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Figure 6 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)

Figure 6. Thin-plate splines illustrating (theoretical) transitions in shape, side view, exaggeration 5 times. A, fossil P. loessica → extant P. loessica. B, fossil P. pratensis (including P. m. densegyrata) → extant P. pratensis. C, fossil P. pratensis (including P. m. densegyrata) → extant P. alpicola. D, extant P. pratensis → P. alpicola. E, extant P. loessica→ P. alpicola. F, fossil P. muscorum → extant P. muscorum.

Figure 9. A, B, Enigmaticolus nipponensis comb. nov. A in Integrative taxonomy of enigmatic deep-sea true whelks in the sister-genera Enigmaticolus and Thermosipho (Gastropoda: Buccinidae)

Figure 9. A, B, Enigmaticolus nipponensis comb. nov. A, holotype of Enigmaticolus monnieri (MNHN IM-2000–20464), Tulear, Madagascar, trawled by commercial fishery vessels (shrimpers), Mozambique Channel, 800 m deep, shell length 63.7 mm (photo courtesy of Manuel Caballer). B, MIRIKY station CP3279 (15°22'S, 45°57'E), between Majunga and CapSaint-André, Madagascar, 780–1020 m deep, shell length 99.4 mm (MNHN IM-2009–7079; photo courtesy of Delphine Brabant and Barbara Buge). C, Enigmaticolus marshalli. Holotype (NMNZ M.274915), NIWA 32231 station 2007204 (25°48'S, 177°10'W), Monowai Caldera, south-south-west of Tonga, Kermadec Ridge, New Zealand, 1026 m deep, shell length 90.1 mm. D, Enigmaticolus voluptarius, holotype (MNHN IM-2000–27067), EBISCO station CP2554 (21°05'S, 158°33'E), Bellona, New Caledonia, 704–720 m deep, shell length 77.8 mm. Scale bars = 2 cm.

Figure 7 in Integrative taxonomy of enigmatic deep-sea true whelks in the sister-genera Enigmaticolus and Thermosipho (Gastropoda: Buccinidae)

Figure 7. Radular variation in Enigmaticolus nipponensis comb. nov. A, Natsu site, Iheya North hydrothermal field (27°46.8522'N, 126°54.0584'E), 1078 m deep (NSMT-Mo 79172). B, 'F site' seep, South China Sea (22°06.945'N, 119°17.128'E), 1128 m deep (HKBU Mol-2020010001). Scale bars = 200 μm.

Figure 8 in Integrative taxonomy of enigmatic deep-sea true whelks in the sister-genera Enigmaticolus and Thermosipho (Gastropoda: Buccinidae)

Figure 8. Maximum likelihood molecular phylogenetic tree of Buccinidae based on a 645-bp alignment of the COI gene. Node values are bootstrap values, only those above 70 are shown. Scale bars indicate the number of substitutions per site. Numbers appearing at the end of the names are the GenBank accession numbers. SCS, South China Sea.

Figure 5. A–C, Enigmaticolus nipponensis comb. nov. A in Integrative taxonomy of enigmatic deep-sea true whelks in the sister-genera Enigmaticolus and Thermosipho (Gastropoda: Buccinidae)

Figure 5. A–C, Enigmaticolus nipponensis comb. nov. A, 'F site' methane seep, South China Sea (22°06.945'N, 119°17.128'E), 1128 m deep, shell length 94.9 mm (HKBU Mol-2020010001). B, 'F site' methane seep, South China Sea (22°06.945'N, 119°17.128'E), 1128 m deep, shell length 87.5 mm (HKBU Mol-2020010002). C, 'F site' methane seep, South China Sea (22°6.912'N, 119°17.104'E), 1127 m deep, shell length 91.4 mm (HKBU Mol-2020010003). D, Thermosipho auzendei, holotype (MNHN IM-2000–7049), Rehu site, East Pacific Rise at 17°S (17°24.85'S, 113°12.15'W), 2578 m deep, shell length 62.0 mm (photo courtesy of Philippe Maestrati). Scale bars = 2 cm.

Figure 3. Enigmaticolus nipponensis comb. nov. A in Integrative taxonomy of enigmatic deep-sea true whelks in the sister-genera Enigmaticolus and Thermosipho (Gastropoda: Buccinidae)

Figure 3. Enigmaticolus nipponensis comb. nov. A, holotype (NSMT-Mo 71689), Iheya North Original site, Iheya North hydrothermal field (27°47.180'N, 126°54.149'E), 1049 m deep, shell length 93.8 mm (photo courtesy of Kazunori Hasegawa). B, paratype #4 (JAMSTEC 009556), Sumisu Caldera, Izu-Ogasawara Arc (31°47.180'N, 126°54.149'E), 1049 m deep, shell length 90.1 mm (photo courtesy of Takashi Okutani). C, Iheya North Original site, Iheya North hydrothermal field (27°47.4495'N, 126°53.8149'E), 1002 m deep, shell length 80.2 mm (NSMT-Mo 79171). D, Natsu site, Iheya North hydrothermal field (27°46.8522'N, 126°54.0584'E), 1078 m deep, shell length 81.2 mm (NSMT-Mo 79171). Scale bars = 2 cm.

Figure 2 in Integrative taxonomy of enigmatic deep-sea true whelks in the sister-genera Enigmaticolus and Thermosipho (Gastropoda: Buccinidae)

Figure 2. In situ observations of deep-sea whelks as indicated by white arrows. A, Natsu site, Iheya North hydrothermal field (27°46.8522'N, 126°54.0584'E), 1078 m deep, by JAMSTEC ROV Hyper-Dolphin. B, Iheya North Original site, Iheya North hydrothermal field (27°47.4495'N, 126°53.8149'E), 1002 m deep. C, Aki site, Iheya North hydrothermal field (27°46.103'N, 126°54.090'E), 1086 m deep. D, E, in mussel (Bathymodiolus spp.) bed, 'F site', South China Sea (22°06.945'N, 119°17.128'E), 1128 m deep, by ROV ROPOS. F, on a authigenic carbonate cliff near edge of the seep, 'F site', South China Sea (22°6.912'N, 119°17.104'E), by ROV ROPOS.

Figure 1 in Integrative taxonomy of enigmatic deep-sea true whelks in the sister-genera Enigmaticolus and Thermosipho (Gastropoda: Buccinidae)

Figure 1. Map of the north-western Pacific showing the relevant vent and seep sites where new materials were collected for the present study. A, overview. B, close-up of the Izu-Bonin Arc area. C, close-up of the Okinawa Trough area. Triangles indicate hydrothermal vent fields and circles indicate hydrocarbon seep sites. 1, Myojin Knoll vent field; 2, Sumisu Caldera vent site; 3, Iheya North vent field; 4, Kuroshima Knoll seep site; 5, 'F site' seep, South China Sea. Maps generated with Mercator projection using the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO; https://www.gebco.net/; date accessed August 13, 2020) grid display software and GEBCO one-arc minute interval grid.

FIGURE 37 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 37. Molecular phylogeny of Echinolittorina species generated by Bayesian analysis of COI sequence. Outgroups and 26 Indo-West Pacific species of Echinolittorina not shown (for these see Williams & Reid 2004: fig. 2B). Numbers adjacent to branches are posterior probabilities. Radular types (normal or narrowed) of sequenced individuals are shown for E. jamaicensis and E. tuberculata only. This tree does not resolve basal relationships (for these see Fig. 1), but shows high support for species-level groupings. The two radular types do not define distinct species groups. Numbers adjacent to species names indicate the localities, using the same codes as Williams & Reid (2004: appendix). Additional localities are: E. placida: 1, 20 km S Campeche, Mexico; 2, Dauphin I., Alabama, USA; 3, Sebastian Inlet, Florida, USA; E. jamaicensis: 2, Eight-mile Rock, Grand Bahama, Bahamas (incorrect locality was given in Williams & Reid 2004); 3, Playa Dorada, Dominican Republic; 4, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA; 5, Harrison Point Lighthouse, Barbados; E. pulchella: 2, Carajamba, Angola; 3, São Tiago, Angola; 4, Old Ningo, 30 km E Accra, Ghana; 5, Aboadze, 10 km E Takoradi, Ghana; E. tuberculata: 3, Church Bay, Bermuda; 4 and 5, Harrison Point, Barbados; E. meleagris B: 3, Takoradi, Ghana; 4, Old Ningo, 30 km E Accra, Ghana. Voucher specimens are depositied in BMNH. Sequences are available from Genbank.

FIGURE 32. Echinolittorina tuberculata. A–E, penes. F, pallial oviduct. G, H in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 32. Echinolittorina tuberculata. A–E, penes. F, pallial oviduct. G, H, egg capsules (G after Borkowski 1971; H, after Bandel 1974). I, head. J–L, paraspermatozoa. A, K, South Water Cay, Belize (BMNH 20081050; shell H = 9.3 mm). B, Playa Giron, S Cuba (BMNH 20081060; shell H = 6.8 mm). C, D, I, L, MacArthur Causeway, Biscayne Bay, Florida, USA (BMNH 20081049; shell H C = 9.5 mm, D = 9.6 mm, I = 9.4 mm). E, F, Antigua (BMNH 20081058; shell H E = 11.9 mm, F = 16.4 mm). G, south Florida, USA. H, Santa Marta, Colombia. J, Jingle Beach, Priory, Jamaica (BMNH 20081061). Shading conventions as in Figure 15.

FIGURE 30 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 30. Distribution of Echinolittorina angustior from material examined (solid circles) and literature records (open circles; A, Flores 1973a).

FIGURE 10. Echinolittorina lineolata. A, Littorina lineolata d in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 10. Echinolittorina lineolata. A, Littorina lineolata d'Orbigny, 1840, lectotype, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (BMNH 1854.12.4.363/1). B, Bara Cunha, 60 km S Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (BMNH 20080975). C, E, Curumirin, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (MZSP 31267). D, Araruama Point, Cabo Frio, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil (BMNH 20080976). F, Pernambuco, Brazil (BMNH 1844.8.7.1). G, Pernambuco, Brazil (BMNH 1924.12.3.10). H, Natal, Brazil (BMNH 20080977). I, I. Queimada Grande, São Paulo state, Brazil (MZSP 24919). J, Cabo Polonia, Uruguay (USNM 359202). K, Barra, Rio Grande, Brazil (BMNH 1958.4.10.2). L, I. Sta Barbara, Abrolhos Arch., Brazil (USNM 770002).

FIGURE 8. Echinolittorina mespillum. A in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 8. Echinolittorina mespillum. A, head and penis. B–F, penes. G, egg capsule (after D'Asaro 1986). H–J, pallial oviducts. K, L, paraspermatozoa. A, C, H, I, Priory, Jamaica (BMNH 20080974; shell H A = 3.9 mm, C = 3.5 mm, H = 4.7 mm, I = 5.1 mm). B, D, Morant Reef, Jamaica (BMNH 20080973; shell H B = 5.3 mm. D = 5.7 mm). E, Boca Raton Inlet, Palm Beach Co., Florida, USA (ANSP A8181b). F, J–L, Eight-mile Rock, Grand Bahama I., Bahamas (BMNH 20080969; shell H F = 5.8 mm, J = 5.9 mm). G, South Bimini, Bahamas. Shading conventions as in Figure 15.

FIGURE 13 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 13. Distribution of Echinolittorina lineolata (solid circles) and E. vermeiji (solid triangles).

FIGURE 7. Echinolittorina mespillum. A in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 7. Echinolittorina mespillum. A, Helix mespillum Mühlfeld, 1824, neotype, Cienfuegos, Cuba (BMNH 20080967). B, Cienfuegos, Cuba (BMNH 20080968). C, Eight-mile Rock, Grand Bahama I., Bahamas (BMNH 20080969). D, Black Bat Cave, Nassau, Bahamas (BMNH 20080970). E, Jamaica (BMNH 20080971). F, G, S Bimini, Bahamas (BMNH 20080972). H, Morant Reef, Jamaica (BMNH 20080973).

FIGURE 6 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 6. Distribution of Echinolittorina meleagris from material examined (solid circles) and literature records (open circles; A, Bandel, 1974; B, Flores, 1973a; C, Britton & Morton, 1989).

FIGURE 36. Echinolittorina vermeiji. A–F, penes. G, pallial oviduct. A, B in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 36. Echinolittorina vermeiji. A–F, penes. G, pallial oviduct. A, B, Porto, Fernando de Noronha, Brazil (MZUSP 31636; shell H A = 6.7 mm, B = 5.7 mm). C, D, Buraco da Raquel, Fernando de Noronha, Brazil (MZSP 31398; shell H C = 12.7 mm, D = 20.1 mm). E–G, Ensenada dos Portugueses, Ilha da Trindade, Brazil (BMNH 1989067; shell H E = 7.6 mm, F = 8.0 mm, G = 8.5 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 15.

FIGURE 4. Echinolittorina meleagris. A–G, penes. H, head. I, J, pallial oviducts. K–M, egg capsules. N–P, paraspermatozoa. A–C, H, K–P in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 4. Echinolittorina meleagris. A–G, penes. H, head. I, J, pallial oviducts. K–M, egg capsules. N–P, paraspermatozoa. A–C, H, K–P, Sebastian Inlet, Brevard Co., Florida, USA (BMNH 20080958; shell H A = 5.3 mm, B = 4.4 mm, C = 5.4 mm, H = 4.4 mm). D, E, Lucea Bay, Jamaica (BMNH 20080959; shell H D = 4.3 mm, E = 3.7 mm). F, J, Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico (BMNH 20080965; shell H F = 5.1 mm, J = 6.4 mm). G, Burt Point, Readtown, Tortola, British Virgin Islands (ANSP A7222; shell H = 4.0 mm). I, Colon I., Bocas del Toro, Panama (BMNH 20080966; shell H = 5.0 mm). Shading conventions as in Figure 15.

FIGURE 5 in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 5. Radulae of Echinolittorina species (two views of each radula, flat and at 45°). A, B, E. meleagris; Sebastian Inlet, Brevard Co., Florida, USA (BMNH 20080958; shell H = 5.5 mm). C–F, E. mespillum. C, D, normal form; Morant Reef, Jamaica (BMNH 20080973; shell H = 5.3 mm). E, F, narrowed form; Priory, Jamaica (BMNH 20080974; shell H = 4.7 mm). Scale bars = 50 µm.

FIGURE 3. Echinolittorina meleagris. A, B in The genus Echinolittorina Habe, 1956 (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the western Atlantic Ocean 2184

FIGURE 3. Echinolittorina meleagris. A, B, Arnos Vale Bay, Tobago (BMNH 20080956). C, South Water Cay, Belize (BMNH 20080957). D, Sebastian Inlet, Brevard Co., Florida, USA (BMNH 20080958). E–H, Lucea Bay, Jamaica (BMNH 20080959). I, Eight-mile Rock, Grand Bahama I., Bahamas (BMNH 20080960). J, St Thomas (BMNH 1856.7.23.14). K, M, St Vincent (BMNH 20080961). L, Phasianella meleagris Beck in Potiez & Michaud, 1838, neotype, St Vincent (BMNH 20080962). N, Cienfuegos, Cuba (BMNH 20080963). O, Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Is (BMNH 20080964).