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FIGURE 1 in Zoological nomenclature: Suggestions to increase stability and facilitate the naming of Clades
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic definitions and clade content. (A) Hypothetical relationships of three genera, showing two specifiers of the genus Aus in red. (B) New hypothesis of relationships that produces changes in clade composition when phylogenetic definitions are not flexible (i.e., PhyloCode); note also that given this scenario, Ausidae and Aus have exactly the same species content. Because phylogenetic definitions in the PhyloCode have two (or more) specifiers, the probability of changes in clade content is higher than in traditional nomenclature, in which names are linked only to the type species.
FIGURE 7 in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders
FIGURE 7. Newly recognized holotype (ANSP 1228) of Salamandra fusca Green, 1818 in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) view. Recorded in the ANSP catalogue as "P. cinereus" from "New Jersey" originating with "Dr. Bache, Green Collection." No specimens have been associated with this name historically. In particular, we note 14 apparent costal grooves, hind limbs more robust than forelimbs, and apparently partially healed broken tail, linking it to Green (1818)'s description. Primary type of Desmognathus fuscus (Green, 1818).
FIGURE 9 in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders
FIGURE 9. Green (1827a)'s figure (Pls. 1, 2) of the preserved holotypes of Salamandra jeffersoniana Green, 1827a (USNM 3968; see Fig. 10) and S. porphyritica Green, 1827a (unknown disposition; possibly USNM 3840), drawn by T.R Peale and engraved by P.E. Hamm. Notes and legend cropped from original.
FIGURE 4 in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders
FIGURE 4. Green (1827a)'s figure (third unnumbered plate) of a "variety" of Salamandra glutinosa Green, 1818, from Washington County, Pennsylvania, drawn by W. Mason and engraved by P.E. Hamm.
FIGURE 3. A in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders
FIGURE 3. A poorly preserved specimen (USNM 3738) that we are nevertheless comfortable in assigning to Salamandra bislineata Green, 1818. Referred to by Cope (1889) as the "alcoholic type" from "Western Pennsylvania" collected by "Dr. J. Green," which was followed by Stejneger and Barbour (1917, 1933), but not by Cochran (1961) in her list of USNM type material. Based on Green's collections in western Pennsylvania primarily occurring after 1826, we do not consider this part of the original type series.
FIGURE 6 in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders
FIGURE 6. Newly designated lectotype (ANSP 1238) of Salamandra bislineata Green, 1818. Recorded in the ANSP catalogue as "P. cinereus" from "New Jersey" originating with "Dr. Bache, Green Collection." Fowler and Dunn (1917) considered ANSP 695–698 the syntypes, which we here designate as paralectotypes.
FIGURE 2. A in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders
FIGURE 2. A specimen (ANSP 900) of Triturus fuscus Rafinesque, 1820 from "Dr. Bache, Green coll.," locality "near Phila.," here designated as the neotype of Salamandra nigra Green, 1818. This name is thus a senior subjective synonym of Triturus fuscus Rafinesque, 1820.
FIGURE 10. A in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders
FIGURE 10. A poorly preserved specimen (USNM 3968; ventral view) listed as the "alleged holotype" of Salamandra jeffersoniana Green, 1827. Cope (1868) states that it was received from "Dr. F. Bache," while Yarrow (1882) records it as the "alc. type." from "Dr. J. Green," locality "Western Pennsylvania," which was reiterated by Cope (1889). Comparison with Peale's drawing of the holotype (Green 1827a, Pl. 2; Fig. 9) confirms its identity.
FIGURE 5. A in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders
FIGURE 5. A poorly preserved specimen (ANSP 1229) that we are nevertheless comfortable in assigning to Plethodon cinereus (Green, 1818). Fowler (1907) and Fowler and Dunn (1917) had considered the series ANSP 1227–38 from "Dr. Bache, Green Collection," locality "New Jersey" as the syntypes of Salamandra cinerea Green, 1818, but Highton (1962) restricted this to 1232–34 & 37, designating 1232 as the lectotype, rendering the remaining specimens paralectotypes. Thus, this specimen no longer has any name-bearing function.
FIGURE 8. A in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders
FIGURE 8. A pencil sketch we suggest is of Salamandra tigrina Green, 1825a by Titian Peale, dated 1819 (Mss.B.P31.15d.150b). This may represent the holotype, which was a living pet of Peale's, and of which Green 1825a notes Peale "has made a very accurate drawing." Courtesy of the American Philosophical Society.
FIGURE 1. A in The herpetological legacy of Jacob Green and the nomenclature of some North American lizards and salamanders
FIGURE 1. A watercolor painting of Salamandra longicauda Green, 1818 by Titian Peale, dated 1819 (Mss.B.P31.15d.149b). This may represent one of Green's original specimens. The margin notes in pencil (cropped from the original) read "4 ¾ inches long," "Pittsg [Pittsburg?] May 1st 1819," and "n° 4." Courtesy of the American Philosophical Society.
FIGURES 23–26. Aedeagal morphology. 23–24 in Nomenclatural changes and two new species in the leafhopper genus Usanus DeLong (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with notes on conservation status
FIGURES 23–26. Aedeagal morphology. 23–24 Usanus igualaensis sp. nov.; 25–26 Usanus xochipalensis sp. nov.; 23, 25 lateral view; 24, 26 ventral view.
FIGURES 2–9 in Nomenclatural changes and two new species in the leafhopper genus Usanus DeLong (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) with notes on conservation status
FIGURES 2–9. Leafhopper aspect. (2, 4, 6, 8) Usanus igualaensis sp. nov.; (3, 5, 7, 9) Usanus xochipalensis sp. nov.; 2–3 dorsal view; 4–5 lateral view; 6–7 anterior view; 8–9 labels.
FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in three species of Pterostichus Bonelli (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the Far East
FIGURE 3. Habitus (A–E), male genitalia (F–I), and attached labels (G, H) of Pterostichus marginatus marginatus (A–C, F, G, J, K) and P. m. subrugosus (D, E, H, I). A, dorsal view of syntype male; B, dorsal view of syntype female; C, dorsal view of male from Porechje envir., Sakhalin; D, dorsal view of male from Kumono-daira; E, dorsal view of female from Kumono-daira; F, H, right lateral view of everted endophallus; G, I, left lateral view of everted endophallus; J, label attached to syntype male; K, labels attached to syntype female. dl, dorsal lob; gp, gonopore; ll, left lateral lobe; lv-1, basal sub-lobe of left ventral lobe; lv-2, apical sub-lobe of left ventral lobe; rv-1, basal sub-lobe of right ventral lobe; rv-2, apical sub-lobe of right ventral lobe.
FIGURE 4 in Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in three species of Pterostichus Bonelli (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the Far East
FIGURE 4. Distribution of Pterostichus eximius (A) and P. marginatus (B), compiled from Ananina (2012), Averenskiy & Nogovitsina (2010), Berlov & Berlov (1997a, 1997b, 1997c, 1997d, 1997e), Budarin (1985), Budilov (2016), Jedlička (1962), Khobrakova et al. (2014, 2017, 2018), Kirschenhofer (1985), Koshkin et al. (2016), Lafer et al. (1997), Lafer (2006), Makarova et al. (2014), Morawitz (1862), Morita (1995), Rogatnykh (2009), Shilenkov & Averenskiy (1989), Yasuda et al. (1991), Yoshimatsu et al. (2018), and this study. Records with unambiguous subspecies status (i.e., collection sites of type materials, and records based on specimens in which the male endophallus was examined) are marked in color: red circle, P. e. eximius; green circle, P. e. sachalinensis; blue circle, P. e. rishiridakensis; red star, P. m. marginatus; blue star, P. m. subrugosus. Populations with ambiguous subspecies status are marked in black: circle, P. eximius ssp.; star, P. marginatus ssp.
FIGURE 2 in Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in three species of Pterostichus Bonelli (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the Far East
FIGURE 2. Habitus (A, B), male genitalia (C–F), and female genitalia (G, H) of Pterostichus eximius rishiridakensis ssp. nov. A, dorsal view of holotype male; B, dorsal view of paratype female; C, right lateral view of aedeagus with everted endophallus (holotype male); D, dorsal view of aedeagal apex (paratype male); E, left lateral view of aedeagus with everted endophallus (holotype male); F, left lateral view of right paramere (holotype male); G, dorsal view of right stylomere 2 (paratype female); H, ventral view of right stylomere 2 (paratype female). gp, gonopore; ll, left lateral lobe; lv-1, basal sub-lobe of left ventral lobe; lv-2, apical sub-lobe of left ventral lobe; rv-1, basal sub-lobe of right ventral lobe; rv-2, apical sub-lobe of right ventral lobe.
FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic and nomenclatural changes in three species of Pterostichus Bonelli (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from the Far East
FIGURE 1. Differences in male genital structures (top, left posterolateral view; bottom, right ventrolateral view) among subspecies of Pterostichus eximius. Red, green, and blue arrows denote sublobe rv-2 on the endophallus, a swelling adjoining lobe ll on the endophallus, and the dorsal contour at the aedeagal subapex, respectively. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from these characters are shown.
FIGURE 4. Pages 86 and 87 in The hazards of Nomenclatural Archaeology? The Diptera names of Theodorus van Swinderen in his 1822 Index Rerum Naturalium quae conservantur in Museo Academico Groningano
FIGURE 4. Pages 86 and 87 from Swinderen's Index Rerum Animalium (1822) listing the Diptera in the museum. Source: Biodiversity Heritage Library.
FIGURE 3. Pages 84 and 85 in The hazards of Nomenclatural Archaeology? The Diptera names of Theodorus van Swinderen in his 1822 Index Rerum Naturalium quae conservantur in Museo Academico Groningano
FIGURE 3. Pages 84 and 85 from Swinderen's Index Rerum Animalium (1822) listing the Diptera in the museum. Source: Biodiversity Heritage Library.
FIGURE 1–2. 1 in The hazards of Nomenclatural Archaeology? The Diptera names of Theodorus van Swinderen in his 1822 Index Rerum Naturalium quae conservantur in Museo Academico Groningano
FIGURE 1–2. 1. Portrait of Theodorus van Swinderen in 1843 (at 59 years of age). Source: Wikimedia. 2. Title page of Swinderen's Index Rerum Animalium (1822). Source: Biodiversity Heritage Library.
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