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Figure 13. Poseidonemertes gondwanae Kirsteuer, 1965 in Systematics and phylogeny of the hoplonemertean genus Diplomma (Nemertea) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Figure 13. Poseidonemertes gondwanae Kirsteuer, 1965. Holotype (AMNH 278). A, diagonal muscle layer between body-wall outer circular and inner longitudinal muscle layers. B, horizontal nervous thread from lateral nerve cord to the epidermis (indicated by white arrows); black arrows indicate dorsoventral muscle fibres running inside lateral nerve cord. Abbreviations: CM, body-wall circular muscle layer; DE, dermis; DM, diagonal muscle layer; IN, intestine; LN, lateral nerve cord; RC, rhynchocoel. Scale bars: A = 30 Mm; B = 50 Mm.

Figure 4. Bootstrap 50 in Systematics and phylogeny of the hoplonemertean genus Diplomma (Nemertea) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Figure 4. Bootstrap 50% majority-rule consensus unrooted tree of a selected number of distromatonemerteans, based on a maximum likelihood analysis with the general time-reversible model with invariant sites and gamma-distributed rates using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequences (535 bp after alignment). Numbers above branches are bootstrap percentages from the maximum likelihood analysis (values> 70% are shown); numbers below are posterior probabilities (values> 95% are shown). In this paper we transfer Correanemertes polyophthalma to the genus Diplomma.

Figure 14 in Systematics and phylogeny of the hoplonemertean genus Diplomma (Nemertea) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Figure 14. Diplomma polyophthalma (Gibson & Sundberg, 2001) comb. nov. (formerly Correanemertes polyophthalma Gibson & Sundberg, 2001). Proboscis nerves (arrowed) in the holotype, MTQ G20024 (A) and paratype, MTQ G20025 (B). Scale bars = 100 Mm.

Figure 19 in Systematics and phylogeny of the hoplonemertean genus Diplomma (Nemertea) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Figure 19. Diplomma serpentina (Stimpson, 1855). A, transverse section through brain region, showing epidermis and divided longitudinal musculature; arrowhead indicates connective tissue layer that divides longitudinal musculature into two layers; B, horizontal section through brain region; arrowhead indicates fibres from outer longitudinal muscle layer; C, transverse section through proboscis insertion; white arrow indicates rhynchodaeal sphincter; black arrowhead indicates fibre from outer longitudinal muscle layer; D, tangential section of body wall, showing lattice-type diagonal muscles; E, transverse section through intestinal region, showing dorsoventral muscle (indicated by arrowhead) running between intestinal lateral diverticula; F, transverse section through anterior portion of proboscis, showing 12 proboscis nerves (indicated by arrows). A, E, F, neotype (ZIHU-1352); B, paraneotype (ZIHU-1354); C, paraneotype (ZIHU-1353); D, paraneotype (ZIHU-1356). Abbreviations: BG, basophilic cephalic gland; BR, brain; CR, cephalic retractor muscle; EP, epidermis; ID, intestinal lateral diverticulum; IL, inner portion of divided body-wall longitudinal muscle layer; IN, intestine; LN, lateral nerve cord; OL, outer portion of divided body-wall longitudinal muscle layer; PI, proboscis insertion; PR, proboscis; RD, rhynchodaeum. Scale bars: A, C, D, F = 50 Mm; B, E = 100 Mm.

Figure 3 in Systematics and phylogeny of the hoplonemertean genus Diplomma (Nemertea) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Figure 3. Bayesian tree of a selected number of distromatonemerteans, using the general time-reversible model with invariant sites and gamma-distributed rates model based on 18S rRNA gene sequences (1248 bp after alignment), rooted with cratenemerteans as the outgroup. Numbers above branches are bootstrap percentages from the maximum likelihood analysis (values> 50% are shown); numbers below are posterior probabilities (values> 95% are shown). In this paper we transfer Correanemertes polyophthalma to the genus Diplomma.

Figure 7 in Systematics and phylogeny of the hoplonemertean genus Diplomma (Nemertea) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Figure 7. Diplomma albimarginata comb. nov. (formerly Paramphiporus albimarginatus Kirsteuer, 1965). One of the two syntypes (AMNH 277). Transverse section to show the two anterior 'pouches' (AP) situated laterally to the pylorus (PY); note the exceedingly expanded rhynchocoel (RC), compared to the body diameter and the proboscis (PR). Scale bar = 100 Mm.

Figure 15 in Systematics and phylogeny of the hoplonemertean genus Diplomma (Nemertea) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Figure 15. Diplomma polyophthalma (Gibson & Sundberg, 2001) comb. nov. (formerly Correanemertes polyophthalma Gibson & Sundberg, 2001). Holotype (MTQ G20024). Intestinal caecum below pylorus; arrow indicates dorsoventral muscle fibre running outside lateral nerve cord. Abbreviations: IC, intestinal caecum; LN, lateral nerve cord; PR, proboscis; PY, pylorus; RC, rhynchocoel. Scale bar = 100 Mm.

Figure 23 in Systematics and phylogeny of the hoplonemertean genus Diplomma (Nemertea) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Figure 23. Diplomma serpentina (Stimpson, 1855). A, photomicrograph of stylet apparatus, taken from life; B, transverse section through junction between anterior and posterior stomach regions; C, transverse section through pyloric region; D, transverse section to show apical organ; E, transverse section through precerebral region, showing various components of cephalic glands; arrowheads indicate coarsely granular acidophilic glands; F, horizontal section through precerebral region, showing improvised duct (indicated by arrowhead). A, paraneotype (ZIHU- 1357); B, C, E, neotype (ZIHU-1352); D, paraneotype (ZIHU-1353); F, paraneotype (ZIHU-1354). Abbreviations: AO, apical organ; AS, anterior portion of stomach; BG, basophilic cephalic gland; CC, cerebral sensory organ canal; IC, intestinal caecum; LN, lateral nerve cord; PS, posterior portion of stomach; PY, pylorus; RC, rhynchocoel; RD, rhynchodaeum. Scale bars: A, C, E = 100 Mm; B, D = 50 Mm; F = 30 Mm.

Figure 22 in Systematics and phylogeny of the hoplonemertean genus Diplomma (Nemertea) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Figure 22. Diplomma serpentina (Stimpson, 1855). A, transverse section showing ocelli (indicated by arrowheads); B, transverse section through cerebral organ; C, transverse section through excretory collecting tubule; arrowhead indicates efferent duct; D, transverse section through intestinal region, showing immature gonad; arrowhead indicates gonoduct. A–C, neotype (ZIHU-1352); D, paraneotype (ZIHU-1353). Abbreviations: CC, cerebral sensory organ canal; CO, cerebral sensory organ; EX, excretory collecting tubule; GO, gonad; LN, lateral nerve cord; IN, intestine; PA, parenchyma. Scale bars: A–D = 50 Mm.

Figure 12. Poseidonemertes gondwanae Kirsteuer, 1965 in Systematics and phylogeny of the hoplonemertean genus Diplomma (Nemertea) based on molecular and morphological evidence

Figure 12. Poseidonemertes gondwanae Kirsteuer, 1965. Holotype (AMNH 278). A–F, serial transverse section to show that mid-dorsal vessel enters rhynchocoel. Abbreviations: DV, mid-dorsal vessel; LV, lateral blood vessel; RC, rhynchocoel; VP, vascular plug. Scale bar = 50 Mm.

FIGURE 6 in Polygonum schischkinii is a member of Atraphaxis (Polygonaceae, Polygoneae): evidences from morphological and molecular analyses

FIGURE 6. Pericarp anatomy of Polygonum schischkinii: A—a premature fruit in a cross section. B—exocarp cells with vast lumina (lum) and straight anticlinal walls (aw) and undulating external periclinal wall (epw) in the side of premature fruit; C—exocarp cells with undulating external periclinal walls (epw) in the rib of premature fruit; D—exocarp cells with narrow lumina (lum), branching dendritically, and undulating anticlinal walls (aw) in the rib of mature fruit. Scale bar = 100 µm (A); 50 µm (B–D).

FIGURE 1 in Polygonum schischkinii is a member of Atraphaxis (Polygonaceae, Polygoneae): evidences from morphological and molecular analyses

FIGURE 1. Lectotype of Polygonum glareosum: [CHINA, Xinjiang] Western Mongolia, left bank of the Cherny [Kara] Irtysh River to the East of Mt. Cherek-Tas [Charykty, Saur Mts], sandy-pebble steppe. June 12, 1914. B.K.Schischkin (LE 1013261).

FIGURE 2 in Polygonum schischkinii is a member of Atraphaxis (Polygonaceae, Polygoneae): evidences from morphological and molecular analyses

FIGURE 2. Morphology of Polygonum schischkinii: A, B—leaf blade adaxially and abaxially; C–D—ocrea in vegetative zone of the shoot; E—ocreola, view from the side of leaf blade (removed). F—ocreola split it two lateral lacinulas and a short middle lobula, view from the side opposite to leaf blade; G, H—perianth with a fruit inside; I—linear styles at the top of the fruit. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Polygonum schischkinii is a member of Atraphaxis (Polygonaceae, Polygoneae): evidences from morphological and molecular analyses

FIGURE 5. Morphology of Polygonum schischkinii: A, B—epidermal cells of the tepal margin; C—papillae at the tepal edge; D— filament of the inner stamen fused to a receptacle; E–nectar-secreating tissue covering the base of the filament and the receptacle; F— nectar-secreating tissue covering the base of the filament; G—epidermal cells covering the top of the filament; H, I—surface of premature fruit on the rib (H) and near the top (I); J–L—pollen. Scale bar = 300 µm (D); 30 µm (A–B, E–I); 10 µm (L); 3 µm (C, J–L).

FIGURE 4 in Polygonum schischkinii is a member of Atraphaxis (Polygonaceae, Polygoneae): evidences from morphological and molecular analyses

FIGURE 4. Morphology of Polygonum schischkinii (SEM): A—a flowerbud and a fragment of a bract; B–F—fragments of a bract with stomata adaxially (B–C) and abaxially (D–F); G—place of articulation of perianth tube to a pedicel; H–I—epidermal cells covering perianth tube outside; J—epidermal cells on the tepal base abaxially; K—flowerbud, middle part of the tepal with stomata surrounded by epidermal cells; L—flowerbud, epidermal cell of the tepal margin. Scale bar = 300 µm (A); 30 µm (B–K); 10 µm (L).

FIGURE 1. Pleioblastus triangulata. A in Pleioblastus triangulata (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new combination for Indosasa triangulata based on morphological and molecular evidence

FIGURE 1. Pleioblastus triangulata. A: Habit; B: Branches at mid-culm node; C: Culm bud and internodes with thick white powder; D: New shoot; E: Culm leaf blade; F: Culm leaf ligule, auricles and oral setae; G: Rhizome with a new shoot. All photos by Z.Y.Niu.

FIGURE 2. Pleioblastus triangulata. A in Pleioblastus triangulata (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new combination for Indosasa triangulata based on morphological and molecular evidence

FIGURE 2. Pleioblastus triangulata. A: Culm leaf, detached, the arrows showing black lines near margins of culm sheath apex; B: Dark brown dotted lines on culm leaf sheath; C: Culm leaf auricles and oral setae; D: Culm leaf ligule, the arrow showing a black band at base; E: Ultimate leafy branches; F: Foliage leaf inner and outer ligule. All photos by Z.Y.Niu.

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationships among Indosasa triangulata and other 17 in Pleioblastus triangulata (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new combination for Indosasa triangulata based on morphological and molecular evidence

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic relationships among Indosasa triangulata and other 17 species belonging to Arundinarieae derived from Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analysis. Numbers on the nodes are bootstrap values from 1000 replicates and posterior probabilities after 6,000,000 generations.

FIGURE 2. Bulbophyllum versicolor. A. Column with ovary. B. Lip. C. Dorsal sepal. D. Petal. E. Anther cap and pollinarium. F. Lateral sepal. G in Bulbophyllum versicolor (Orchidaceae, Malaxideae), a new species from Yunnan, China: evidence from morphology and molecular analyses

FIGURE 2. Bulbophyllum versicolor. A. Column with ovary. B. Lip. C. Dorsal sepal. D. Petal. E. Anther cap and pollinarium. F. Lateral sepal. G. Plant.

FIGURE 1 in Bulbophyllum versicolor (Orchidaceae, Malaxideae), a new species from Yunnan, China: evidence from morphology and molecular analyses

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic tree obtained by maximum-likelihood analysis of the combined matrix. Separate nrITS (A) and combined plastid (B) results are shown in the top left corner. Numbers near the nodes are bootstrap percentages and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BP ML, PP, and BP MP). A dash (-) indicates a node is inconsistent between the topology of the MP/ML trees and the Bayesian tree; * node has 100 bootstrap percentage or 1.00 posterior probability.