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Fig. 11. Metapolystoma theroni n in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 11. Metapolystoma theroni n. sp. from Boophis madagascariensis. a, marginal hooklets 1 (top), 2–7 (middle) and 8 (bottom) from holotype and paratypes; b, hamuli from holotype; c, hamulus development; d, genital crown from holotype.

Fig. 12 in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 12. Ventral view of Metapolystoma multiova n. sp. holotype. Abbreviations: eg, egg; gb, genital bulb; gc, genito–intestinal canal; ha, hamuli; hp, haptor; ic, intestinal caecum; mo, mouth; oc, oncomiracidium; od, oviduct; os, false oral sucker; ov, ovarium; ph, pharynx; su, sucker; te, testis; va, vagina; vi, vitelline; vv, vitello–vaginal canal.

Fig. 13. Metapolystoma multiova n in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 13. Metapolystoma multiova n. sp. from Boophis occidentalis. a, marginal hooklets 1 (top), 2–7 (middle) and 8 (bottom) from holotype and paratypes; b, hamuli from holotype (left) and from paratype (right); c, genital crown from holotype.

Fig. 6 in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 6. Ventral view of Metapolystoma falcatum n. sp. from Boophis doulioti, neotenic form. Abbreviations: gb, genital bulb; gc, genito–intestinal canal; hp, haptor; ic, intestinal caecum; mg, Mehlis gland; mo, mouth; od, oviduct; oi, oo¨–vitelline canal; o¨o, o¨otype; os, false oral sucker; ov, ovarium; ph, pharynx; su, sucker; te, testis; ut, uterus; vi, vitelline; vl, vitelline duct; vv.

Fig. 7. Metapolystoma falcatum n in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 7. Metapolystoma falcatum n. sp. from Boophis doulioti, neotenic form. a, marginal hooklets 2–7; b, marginal hooklets 8; c, marginal hooklet 1.

Fig. 8 in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 8. Ventral view of Metapolystoma ansuanum n. sp. holotype. Abbreviations: eg, egg; gb, genital bulb; gc, genito–intestinal canal; ha, hamuli; hp, haptor; ic, intestinal caecum; mg, Mehlis gland; mo, mouth; oc, oncomiracidium; od, oviduct; oi, oo¨–vitelline canal; o¨o, o¨otype; os, false oral sucker; ov, ovarium; ph, pharynx; su, sucker; sv, semen vesicle; te, testis; ut, uterus; va, vagina; vd, vas deferens; vi, vitelline; vv, vitello–vaginal canal.

Fig. 9. Metapolystoma ansuanum n in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 9. Metapolystoma ansuanum n. sp. from Boophis luteus. a, hamulus from holotype; b, marginal hooklets 2–7; c, genital crown from holotype.

Fig. 5. Metapolystoma falcatum n in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 5. Metapolystoma falcatum n. sp. from Boophis doulioti. a, marginal hooklets 1 (top), 2–7 (middle) and 8 (bottom) from holotype and paratypes; b, hamuli from holotype; c, hamulus development; d, genital crown from holotype.

Fig. 4 in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 4. Ventral view of Metapolystoma falcatum n. sp. holotype. Abbreviations: eg, egg; gb, genital bulb; gc, genito–intestinal canal; ha, hamuli; hp, haptor; ic, intestinal caecum; mg, Mehlis gland; mo, mouth; oc, oncomiracidium; od, oviduct; oi, oo ¨–vitelline canal; o¨o, o¨otype; os, false oral sucker; ov, ovarium; ph, pharynx; su, sucker; sv, semen vesicle; te, testis; ut, uterus; va, vagina; vc, vaginal canal; vd, vas deferens; vi, vitelline; vl, vitelline duct; vv, vitello–vaginal canal.

Fig. 3. Metapolystoma vencesi n in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 3. Metapolystoma vencesi n. sp. from Boophis doulioti. a, marginal hooklets 1 (top), 2–7 (middle) and 8 (bottom) from holotype and paratypes; b, hamuli from holotype; c, genital crown from holotype. Abbreviations: X, outer length; Y, inner length; Z, hook length.

Fig. 2 in First record of Metapolystoma (Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Boophis tree frogs in Madagascar, with the description of five new species

Fig. 2. Ventral view of Metapolystoma vencesi n. sp. holotype. Abbreviations: eg, egg; gb, genital bulb; gc, genito–intestinal canal; ha, hamuli; hp, haptor; ic, intestinal caecum; mo, mouth; oc, oncomiracidium; od, oviduct; oi, oo¨–vitelline canal; os, false oral sucker; ov, ovarium; ph, pharynx; su, sucker; sv, semen vesicle; te, testis; ut, uterus; va, vagina; vd, vas deferens; vi, vitelline; vv, vitello–vaginal canal.

opencc-zeroFeb 2024View details →

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Secondary Amazon rainforest partially recovers tree cavities suitable for nesting birds in 18–34 years

Passive restoration of secondary forests can partially offset loss of biodiversity following tropical deforestation. Tree cavities, an essential resource for cavity-nesting birds, are usually associated with old forest. We investigated the restoration time for tree cavities suitable for cavity-nesting birds in secondary forest at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) in central Amazonian Brazil. We hypothesized that cavity abundance would increase with forest age, but more rapidly in areas exposed to cutting only, compared to areas where forest was cut and burned. We also hypothesized that cavities would be lower, smaller, and less variable in secondary forest than in old-growth forest, which at the BDFFP is part of a vast lowland forest with no recent history of human disturbance. We used pole-mounted cameras and tree-climbing to survey cavities in 39 plots (each 200 × 40 m) across old-growth forests and 11–34 year-old secondary forests. We used generalized linear models to examine how cavity supply was related to forest age and land-use history (cut only vs cut-and-burn), and principal components analysis to compare cavity characteristics between old-growth and secondary forest. Cavity availability increased with secondary forest age, regardless of land-use history, but the oldest secondary forest (31–34 years) still had fewer cavities (mean ± SE = 9.8 ± 2.2 cavities/ha) than old-growth forest (20.5 ± 4.2 cavities/ha). Moreover, secondary forests lacked cavities that were high and deep, with large entrances – characteristics likely to be important for many species of cavity-nesting birds. Several decades may be necessary to restore cavity supply in secondary Amazonian forests, especially for the largest birds (e.g, forest-falcons and parrots > 190 g). Retention of legacy trees as forest is cleared might help maintain a supply of cavities that could allow earlier recolonization by some species of cavity-nesting birds when cleared areas are abandoned.

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Complex models of sequence evolution improve fit, but not gene tree discordance, for tetrapod mitogenomes

Variation in gene tree estimates is widely observed in empirical phylogenomic data and is often assumed to be the result of biological processes. However, a recent study using tetrapod mitochondrial genomes to control for biological sources of variation due to their haploid, uniparentally inherited, and non-recombining nature found that levels of discordance among mitochondrial gene trees were comparable to those found in studies that assume only biological sources of variation. Additionally, they found that several of the models of sequence evolution chosen to infer gene trees were doing an inadequate job of fitting the sequence data. These results indicated that significant amounts of gene tree discordance in empirical data may be due to poor fit of sequence evolution models and that more complex and biologically realistic models may be needed. To test how the fit of sequence evolution models relates to gene tree discordance, we analyzed the same mitochondrial datasets as the previous study using two additional, more complex models of sequence evolution that each model a different biologically realistic aspect of the evolutionary process: a covarion model to incorporate heterotachy, and a model partitioned model to incorporate variable evolutionary patterns by codon position. Our results show that both additional models fit the data better than the models used in the previous study, with the covarion being consistently and strongly preferred as tree size increases. However, even these more preferred models still inferred highly discordant mitochondrial gene trees, thus deepening the mystery around what we label the "Mito-Phylo Paradox" and leading us to ask whether the observed variation could be biological after all.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

Priority landscapes for tree-based restoration in Rwanda

These priority maps highlight landscapes where the promotion of tree-based restoration practices is expected to yield higher benefits compared to possible interventions in non-priority landscapes. It is important to note that the priority maps created should not be considered as final, but as part of the process in identifying intervention areas for tree planting in Rwanda. Key further steps in prioritization include stakeholder consultations to incorporate their perspecives and field observations to further define the most adequate interventions. For more information on the methodology please consult the following documents:  Pedercini, F., Dawson, I.K., Kindt, R., Tadesse, W., Moestrup, S., Abiyu, A., Lillesø, J.P.B., Van Schoubroeck, F., McMullin, S., Carsan, S. and Mausch, K., 2021. Priority landscapes for tree-based restoration in Ethiopia. In ICRAF Working Paper. World Agroforestry Centre. [https://dx.doi.org/10.5716/WP21037.PDF; https://patspo.shinyapps.io/Restoration_Ethiopia/] Pedercini, F., Kindt, R., Dawson, I., Lillesø, JPB., Mukuralinda, A., Ndayambaje, J. D., Jamnadass, R., Graudal, L. (2023). Priority landscapes for tree-based restoration in Rwanda: a spatially explicit approach to prioritize areas for intervention. TREPA report. Pedercini, F., Kindt, R., Graudal, L. (2024). Priority landscapes for tree-based restoration in Rwanda: a spatially explicit approach to prioritize areas for intervention. World Bank report.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2020View details →

FIGURE 3 Majority-rule consensus tree from a in Evolutionary history of species of the fireFly subgenus Hotaria (Coleoptera, Lampyridae, Luciolinae, Luciola) inferred from DNA barcoding data

FIGURE 3 Majority-rule consensus tree from a Bayesian analysis (BI) of 128 samples of 14 morphospecies based on COI barcode sequences. The numbers at each node indicate Downloadedposteriorfrom Brill. probabilities com 12. /12/ Weakly 2023 03 sup-:05:57PM ported nodes (posterior via probabilityOpen below Access. 0.95) Thisareis an shownopenin red. access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Figure 2 in Aculus taihangensis (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyidae), a potential biological control agent identified from the highly invasive pest plant, tree of heaven, in Türkiye

Figure 2. Aculus taihangensis. Prodorsal shield and part of dorsal opisthosoma: A. Protogyne, B. Deutogyne.

Figure 4 in Aculus taihangensis (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyidae), a potential biological control agent identified from the highly invasive pest plant, tree of heaven, in Türkiye

Figure 4. Aculus taihangensis – Male: A. Prodorsal shield and part of dorsal opisthosoma, B. Coxigenital region.

Figure 5 in Aculus taihangensis (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyidae), a potential biological control agent identified from the highly invasive pest plant, tree of heaven, in Türkiye

Figure 5. Dense aggregation of Aculus taihangensis along the midrib of a leaflet of the tree of heaven.

Figure 1 in Aculus taihangensis (Acari: Prostigmata: Eriophyidae), a potential biological control agent identified from the highly invasive pest plant, tree of heaven, in Türkiye

Figure 1. Map of Türkiye showing the provinces from which leaf samples were collected from the tree of heaven in 2022 and 2023 (* indicates the site in Çanakkale Province at which the eriophyid mite, Aculus taihangensis, was collected).