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1,425 results for “Agriculture”
Soil grid data for agricultural fields in Spain for STEROPES (EJP Soil) project (ECe, texture, soil organic carbon, pH)
<p><span>Soil data collected in an agricultural area with vegetable crops in Spain (Campo de Cartagena). The data refers to soil properties of 141 soil samples collected at a depth of 0-10 cm, considering a regular sampling grid, in different commercial fields with varying soil salinity. The samples were collected at a period when the soil was bare, during two consecutive summers, following the harvest of the annual crops, and pictures of the soil surface were taken for eventual correction of corresponding remote sensing imaging. The data includes: soil organic carbon (SOC) (Walkley-Black method), soil water content, electric conductivity of the saturated soil paste (ECe), EC1:5, soil texture, stone content and pH1:2.5. </span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span>The data may be representative of the soil conditions of the area, which is an intensive productive agricultural low land, potentially prone to the development of soil salinity as a result of the rise of saline groundwater and/or irrigation. The data can be used to establish relations between soil salinity (ECe) and other soil properties as well as build prediction models of the soil properties from remote sensing namely, for developing models for SOC prediction under the STEROPES project (WP3, WP5 and WP6).The aim of the collected dataset was to be able to analyze the influence of soil salinity in SOC prediction from remote sensing.</span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span>Data in the form of MS Excel file (xlsx).</span></p> <p><span> </span></p> <p><span> </span></p>
Dataset for the scientific article titled "Is it worth paying attention to Actinedid mites in agricultural fields?"
<p>The dataset is about the soil-dwelling mite abundance from two experiments. The abundance data refer to 400 cm3 soil samples for six mite groups. The data are from three sites (Martonvásár, Őrbottyán, Nagyhörcsök), from three years (2018, 2019, 2021), from three plant types (wheat, maize and mixed grass) and from two soil types (Phaeozem, Luvisol) and from two seasons (summer and autumn).</p>
Greenhouse gas fluxes at a agricultural peatland in Southern Finland
<p>Greenhouse gas fluxes were measured during summer and fall of 2024 in an extensively managed agricultural peatland in Holonsuo, Lahti, Finland (61.0025 °N, 25.8214 °E). Greenhouse gas fluxes on four measurement plots were monitored along with soil temperature and water table level. </p> <p>The study site is a peatland drained for agricultural purposes (peat field). Total of four measurement plots were founded at the site. The plots were located diagonally between two ditches. Measurements were carried out approximately every 3-4 weeks from June to September 2024 (Fig1). During the measurement period the field was not used for cultivation. Portable LI-COR Trace Gas Analyzers were the used measurement devices; TG10 for CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> and TG20 for N<sub>2</sub>O. Greenhouse gas fluxes were measured using a dark chamber. Volume of the used chamber was 24,16 dm<sup>3</sup> and the chamber was equipped with a fan. Before setting the chamber on the measurement plot the vegetation was cut short each time (approx. 5 cm height). Soil temperature at 5 and 30 cm depth as well as water table level were also measured simultaneously with greenhouse gas measurements.</p> <p>The data set ("Holonsuo_ghg_data.csv") contains the measurement date, water table level (cm below ground), soil temperature at 5 and 30 cm (°C) and greenhouse gas fluxes g m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>. In Fig1 fluxes are presented as averages of each measurement date (unit mg m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>).</p>
Data repository for study "Understanding agricultural market dynamics in times of crisis: the dynamic agent-based model Agrimate"
<p>Data for the study "Understanding agricultural market dynamics in times of crisis: the dynamic agent-based model Agrimate".</p> <p><strong>hindcasting_analysis</strong></p> <ul> <li>figures of the hindcasting exercise in the main text</li> <li>raw_data <ul> <li> raw model output data for <ul> <li>baseline scenario -- <em>agrimate_baseline=2007-2009_extra_regions=(Egypt=EGY)_regions=AgrimateEU28_start=2000-01-01.nc</em></li> <li>production failure scenario -- <em>agrimate_baseline=2007-2009_extra_regions=(Egypt=EGY)_production_anomalies=FAOsince-2005_regions=AgrimateEU28_start=2000-01-01.nc</em></li> <li>production failure and export restriction scenario -- <em>agrimate_baseline=2007-2009_export_restrictions=2007-2011_extra_regions=(Egypt=EGY)_production_anomalies=FAOsince-2005_regions=AgrimateEU28_start=2000-01-01.nc</em></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><strong>multibreadbasket_analysis</strong></p> <ul> <li>figures of the multibreadbasket analysis in the main text</li> <li>raw_data <ul> <li> raw model output data for <ul> <li>simulations under historical climatic conditions with <number> as an identifier -- <em>agrimate_his-<number>.nc</em></li> <li>simulations under +2°C projection with <number> as an identifier -- <em>agrimate_2p0-<number>.nc</em></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li>processed_data <ul> <li>processed output data to easier/faster plot</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p><strong>sensitivity_analysis</strong></p> <ul> <li>raw data and graphics as in <strong>main_output</strong> for different model parameters as given in Table F.1</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data for: Carbon benefits through fallow agricultural land transitions: the case of multi-strata agroforestry in Hawaiʻi
<p>Bremer, L.L. (1,2), McGuire, G. (3,4), DeMaagd, N. (1,5), Trauernicht, C. (5)</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <p>1 University of Hawaiʻi Economic Research Organization, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822</p> <p>2 Water Resources Research Center, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822</p> <p>3 Department of Geography and Environment, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822</p> <p>4 Institute of Pacific Islands Forestry, USDA Forest Service, Hilo, HI, 96720</p> <p>5 Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Bremer, L.L., McGuire, G., Hastings Silao, Z., Kurashima, N., Ticktin, T., Crow, S.E., Giardina, P.C., Winter, K.B., DeMaagd, N., and C. Trauernicht. Carbon benefits through fallow agricultural land transitions: the case of multi-strata agroforestry in Hawaiʻi</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Multi-strata agroforestry land use scenarios were created using data from the: 2020 State of Hawaiʻi Agricultural Baseline (Perroy and Collier 2020), the Hawaiʻi Carbon Assessment (Jacobi et al. 2017), current (Giambelluca et al. 2013) and RCP 8.5 mid-century projected (Ellison-Timm et al. 2015) rainfall rasters, state land use zoning (SLUC, 2020), slope, elevation, and historical colluvial agroforestry maps (Kurashima et al. 2019). The following rasters display multi-strata agroforestry land-use scenarios. </p> <ul> <li> <p>“MS_currentclimate_landuse_scenario” represents potential multi-strata agroforestry under current rainfall.</p> </li> <li> <p>“MS_RCP85_midcentury_landuse_scenario” represents potential multi-strata agroforestry under projected RCP 8.5 mid-century rainfall. </p> </li> </ul> <p>For both scenarios: 1 = dry (550-1500 mm) multistrata agroforestry; 2 = mesic (1500-3000 mm) multi-strata agroforestry; 3 = wet (>3000 mm) multi-strata agroforestry.</p> <p>Estimates of projected changes in above-ground carbon were estimated by comparing modeled AGC in agroforestry scenarios to baseline AGC for current forest (Asner et al. 2016) and estimates of AGC in non-forest vegetation (Selmants et al. 2017). The following rasters display projected directional changes in soil carbon with agroforestry under current and RCP 8.5 mid century rainfall.</p> <ul> <li> <p>“AGC_change_currentclimate”</p> </li> <li> <p>“AGC_change_RCP85_midcentury”</p> </li> </ul> <p>For both scenarios: -2 = significant decrease (projected maximum < baseline); -1 = trend decrease (projected maximum > baseline > projected mean; 1 = weak increase (projected minimum < baseline < projected mean); 2 = strong increase (projected minimum > baseline).</p> <p>Estimates of projected changes in soil carbon under each scenario were estimated using global meta-analyses (Cardinael et al. 2018; Chaterjee et al. 2018; De Stefano and Jacobson 2017), studies of multi-strata agroforestry transitions in similar climates and soil types, and land-use change studies in Hawaiʻi. The following rasters display projected directional changes in soil carbon with agroforestry under current and RCP 8.5 mid-century rainfall. </p> <ul> <li> <p>“SoilC_currentclimate”</p> </li> <li> <p>“SoilC_RCP85_midcentury”</p> </li> </ul> <p>For both scenarios, 1 = increase low confidence; 10 = increase medium confidence; 100 = increase high confidence; 2 = no change low confidence; 20 = no change medium confidence; 200 = no change high confidence; 3 =unclear (insufficient data); 4 = unclear (mixed evidence).</p> <p>Projected synergies and tradeoffs in AGC and soil C under each scenario were estimated by combining the soil C and AGC results. The following rasters display projected synergies and tradeoffs in soil C and AGC under current and RCP 8.5 mid-century rainfall. </p> <ul> <li> <p>“AGC_Soil_Bivariate_currentclimate”</p> </li> <li> <p>“AGC_Soil_Bivariate_RCP85_midcentury”</p> </li> </ul> <p>For both scenarios: the first value is soil C category: 7 = unknown/uncertain; 8= increase; 9= no change; and the second value is AGC category: 0 = decrease; 1 = no change; 2 = increase.</p> <p><strong> </strong></p> <h2>References:</h2> <p>Asner, G. P., Sousan, S., Knapp, D. E., Selmants, P. C., Martin, R. E., Hughes, R. F., & Giardina, C. P. (2016). Rapid forest carbon assessments of oceanic islands: A case study of the Hawaiian archipelago. 11(1). <a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-015-0043-4">https://doi.org/10.1186/s13021-015-0043-4</a></p> <p>Cardinael, R., Umulisa, V., Toudert, A., Olivier, A., Bockel, L., & Bernoux, M. (2018). Revisiting IPCC Tier 1 coefficients for soil organic and biomass carbon storage in agroforestry systems. Environmental Research Letters, 13. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeb5f/meta">https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaeb5f/meta</a></p> <p>Chaterjee, N., Nair, P. K. R., Chakraborty, S., & Nair, V. D. (2018). Changes in soil carbon stocks across the forest-agrofoest-agriculture/pasture continuum in various agroecological regions: A meta-analysis. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 266, 55–67. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.07.014">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2018.07.014</a></p> <p>De Stefano, A., & Jacobson, M. G. (2017). soil carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems: A meta-analysis. Agroforestry Systems. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0147-9">https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-017-0147-9</a></p> <p>Elison Timm, O., Giambelluca, T. W., & Diaz, H. F. (2015). Statistical downscaling of rainfall changes in Hawaiʻi based on the CMIP5 global model projections. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD22059">https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD22059</a></p> <p>Giambelluca, T. W., Chen, Q., Frazier, A. G., Price, J. P., Chen, Y. L., Chu, P. S., Eischeid, J. K., & Delparte, D. M. (2013). Online Rainfall Atlas of Hawaiʻi. Bulletin Of the American Meteorological Society, 94, 313–316. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00228.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-11-00228.1</a></p> <p>Jacobi, J. D., Price, J. P., Fortini, L. B., Gon III, S. M., & Berkowitz, P. (2017). Carbon Assessment of Hawaiʻi Land Cover Map [Map]. USGS. </p> <p><a href="https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/592dee56e4b092b266efeb6b">https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/592dee56e4b092b266efeb6b</a></p> <p>Kurashima, N., Fortini, L., & Ticktin, T. (2019). The potential of indigenous agricultural food production under climate change in Hawaiʻi. Nature Sustainability. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41892-019-0226-1">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41892-019-0226-1</a></p> <p>Selmants, P. C., Giardina, C. P., Sousan, S., Knapp, D. E., Kimball, H., Hawbaker, T. J., Moreno, A., Seirer, J., Running, S. W., Miura, T., Bergstrom, R., Hughes, R. F., Litton, C. M., & Asner, G. P. (2017). Baseline Carbon Storage and Carbon Fluxes in Terrestrial Ecosystems of Hawaiʻi. USGS.</p> <p>State Land Use Commission. (2020). State Land Use District Boundaries [Map]. Hawaiʻi Statewide GIS Program.</p>
Data from: Extrapolating potential crop damage by insect pests based on land use data: examining inter-regional generality in agricultural landscapes_210907
<p>DamagePrediction_data_2021_210907 Data from: Extrapolating potential crop damage by insect pests based on land use data: examining inter-regional generality in agricultural landscapes</p>
Landsat-derived annual maps of agricultural greenhouse in Shandong province, China from 1989 to 2018
<p>Using 8,450 Landsat images on the Google Earth Engine, we built the first Landsat-derived annual maps of agricultural greenhouse (AG) in Shandong province, China from 1989 to 2018. Two types of reference datasets, including AG and Non-AG, were labeled via visual inspection of high-resolution imagery available in Google Earth or Landsat imagery based on a 10 km grid sampling structure. The mapping window for each year was selected based on the vegetation growth and the phenological information. Classification for each year was carried out initially based on the random forest classifier after the feature optimization. A temporal consistency correction algorithm based on classification probability was then proposed to the classified AG maps for further improvement.</p>
The soil surface food web in conservation agriculture as the foundation for conservation biocontrol
<p>Data on Collembola (per 5 cm diameter sample), spiders (per 0.25 m<sup>2</sup>), carabid beetles (per 0.25 m<sup>2</sup>), aphids (per straw), and simulated max density of aphids from conservation agriculture fields (CA) and conventionally tilled fields (CT).</p>
Data from: From microbes to mammals: pond biodiversity homogenization across different land-use types in an agricultural landscape
<p>Local biodiversity patterns are expected to strongly reflect variation in topography, land use, dispersal boundaries, nutrient supplies, contaminant spread, management practices and other anthropogenic influences. In contrast, studies focusing on specific taxa revealed a biodiversity homogenization effect in areas subjected to long-term intensive industrial agriculture. We investigated whether land use affects biodiversity levels and community composition (α & β diversity) in 67 kettle holes (KH) representing small aquatic islands embedded in the patchwork matrix of a largely agricultural landscape comprising grassland, forest, and arable fields. These KH, similar to millions of standing water bodies of glacial origin, spread across northern Europe, Asia, and North America, are physico-chemically diverse, differ in the degree of coupling with their surroundings. We assessed biodiversity patterns of eukaryotes, <i>Bacteria</i> and <i>Archaea</i> in relation to environmental features of the KH, using deep-amplicon-sequencing of environmental DNA (eDNA). First, we asked whether deep sequencing of eDNA provides a representative picture of KH biodiversity across the <i>Bacteria</i>, <i>Archaea</i>, and Eukaryotes. Second, we investigated if and to what extent KH biodiversity is influenced by the surrounding land-use. Our data shows that deep eDNA amplicon sequencing is useful for in-depth assessments of cross-domain biodiversity comprising both micro- and macro-organisms, but, has limitations with respect to single-taxa conservation studies. Using this broad method, we show that sediment eDNA, integrating several years to decades, depicts the history of agricultural land-use intensification. The latter, coupled with landscape wide nutrient enrichment (including by atmospheric deposition), groundwater connectivity between KH and organismal (active and passive) dispersal in the tight network of ponds, resulted in a biodiversity homogenization in the KH water, levelling off today's detectable differences in KH biodiversity between land-use types.</p>
Data for "Can Regenerative Agriculture increase national soil carbon stocks? Simulated country-scale adoption of reduced tillage, cover cropping, and ley-arable integration using RothC"
<p>R code and supplementary data for soil carbon simulations: "<em>Can Regenerative Agriculture increase national soil carbon stocks? Simulated country-scale adoption of reduced tillage, cover cropping, and ley-arable integration using RothC-26.3</em>"</p>
Rome (ITALY) - Urban Agriculture spatial dataset (years 2007 and 2013)
<p><strong>Motivation</strong></p> <p>The data in this dataset is a spatial inventory of <strong>urban agriculture</strong> (UA) carried out in the city of Rome (Italy) (Grande Raccordo Anulare (GRA)). UA areas where identified with a multi-step and iterative procedure by using different web-mapping tools, especially multitemporal Google Earth images, and ancillary data such as Google Street View and Bing Maps.</p> <p><strong>License</strong></p> <p>Creative Commons CC-BY</p> <p><strong>Disclaimer</strong></p> <p>Despite our best efforts to validate the data, some information may be incorrect.</p> <p><strong>Description of the dataset</strong></p> <p><em><strong>Typologies of UA</strong></em></p> <ul> <li><strong>Residential garden: </strong>Private parcel near single houses (e.g. backyard), villas, buildings, industrial and commercial activities, generally managed by property owners. Cultivation is diversified ranging from leafy vegetables to herbs and fruit trees. Production is intended for self-consumption and/or for hobby purposes.</li> <li><strong>Community garden: </strong>A large area subdivided into multipleplots managed individually (i.e. allotment) or collectively by a group of people. Crop production is intended for self-consumption. Land is assigned by the Municipality; several cases of land cultivated without authorization are also common.</li> <li><strong>Urban farm: </strong>Parcel managed by professional farmers with an intensive and an advanced cropping system. The cultivation can be specialized or oriented to high diversity vegetables. The production is intended for market. The mapping procedure focus exclusively on horticulture, vineyard, olive groves and orchard.</li> <li><strong>Institutional garden: </strong>Parcel managed by institutions or organizations like schools, religious center, prisons and non-profit organizations. The production is generally intended for self-consumption and less frequently for trade. Several gardens in this category are intended for social purposes (e.g. recreation,education, etc.).</li> <li><strong>Illegal garden: </strong>Parcel isolated, cultivated without authorization organized and managed individually or by a few people. Localization occurs on unused or abandoned areas owned by public bodies or private subjects. The production is intended for self-consumption.</li> </ul> <p><em><strong>Land use typologies</strong></em></p> <ul> <li><strong>Horticulture: </strong>annual crops generally seed sown in spring or summer (tomatoes, lettuce, zucchini, cucumbers, peppers).</li> <li><strong>Vineyard: </strong>grape vines grown in order to produce wine or table grape.</li> <li><strong>Olive groves: </strong>olive trees grown in order to produce olive oil or table olives.</li> <li><strong>Orchards: </strong>mixed trees such as orange, stone fruit, pome fruit, olive trees.</li> <li><strong>Mixed crops: </strong>an area grown with a mix of horticulture crops and fruit trees, not divisible.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Credit</strong></p> <p>Pulighe G., Lupia F. (2016) <em>Mapping spatial patterns of urban agriculture in Rome (Italy) using Google Earth and web-mapping services. </em><strong>Land Use Policy</strong> 59(2016) 49-58.</p> <p><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837716300059"><em>www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837716300059</em></a></p>
Earthworm abundance and availability does not influence the reproductive decisions of black-tailed godwits in an agricultural grassland
<ol> <li>Maintaining the biodiversity of agricultural ecosystems has become a global imperative. Across Europe, species that occupy agricultural grasslands, such as Black-tailed Godwits (<i>Limosa limosa limosa</i>), have undergone steep population declines. In this context, there is a significant need to both determine the root causes of these declines and identify actions that will promote biodiversity while supporting the livelihoods of farmers.</li> <li>Food availability, and specifically earthworm abundance (Lumbricidae), during the pre-breeding period has often been suggested as a potential driver of godwit population declines. Previous studies have recommended increasing the application of nitrogen to agricultural grasslands to enhance earthworm populations and aid agricultural production. Here we test whether food availability during the pre-breeding period affects when and where godwits breed.</li> <li>Using large-scale surveys of food availability, a long-term mark-recapture study, focal observations of foraging female godwits, and tracking devices that monitored godwit movements, we found little evidence of a relationship between earthworm abundance and the timing of godwit reproductive efforts or the density of breeding godwits. Furthermore, we found that the soils of intensively managed agricultural grasslands may frequently be too dry for godwits to forage for those earthworms that are present.</li> <li>The increased application of nitrogen to agricultural grasslands will therefore likely have no positive effects on godwit populations. Instead, management efforts should focus on increasing the botanical diversity of agricultural grasslands, facilitating conditions that prevent hardening soils, and reducing the populations of generalist predators.</li> </ol>
Climatic conditions and functional traits affect spider diets in agricultural and non-agricultural habitats worldwide
<p>Spiders are dominant predators in terrestrial ecosystems and feed on prey from the herbivore and detritivore subsystem (dual subsystem omnivory) as well as on other predators (intraguild predation). Little is known about how global change potentially affects the importance of different prey groups in predator diets. In this meta-analysis we identify the impact of climatic conditions, land-use types and functional traits of spider species on the relative importance of Hemiptera, Araneae and Collembola prey in spider diets. We use a dataset including 78 publications with 149 observational records of the diet composition of 96 spider species in agricultural and non-agricultural habitats in 24 countries worldwide. The importance of Hemiptera prey was not affected by climatic conditions and was particularily high in smaller spider species in agricultural habitats. Araneae prey was most important for actively hunting, larger spider species in non-agricultural habitats. Collembola prey was most important for small, actively hunting spider species in regions with higher temperature seasonality. Spider species with a higher importance of Araneae prey for their diet also had higher importances of Collembola and lower importances of Hemiptera prey. Future increases of temperature seasonality predicted for several regions worldwide may go along with an increasing importance of Collembola prey which also related to a higher importance of intraguild prey here. Two global change drivers predicted for many regions of the world (increasing climatic seasonality and ongoing conversion of non-agricultural to agricultural land) both hold the potential to increase the importance of Collembola prey in spider diets. The importance of Hemiptera and Araneae prey may however show contrasting responses to these two drivers. These complex potential effects of global change components and their impact on functional traits in spider communities highlight the importance to simultaneously consider multiple drivers of global change to better understand future predator-prey interactions.</p>
Land capability for agriculture (partial cover)
<p>The Land capability for agriculture (partial cover) spatial dataset provides information on the types of crops that may be grown in different areas dependent on environmental and soil characteristics. This map covers much of the productive agricultural land in Scotland and it can be used to determine the areas most suited to growing crops or grazing livestock. </p> <p>The Land capability for agriculture map (partial cover) was originally mapped at 1:50 000 scale by field survey and was subsequently digitised. It shows the distribution of the different land classes across virtually all of Scotland’s cultivated agricultural land and adjacent uplands. The map should be cited as: 'Soil Survey of Scotland Staff (1984-87). Land Capability for Agriculture maps of Scotland at a scale of 1:50 000. Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, Aberdeen. 10.5281/zenodo.6322760'.</p> <p>The digital dataset contains information on the 'class' of soil. Soil classes range from Class 1 (land capable of producing a wide range of crops) to Class 7 (land of very little agricultural value). Land within Class 3 is subdivided to provide further information on potential yields; Classes 4 and 5 are further divided to provide information on grasslands; Class 6 is divided on the quality of the natural vegetation for grazing. Classes 1 to 3.1 are known as prime agricultural land.</p> <p>There is an accompanying booklet that describes the classification in more detail and set out the rules and guidelines to be used. This booklet should be referenced as: Bibby, J.S., Douglas, H.A., Thomasson, A.J. and Robertson, J.S. (1991) Land capability classification for agriculture. Soil Survey of Scotland Monograph. The Macaulay Institute for Soil Research. Aberdeen. ISBN -0-7084-0508-8.</p> <p>The spatial dataset is provided under the James Hutton Institute open data licence included within the zipped dataset.</p> <p>The maintenance of this dataset is funded by the Rural & Environment Science & Analytical Services Division of the Scottish Government. The data can also be downloaded from or viewed at <a href="https://www.hutton.ac.uk/learning/natural-resource-datasets/soilshutton/soils-maps-scotland/download">https://www.hutton.ac.uk/learning/natural-resource-datasets/soilshutton/soils-maps-scotland/download </a>or viewed at https://soils.environment.gov.scot.</p> <p>THE CLASSES<br> Class 1. Land capable of producing a very wide range of crops with high yields<br> Class 2. Land capable of producing a wide range of crops with yields less high than Class 1.<br> Class 3. Land capable of producing good yields from a moderate range of crops.<br> Class 4. Land capable of producing a narrow range of crops.<br> Class 5. Land suited only to improved grassland and rough grazing.<br> Class 6. Land capable only of use as rough grazing.<br> Class 7. Land of very limited agricultural value.</p>
Land Capability for Agriculture (LCA)
<p>The National scale land capability for agriculture spatial dataset provides information on the types of crops that may be grown in different areas dependent on environmental and soil characteristics. This map covers the entire country and it can be used to determine the areas most suited to growing crops or grazing livestock. </p> <p>The digital dataset contains information on the 'class' of soil. Soil classes range from Class 1 (land capable of producing a wide range of crops) to Class 7 (land of very little agricultural value). Land within Class 3 is subdivided to provide further information on potential yields; Classes 4 and 5 are further divided to provide information on grasslands; Class 6 is divided on the quality of the natural vegetation for grazing. Classes 1 to 3.1 are known as prime agricultural land.</p> <p>The Land Capability for Agriculture assessment was carried out in 1981 using data collected between 1978 and 1981. The National scale land capability for agriculture map was then created in 1983 at a scale of 1:250 000. The map should be cited as: 'Soil Survey of Scotland Staff (1981). Land Capability for Agriculture maps of Scotland at a scale of 1:250 000. Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, Aberdeen.10.5281/zenodo.6322683'.</p> <p>There is an accompanying booklet that describes the classification in more detail and set out the rules and guidelines to be used. This booklet should be referenced as: Bibby, J.S., Douglas, H.A., Thomasson, A.J. and Robertson, J.S. (1991) Land capability classification for agriculture. Soil Survey of Scotland Monograph. The Macaulay Institute for Soil Research. Aberdeen. ISBN -0-7084-0508-8.</p> <p>The spatial dataset is provided under the James Hutton Institute open data licence included within the zipped dataset.</p> <p>The maintenance of this dataset is funded by the Rural & Environment Science & Analytical Services Division of the Scottish Government. The data can also be downloaded from or viewed at https://www.hutton.ac.uk/soil-maps/ or viewed at https://soils.environment.gov.scot.</p> <p>THE CLASSES<br>Class 1. Land capable of producing a very wide range of crops with high yields<br>Class 2. Land capable of producing a wide range of crops with yields less high than Class 1.<br>Class 3. Land capable of producing good yields from a moderate range of crops.<br>Class 4. Land capable of producing a narrow range of crops.<br>Class 5. Land suited only to improved grassland and rough grazing.<br>Class 6. Land capable only of use as rough grazing.<br>Class 7. Land of very limited agricultural value.</p>
Raw experiment data from: Homogeneity of agriculture landscape promotes insecticide resistance in the ground beetle Poecilus cupreus
<p>This dataset is raw research data related to the paper published in PLOS ONE: Sowa et al. 2022, Homogeneity of agriculture landscape promotes insecticide resistance in the ground beetle <em>Poecilus cupreus</em>; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266453">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266453</a></p>
SiEUGreen_Dataset_for_Monitoring_the_contribution_of_urban_agriculture_to_urban_sustainability:_an_indicator-based_framework
<p>The data was collected for scientific publication: Tapia, C., Randall, L., Wang, S.; Borges, L. A. (2021): Monitoring the contribution of urban agriculture to urban sustainability: an indicator-based framework. <em>Sustainable Cities and Society</em>. In press, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103130">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103130</a></p> <p>This dataset includes the data from the survey in Brabrand Fallaesgartneriet, which is the study case reported in the article.</p>
Subarctic soil carbon losses after deforestation for agriculture depend on permafrost abundance - study data
<p>Contains the dataset and R code used for the study "Subarctic soil carbon losses after deforestation for agriculture depend on permafrost abundance".</p>
Supporting data for "Riparian buffers can help mitigate biodiversity declines in oil palm agriculture"; doi.org/10.1002/fee.2473
<b>Description: </b><p>Ecological data underpinning the Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment publication "Riparian buffers can help mitigate biodiversity declines in oil palm agriculture" (doi.org/10.1002/fee.2473). <br><br>Data describe species abundance and community composition for 377 species and eight taxonomic groups (insect larvae, dragonflies, dung beetles, fish, frogs, birds, small mammals, large mammals) across 345 riparian sampling locations at the Stability of Altered Forest Ecosystems (SAFE) project study site and surrounding oil palm plantations. Sampling locations captured four distinct riparian habitat treatments across the study site: recovering logged forest (LF), heavily disturbed forest (HDF), riparian buffers (RB) and oil palm rivers (ROP). Compositional metrics are provided for all species within a taxonomic group and forest dependent species only. Forest-dependence was defined based on the sensitivity of a species to habitat conversion according expert opinion. Riparian characteristics used as covariates in hierarchical models, defining the extent and quality of available forest habitat in the immediate vicinity of each sampling locations, are also provided. <br><br>Please note that the raw data underpinning the biodiversity summaries provided are also available for a select number of the taxonomic groups studied:<br>- Dung beetles: https://zenodo.org/record/3906118#.YTY_To5KiUk; https://zenodo.org/record/3906441#.YTY_a45KiUk<br>- Fish: https://zenodo.org/record/4072959#.YTY_pY5KiUk<br>- Frogs: https://zenodo.org/record/1995439#.YTY_z45KiUk<br><br>For specific taxonomic queries, including potential collaborations, please direct enquiries to the lead researcher of that group:<br>- Insect larave/dragonflies: Dr Sarah H. Luke<br>- Dung beetles: Asst. Prof. Eleanor M. Slade; Dr Joseph Williamson<br>- Fish: Dr Clare L. Wilkinson<br>- Frogs: Dr Oliver Konppik (contact details currently unavailable)<br>- Birds: Dr Simon L. Mitchell<br>- Small mammals: Dr Henry Bernard; Dr Matthew J. Struebig<br>- Large mammals: Dr Nicolas J. Deere; Dr Matthew J. Struebig </p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://safeproject.net/projects/project_view/26"><b>Understanding covariation between mammalian diversity and forest carbon across a human-modified tropical landscape</b></a></p><p><b>Funding: </b>These data were collected as part of research funded by: </p><ul><li>NERC (Human Modified Tropical Forests Programme, NE/K016407/1, <a href="http://lombok.nerc-hmtf.info/">http://lombok.nerc-hmtf.info/</a>)</li><li>NERC (Human Modified Tropical Forests Programme, NE/K016261/1, <a href="http://lombok.nerc-hmtf.info/">http://lombok.nerc-hmtf.info/</a>)</li><li>British Council and Malaysian Industry Government Group for High Technology (Newton-Ungku Omar Fund, 216433953.0, <a href="http://www.newtonfund.ac.uk/about/about-partner-countries/malaysia/">http://www.newtonfund.ac.uk/about/about-partner-countries/malaysia/</a>)</li><li>British Council and Malaysian Industry Government Group for High Technology (Newton-Ungku Omar Fund, 537134717.0, <a href="http://www.newtonfund.ac.uk/about/about-partner-countries/malaysia/">http://www.newtonfund.ac.uk/about/about-partner-countries/malaysia/</a>)</li></ul><p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p><p></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=6477764">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This consists of 1 file: FEE_DataDeposition.xlsx</p><p><b>FEE_DataDeposition.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 5 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>Forest-dependence classification</b> (described in worksheet Species classification)</p><p>Description: Forest-dependence classification of 377 species based on sensitivity to habitat conversion according to expert opinion</p><p>Number of fields: 3</p><p>Number of data rows: 377</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Taxa</b>: Coarse taxonomic classification for each family/species (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>Scientific_name</b>: Taxon identifier, resolved to family for insect larvae and species for all other taxonomic groups (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>Habitat_specialism</b>: Degree of forest-dependence based on sensitivity to habitat conversion. NB: as insect larvae could not be reliably identified to species level, this group was excluded from classification (Field type: categorical)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Species-specific biodiversity measures</b> (described in worksheet Species data)</p><p>Description: Abundance and presence/absence data for 377 species across 334 sampling locations. These data were implemented in the meta-analysis and abundance-related components of the publication</p><p>Number of fields: 6</p><p>Number of data rows: 39460</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Site_ID</b>: Unique alphanumeric identifier of riparian sampling locations (Field type: location)</li><li><b>Treatment</b>: Riparian habitat treatment within which sampling was conducted: LF = recovering logged forest; HDF = heavily disturbed forest; RR = riparian reserve; ROP = oil palm river (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>Taxa</b>: Coarse taxonomic classification for each family/species (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>Scientific_name</b>: Taxon identifier, resolved to family for insect larvae and species for all other taxonomic groups (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>Abundance</b>: Relative abundance of the family/species at the sampling location (Field type: abundance)</li><li><b>Spp_Present</b>: Presence/absence of family/species at the sampling location (Field type: abundance)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Community intactness measures (all species)</b> (described in worksheet Community data (all species))</p><p>Description: Community composition metrics for eight taxonomic groups across plantation rivers (RR and ROP). All species present in the community were included in the calculation of these measures</p><p>Number of fields: 5</p><p>Number of data rows: 276</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Site_ID</b>: Unique alphanumeric identifier of riparian sampling locations (Field type: location)</li><li><b>Taxa</b>: Taxon identifier, resolved to family for insect larvae and species for all other taxonomic groups (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>Rarefied_SpeciesRichness</b>: Community-level metric representing the number of unique species encountered at a sampling location (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Relative_Richness</b>: Relative measure of community intactness representing the proportion of species found at a sampling species compared to the mean rarefied richness observed at recovering logged forest sites (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Sorensen_Similarity</b>: Relative measure of cimmunity intactness representing compositional similarity between the sampling location and average community composition across recovering logged forest sites. The index ranges from zero (complete taxonomic seperation) to one (identical community structure) (Field type: numeric trait)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Community intactness measures (forest-dependents)</b> (described in worksheet Community data (for. dependent))</p><p>Description: Community composition metrics for eight taxonomic groups across plantation rivers (RR and ROP). Only forest-dependent species were included in the calculation of these measures</p><p>Number of fields: 5</p><p>Number of data rows: 276</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Site_ID</b>: Unique alphanumeric identifier of riparian sampling locations (Field type: location)</li><li><b>Taxa</b>: Taxon identifier, resolved to family for insect larvae and species for all other taxonomic groups (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>Rarefied_SpeciesRichness</b>: Community-level metric representing the number of unique species encountered at a sampling location (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Relative_Richness</b>: Relative measure of community intactness representing the proportion of species found at a sampling species compared to the mean rarefied richness observed at recovering logged forest sites (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Sorensen_Similarity</b>: Relative measure of cimmunity intactness representing compositional similarity between the sampling location and average community composition across recovering logged forest sites. The index ranges from zero (complete taxonomic seperation) to one (identical community structure) (Field type: numeric trait)</li></ul></li><li><p><b>Site-specific riparian characteristics</b> (described in worksheet Site covariates)</p><p>Description: Riparian characteristics describing the extent and quality of available forest habitat across 334 sampling locations</p><p>Number of fields: 10</p><p>Number of data rows: 329</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Site_ID</b>: Unique alphanumeric identifier of riparian sampling locations (Field type: location)</li><li><b>fSite</b>: Numeric identifier used to group sampling locations from the same river. Implemented to define spatial random effects in hierarchical models. Only relevant for plantation rivers (RR and ROP) (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Treatment</b>: Riparian habitat treatment within which sampling was conducted: LF = recovering logged forest; HDF = heavily disturbed forest; RR = riparian reserve; ROP = oil palm river (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>Reserve_Width</b>: Terrestrial width of riparian buffer. Only relevant for plantation rivers (RR and ROP) (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>AGB_30m</b>: Forest quality in the immediate vicinity of the sampling location. Quality is expressed using above ground biomass, which reflects stand structural integrity (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>AGB_50m</b>: Forest quality in the immediate vicinity of the sampling location. Quality is expressed using above ground biomass, which reflects stand structural integrity (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>AGB_100m</b>: Forest quality in the immediate vicinity of the sampling location. Quality is expressed using above ground biomass, which reflects stand structural integrity (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>AGB_250m</b>: Forest quality in the immediate vicinity of the sampling location. Quality is expressed using above ground biomass, which reflects stand structural integrity (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>AGB_500m</b>: Forest quality in the immediate vicinity of the sampling location. Quality is expressed using above ground biomass, which reflects stand structural integrity (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>ForCov</b>: Proportion of available forest habitat at the scale of water catchment (Field type: numeric)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>Date range: </b>2011-04-01 to 2018-03-31</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.3000 to 4.8100</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>117.1500 to 117.7000</p><p><b>Taxonomic coverage: </b><br> All taxon names are validated against the GBIF backbone taxonomy. If a dataset uses a synonym, the accepted usage is shown followed by the dataset usage in brackets. Taxa that cannot be validated, including new species and other unknown taxa, morphospecies, functional groups and taxonomic levels not used in the GBIF backbone are shown in square brackets.</p><div> -  Animalia <br> -  -  Arthropoda <br> -  -  -  Insecta <br> -  -  -  -  Odonata <br> -  -  -  -  -  Calopterygidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neurobasis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neurobasis longipes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chlorogomphidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Euphaeidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Euphaea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Euphaea impar</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Euphaea subcostalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysphaea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysphaea dimidiata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Gomphidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ictinogomphus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ictinogomphus decoratus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Libellulidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cratilla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cratilla lineata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trithemis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trithemis aurora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trithemis festiva</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthetrum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthetrum chrysis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthetrum glaucum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthetrum testaceum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neurothemis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neurothemis fluctuans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neurothemis ramburii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onychothemis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onychothemis culminicola</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zygonyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zygonyx iris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Platycnemididae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copera vittata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Coenagrionidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pseudagrion</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pseudagrion pilidorsum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chlorocyphidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinocypha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinocypha aurofulgens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinocypha humeralis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Heliocypha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Heliocypha biseriata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Libellago</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Libellago semiopaca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Protoneuridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prodasineura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prodasineura verticalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Megapodagrionidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinagrion</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinagrion elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Coleoptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Elmidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Gyrinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Psephenidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Scirtidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Scarabaeidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus hidakai</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Microcopris hidakai</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus arayai</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus deliensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus diabolicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus hidakai</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus kawaharai</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [Onthophagus (aff) liliputanus] <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus limbatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus rutilans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus phanaeides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus rutilans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [Onthophagus (aff) tridentitibialus] <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [Onthophagus (agg) indachorius] <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus pacificus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus angustatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus aphodioides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus aurifex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus batillifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus brendelli</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus cervicapra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus deflexicollis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus dux</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus fujiii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus incisus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus johkii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus laevis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus muelleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus nigriobscurior</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [Onthophagus nr. borneensis] <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus obscurior</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus ochromerus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus pastillatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus pavidus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus peninsularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus rorarius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus rudis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus rugicollis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus sarawacus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus semiaureus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus semicupreus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus taeniatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus trituber</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus vulpes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Onthophagus waterstradti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Yvescambefortius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Yvescambefortius sarawacus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copris agnus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copris ramosiceps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copris sinicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oniticellus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oniticellus tessellatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochicanthon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochicanthon woroae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochicanthon dytiscoides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochicanthon masumotoi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microcopris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microcopris doriae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Synapsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Synapsis ritsemae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Proagoderus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Proagoderus watanabei</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sisyphus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sisyphus thoracicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caccobius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caccobius bawangensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Catharsius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Catharsius dayacus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Catharsius renaudpauliani</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paragymnopleurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paragymnopleurus maurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paragymnopleurus sparsus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paragymnopleurus striatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Megaloptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Corydalidae <br> -  -  -  -  Trichoptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Calamoceratidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ecnomidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hydropsychidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Leptoceridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Philopotamidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Polycentropodidae <br> -  -  -  -  Ephemeroptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Baetidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Caenidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ephemerellidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Euthyplociidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Heptageniidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Leptophlebiidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Teloganodidae <br> -  -  -  -  Diptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ceratopogonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chironomidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Simuliidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tipulidae <br> -  -  -  -  Lepidoptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Crambidae <br> -  -  -  -  Plecoptera <br> -  -  -  -  -  Perlidae <br> -  -  Chordata <br> -  -  -  Actinopterygii <br> -  -  -  -  Anguilliformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Anguillidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anguilla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anguilla borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anguilla marmorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Perciformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Channidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Channa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Channa striata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Osphronemidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Betta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Betta unimaculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Siluriformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Bagridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemibagrus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemibagrus baramensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemibagrus fortis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Clariidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Clarias</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Clarias anfractus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Synbranchiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Mastacembelidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mastacembelus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mastacembelus unicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macrognathus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macrognathus keithi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Cypriniformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cyprinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rasbora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rasbora elegans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rasbora hubbsi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rasbora pycnopeza</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anematichthys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anematichthys repasson</i> (as synonym: <i>Cyclocheilichthys repasson</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crossocheilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crossocheilus elegans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garra borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Luciosoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Luciosoma pellegrinii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tor tambra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Puntius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Puntius sealei</i> (as synonym: <i>Barbodes sealei</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nematabramis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nematabramis everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptobarbus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptobarbus melanotaenia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Osteochilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Osteochilus chini</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Osteochilus ingeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lobocheilos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lobocheilos erinaceus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lobocheilos unicornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barbonymus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barbonymus balleroides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hampala</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hampala sabana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nemacheilidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nemacheilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nemacheilus olivaceus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Balitoridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Protomyzon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Protomyzon borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Protomyzon griswoldi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homalopteroides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homalopteroides stephensoni</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gastromyzon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gastromyzon ingeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gastromyzon lepidogaster</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parhomaloptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parhomaloptera microstoma</i> <br> -  -  -  Aves <br> -  -  -  -  <i>Microtarsus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microtarsus atriceps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microtarsus eutilotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Columbiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Columbidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcophaps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcophaps indica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Streptopelia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Streptopelia chinensis</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Spilopelia chinensis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  Psittaciformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Psittacidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Loriculus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Loriculus galgulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psittacula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psittacula longicauda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Trogoniformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Trogonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes diardii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes duvaucelii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Harpactes kasumba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Galliformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Phasianidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Argusianus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Argusianus argus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Accipitriformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Accipitridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Spilornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Spilornis cheela</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Apodiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hemiprocnidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemiprocne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemiprocne comata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Apodidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Collocalia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Collocalia affinis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Collocalia sp.</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhaphidura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhaphidura leucopygialis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Coraciiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Alcedinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ceyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ceyx erithaca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ceyx erithaca erithaca</i> (as synonym: <i>Ceyx rufidorsa</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcedo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcedo euryzona</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcedo meninting</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Todiramphus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Todiramphus chloris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Meropidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctyornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctyornis amictus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Merops</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Merops viridis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Bucerotiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Bucerotidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinoplax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinoplax vigil</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anorrhinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anorrhinus galeritus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhyticeros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhyticeros undulatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthracoceros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthracoceros malayanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Buceros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Buceros rhinoceros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Passeriformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Timaliidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pomatorhinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pomatorhinus bornensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macronus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macronus ptilosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris maculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris nigricollis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stachyris poliocephala</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyanoderma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyanoderma erythropterum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyanoderma rufifrons</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mixornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mixornis gularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pityriaseidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pityriasis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pityriasis gymnocephala</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dicruridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicrurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicrurus paradiseus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hirundinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hirundo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hirundo rustica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hirundo tahitica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chloropseidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis cyanopogon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chloropsis sonnerati</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Phylloscopidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Seicercus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Seicercus borealis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Monarchidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhipidura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhipidura javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhipidura perlata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terpsiphone</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terpsiphone paradisi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terpsiphone paradisi affinis</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Terpsiphone affinis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hypothymis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hypothymis azurea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Irenidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irena puella</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Aegithinidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aegithina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aegithina viridissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Eurylaimidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurylaimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurylaimus javanicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eurylaimus ochromalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Corydon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Corydon sumatranus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calyptomena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calyptomena viridis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sturnidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aplonis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aplonis panayensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gracula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gracula religiosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Stenostiridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Culicicapa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Culicicapa ceylonensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dicaeidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dicaeum trigonostigma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus maculatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionochilus xanthopygius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Acanthizidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gerygone</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gerygone sulphurea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Muscicapidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichixos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichixos pyrropygus</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Copsychus pyrropygus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muscicapa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muscicapa dauurica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis superbus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyornis turcosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus saularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Copsychus stricklandii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinomyias</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinomyias umbratilis</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Cyornis umbratilis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eumyias</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eumyias thalassinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Enicurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Enicurus borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Enicurus ruficapillus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nectariniidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera everetti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera flavigaster</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera hypogrammicum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arachnothera longirostra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aethopyga siparaja</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptocoma brasiliana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes malacensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Anthreptes simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chalcoparia singalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pycnonotidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus finschii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus phaeocephalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alophoixus tephrogenys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ixos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ixos malaccensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole olivacea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Iole olivacea charlottae</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Iole charlottae</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus goiavier</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus brunneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus erythropthalmos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus plumosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pycnonotus simplex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tricholestes criniger</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Campephagidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pericrocotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pericrocotus flammeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pericrocotus igneus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cisticolidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus atrogularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus ruficeps</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orthotomus sericeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prinia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prinia flaviventris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tephrodornithidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tephrodornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tephrodornis virgatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philentoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philentoma pyrhoptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philentoma velata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemipus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemipus hirundinaceus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemipus picatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Corvidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platysmurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platysmurus aterrimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Corvus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Corvus enca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platylophus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Platylophus galericulatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pellorneidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Turdinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Turdinus sepiarius</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum bicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum capistratum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum malaccense</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pellorneum rostratum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron affine</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron cinereum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron magnirostre</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Malacopteron magnum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcippe</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alcippe brunneicauda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Kenopia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Kenopia striata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ptilocichla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ptilocichla leucogrammica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Estrildidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura atricapilla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lonchura fuscans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pittidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pitta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pitta sordida</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pitta granatina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pitta granatina ussheri</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Erythropitta ussheri</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Oriolidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oriolus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Oriolus xanthonotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Piciformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Picidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sasia abnormis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blythipicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blythipicus rubiginosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemicircus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemicircus concretus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meiglyptes tristis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Celeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Celeus brachyurus</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Micropternus brachyurus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dinopium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dinopium rafflesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ramphastidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalaima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalaima australis</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Psilopogon australis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalaima chrysopogon</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Psilopogon chrysopogon</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalaima henricii</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Psilopogon henricii</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megalaima mystacophanos</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Psilopogon mystacophanos</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caloramphus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caloramphus fuliginosus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Cuculiformes <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cuculidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinortha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhinortha chlorophaea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus bengalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus rectunguis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Centropus sinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysococcyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrysococcyx xanthorhynchus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cacomantis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cacomantis merulinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cacomantis sonneratii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zanclostomus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Zanclostomus curvirostris</i> (as synonym: <i>Phaenicophaeus curvirostris</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhopodytes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhopodytes diardi</i> (as synonym: <i>Phaenicophaeus diardi</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  <i>Hydrornis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydrornis baudii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydrornis schwaneri</i> <br> -  -  -  Mammalia <br> -  -  -  -  Proboscidea <br> -  -  -  -  -  Elephantidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elephas</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elephas maximus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Rodentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hystricidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichys fasciculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hystrix</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hystrix brachyura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hystrix crassispinis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sciuridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callosciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callosciurus notatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lariscus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lariscus hosei</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rheithrosciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rheithrosciurus macrotis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus hippurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus lowii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus tenuis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Muridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrotomys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrotomys whiteheadi</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Maxomys whiteheadi</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus exulans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus rattus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus tiomanicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys baeodon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys ochraceiventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys rajah</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys surifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Niviventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Niviventer cremoriventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundamys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundamys muelleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Haeromys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Haeromys margarettae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leopoldamys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leopoldamys sabanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Primates <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hominidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pongo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pongo pygmaeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cercopithecidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis hosei</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis rubicunda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca fascicularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca nemestrina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Carnivora <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ursidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Helarctos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Helarctos malayanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Viverridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arctictis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arctictis binturong</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionodon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionodon linsang</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra tangalunga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemigalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paguma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paguma larvata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paradoxurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Mustelidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Martes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Martes flavigula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lutrogale</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lutrogale perspicillata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aonyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aonyx cinereus</i> (as synonym: <i>Amblonyx cinereus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Felidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionailurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionailurus bengalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pardofelis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pardofelis marmorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neofelis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neofelis diardi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Mephitidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mydaus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mydaus javanensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Herpestidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Herpestes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Herpestes brachyurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Herpestes semitorquatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Erinaceomorpha <br> -  -  -  -  -  Erinaceidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Echinosorex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Echinosorex gymnura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Scandentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tupaiidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia glis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia minor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia tana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Pholidota <br> -  -  -  -  -  Manidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Manis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Manis javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Artiodactyla <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tragulidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus kanchil</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus napu</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cervidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus atherodes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus muntjak</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa unicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Suidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus barbatus</i> <br> -  -  -  Mammalia <br> -  -  -  -  Proboscidea <br> -  -  -  -  -  Elephantidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elephas</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elephas maximus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Rodentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hystricidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichys fasciculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hystrix</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hystrix brachyura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hystrix crassispinis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sciuridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callosciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callosciurus notatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lariscus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lariscus hosei</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rheithrosciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rheithrosciurus macrotis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus hippurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus lowii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus tenuis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Muridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrotomys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrotomys whiteheadi</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Maxomys whiteheadi</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus exulans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus rattus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus tiomanicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys baeodon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys ochraceiventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys rajah</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys surifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Niviventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Niviventer cremoriventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundamys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundamys muelleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Haeromys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Haeromys margarettae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leopoldamys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leopoldamys sabanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Primates <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hominidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pongo</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pongo pygmaeus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cercopithecidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis hosei</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Presbytis rubicunda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca fascicularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaca nemestrina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Carnivora <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ursidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Helarctos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Helarctos malayanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Viverridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arctictis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Arctictis binturong</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionodon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionodon linsang</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Viverra tangalunga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemigalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hemigalus derbyanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paguma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paguma larvata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paradoxurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Mustelidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Martes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Martes flavigula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lutrogale</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lutrogale perspicillata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aonyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aonyx cinereus</i> (as synonym: <i>Amblonyx cinereus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Felidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionailurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prionailurus bengalensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pardofelis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pardofelis marmorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neofelis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neofelis diardi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Mephitidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mydaus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mydaus javanensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Herpestidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Herpestes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Herpestes brachyurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Herpestes semitorquatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Erinaceomorpha <br> -  -  -  -  -  Erinaceidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Echinosorex</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Echinosorex gymnura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Scandentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tupaiidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia glis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia minor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia tana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Pholidota <br> -  -  -  -  -  Manidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Manis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Manis javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Artiodactyla <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tragulidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus kanchil</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tragulus napu</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cervidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus atherodes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Muntiacus muntjak</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rusa unicolor</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Suidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sus barbatus</i> <br> -  -  -  Amphibia <br> -  -  -  -  Anura <br> -  -  -  -  -  Microhylidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microhyla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microhyla petrigena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chaperina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chaperina fusca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Bufonidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pedostibes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pedostibes hosii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phrynoidis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phrynoidis juxtaspera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ansonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ansonia leptopus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ansonia spinulifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Megophryidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptolalax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptolalax gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptobrachium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leptobrachium abbotti</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megophrys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Megophrys nasuta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rhacophoridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polypedates</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polypedates leucomystax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polypedates macrotis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polypedates otilophus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus gauni</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus harrissoni</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rhacophorus pardalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philautus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philautus hosii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Philautus tectus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctixalus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nyctixalus pictus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dicroglossidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ingerana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ingerana baluensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes finchi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes kuhlii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes leporinus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Limnonectes paramacrodon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fejervarya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fejervarya limnocharis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ranidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meristogenys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Meristogenys orphnocnemis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Staurois</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Staurois guttatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Staurois latopalmatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Odorrana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Odorrana hosii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylarana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylarana erythraea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylarana megalonesa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylarana nicobariensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hylarana picturata</i> <br></div><p></p>
Data from: A trait‒environment relationship approach to participatory plant breeding for organic agriculture
<p>The extent of intraspecific variation in trait‒environment relationships is an open question with limited empirical support in crops. In organic agriculture, with high environmental heterogeneity, this knowledge could guide breeding programs to optimize crop attributes. We propose a three-dimensional framework involving crop performance, crop traits, and environmental axes to uncover the multidimensionality of trait‒environment relationships within a crop. </p> <p>We modeled instantaneous photosynthesis (<em>A</em><sub>sat</sub>) and water-use efficiency (WUE) as functions of four phenotypic traits, three soil variables, five carrot (<em>D. carota</em>) varieties, and their interactions in a national participatory plant breeding program involving a suite of farms across Canada. We used these interactions to describe the resulting 12 trait‒environment relationships across varieties. </p> <p>We found one significant trait‒environment relationship for <em>A</em><sub>sat</sub> (taproot tissue density‒soil phosphorus), which was consistent across varieties. For WUE, we found that three relationships (petiole diameter‒soil nitrogen, petiole diameter‒soil phosphorus, and leaf area‒soil phosphorus) varied significantly across varieties. As a result, WUE was maximized by different combinations of trait values and soil conditions depending on the variety. </p> <p>Our three-dimensional framework supports the identification of functional traits behind the differential responses of crop varieties to environmental variation and thus guides breeding programs to optimize crop attributes from an eco-evolutionary perspective. </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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