apical angle. By forming the apical angle we could measure projected SL (the intrinsic responder), as the actual SL is influenced by extrinsic apical dissolution in acidified water. (B) Comparison of SER (upper) and Erosion Index (EI) methods (lower). EI was calculated from the spiral suture length of the eroded shell divided by the total planospiral shell spiral length (R/ (Y and R)) using severe erosion (ridges not observed) determined from apical views (lower images). Upper images show the abapertural surfaces of the same shells, giving their SERs. (C) The growth rate was estimated from the shell margin extension of marked and recaptured snails (n = 22). The marginal extension is shown to far exceed shell length (SL) extension. EA, spire whorl, EB, body whorl, S, shell suture, W1-4, shell whorls.
Fig. 2 in Organismal Responses to Coastal Acidification Informed by Interrelating Erosion, Roundness and Growth of Gastropod Shells.
Fig. 2. (A–C). Comparisons between the localities in shell length, shell width and shell roundness (SW/SL). Data are shown as median, 25–75%, min-max (see key). (D) Relationships between shell width and shell length are: EM (y = -0.55 + 0.686x; r = 0.97; p <0.001) and UB (y = 1.157 + 0.57x; r = 0.93; p <0.001). Red circles indicate the acidified locality (EM) and black circles, the non-acidified locality (UB).
Fig. 1 in Morphological description and DNA barcode information of seven newly reported nudibranch species from Korea
Fig. 1. Images of seven Nudibranchia species in Korea. A, Dendronotus primorjensis Martynov, Sanamyan & Korshunova, 2015; B, Doto japonica Odhner, 1936; C, Trinchesia ornata (Baba, 1937); D, E, Antiopella fusca (O'Donoghue, 1924); F, Cadlina paninae Korshunova, Fletcher, Picton, Lundin, Kashio, N. Sanamyan, K. Sanamyan, Padula, Schrödi & Martynov, 2020; G, Rostanga bifurcata Rudman & Avern, 1989; and H, Goniodoridella savignyi Pruvot-Fol, 1933.
Disclosure Privacy Information Social Media on TikTok
<p><em><span>With the rapid development of technology, the use of social media by the public, especially among young people, is increasing. One of the social media platforms currently used by young people is the TikTok application. It is a video-based TikTok feature accompanied by music, writing, and pictures that are considered attractive, so teenagers like it to show their existence and self-disclosure. Therefore, this study aims to examine the intention of users to disclose their privacy. As the basis of the theory, this study deployed the privacy calculus theory, where the perceived benefits and perceived risks play crucial roles in the intention to disclose their privacy</span></em></p>
Fig. 1 in Assessing troglomorphic and phylogenetically informative traits in troglobionts: a new cave-dwelling centipede illuminates the evolution of a soil-dwelling lineage (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)
Fig. 1 Hypothetical phylogeny with an evolutionarily relict species and different cases of character state reconstruction. Different shapes indicated different characters. Empty shapes indicate an ancestral state, black shapes indicate a derived state, and gray shapes indicate an intermediate (possibly transitional) state. For the circle-character, the relict species shares a derived state with the most closely related species (synapomorphy). For the square-character, it shares an ancestral state with the other more distantly related species (symplesiomorphy). For the triangle-character, it has an apparently intermediate state between an ancestral state and a derived state (possibly transitional)
Fig. 6 Comparison between Plutogeophilus gen.n in Assessing troglomorphic and phylogenetically informative traits in troglobionts: a new cave-dwelling centipede illuminates the evolution of a soil-dwelling lineage (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)
Fig. 6 Comparison between Plutogeophilus gen.n., Macronicophilus, and another Geophilidae: a–c forcipular segment, ventral view; d–f forcipular segment, dorsal view; g–i ultimate leg-bearing segment of adult ♀, without telopodites, ventral view; j–o, right leg of the ultimate pair, ventral view. Line drawings from photos, setae omitted: a, d, g, j PD-G 1359; b, e, m ISLA 11879; c, f, i, n PD-G 230; h, l ISLA 12866; o PD-G 1510. Redrawn from: k Pereira et al., 2000
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.