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Distribution. Amazon Basin in S & E Venezuela, the Guianas, and NE Brazil (E of Rio Negro and N of Amazon River). in Echimyidae

Distribution. Amazon Basin in S & E Venezuela, the Guianas, and NE Brazil (E of Rio Negro and N of Amazon River).

Distribution. Amazon Basin of the upper Orinoco and Casiquiare rivers of extreme E Colombia and S Venezuela; it might occur in adjacent N Brazil. in Echimyidae

Distribution. Amazon Basin of the upper Orinoco and Casiquiare rivers of extreme E Colombia and S Venezuela; it might occur in adjacent N Brazil.

Distribution. Amazon Basin in E Peru (S of the Rio Maranon), NW Bolivia, and W Brazil, largely S of the Amazon River and E to beyond the Rio Purus, but extending N of the Amazon River in the Imeri region W of the lower Rio Negro. in Echimyidae

Distribution. Amazon Basin in E Peru (S of the Rio Maranon), NW Bolivia, and W Brazil, largely S of the Amazon River and E to beyond the Rio Purus, but extending N of the Amazon River in the Imeri region W of the lower Rio Negro.

Distribution. Amazon Basin from E in Echimyidae

Distribution. Amazon Basin from E Ecuador, NE Peru, SE Colombia, and W Brazil E to the Amazon River mouth and N through the Guianan Region of E Ven-ezuela, and the Guianas.

Distribution. Central Amazon Basin of Brazil (Amazonas and Para states), from the left bank of the lower Rio Negro to the mouth of the Rio Pitinga N of the Amazon River axis, and from the lower Rio Madeira to lower Rio Tapajos on the S side of the main Amazon trunk. in Echimyidae

Distribution. Central Amazon Basin of Brazil (Amazonas and Para states), from the left bank of the lower Rio Negro to the mouth of the Rio Pitinga N of the Amazon River axis, and from the lower Rio Madeira to lower Rio Tapajos on the S side of the main Amazon trunk.

Distribution. Amazon Basin from S & E Colombia, S Venezuela, E Ecuador, E in Echimyidae

Distribution. Amazon Basin from S & E Colombia, S Venezuela, E Ecuador, E Peru, and N Bolivia, E through Brazil to Rio Tapajos (S of the Amazon River), but to the Atlantic seaboard in Amapa State and the Guianas N ofthis river.

Subspecies and Distribution. S. b. boliviensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & de Blainville, 1834 — upper Brazilian Amazon S of the Rio Solimoes, from between the rios Jurua and Tefé extending S into SE Peru (S of Rio Abujao, Ucayali Department) and N Bolivia W of the Rio Guaporé (Beni, Cochabamba, Pando, and Santa Cruz departments, including the upper Madeira Basin), at elevations of 50-500 m. S. b. peruviensis Hershkovitz, 1984 — N & C Peru, S of the Rio Maranon-Amazonas, from the W bank of the Rio Tapiche W to the Rio Huallaga, and S through the departments of San Martin and of Huanuco (to c.10° S), and Ucayali (between the rios Pachitea and Tambo, at least as far as the Rio Abujao); also possibly in Brazil (Amazonas State), at elevations of 90-800 m. in Cebidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. b. boliviensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & de Blainville, 1834 — upper Brazilian Amazon S of the Rio Solimoes, from between the rios Jurua and Tefé extending S into SE Peru (S of Rio Abujao, Ucayali Department) and N Bolivia W of the Rio Guaporé (Beni, Cochabamba, Pando, and Santa Cruz departments, including the upper Madeira Basin), at elevations of 50-500 m. S. b. peruviensis Hershkovitz, 1984 — N & C Peru, S of the Rio Maranon-Amazonas, from the W bank of the Rio Tapiche W to the Rio Huallaga, and S through the departments of San Martin and of Huanuco (to c.10° S), and Ucayali (between the rios Pachitea and Tambo, at least as far as the Rio Abujao); also possibly in Brazil (Amazonas State), at elevations of 90-800 m.

Distribution. Upper Amazon Basin in E Colombia (N as far as the Rio Arauca on the Venezuelan border; an isolated population in the upper Rio Magdalena in the Huila Department), E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil, and C & N Bolivia (S at least to the upper Rio Beni); the exact limits of its distribution have not been delineated, and particularly where they meet those of the Guianan Brown Capuchin (S. apella) in the Rio Madeira Basin, in the N along the Orinoco, and in the interfluvium of the Rio Solimoes and upper Rio Negro. in Cebidae

Distribution. Upper Amazon Basin in E Colombia (N as far as the Rio Arauca on the Venezuelan border; an isolated population in the upper Rio Magdalena in the Huila Department), E Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil, and C & N Bolivia (S at least to the upper Rio Beni); the exact limits of its distribution have not been delineated, and particularly where they meet those of the Guianan Brown Capuchin (S. apella) in the Rio Madeira Basin, in the N along the Orinoco, and in the interfluvium of the Rio Solimoes and upper Rio Negro.

Distribution. Wide ranging in the upper Amazon Basin of S Venezuela (Federal Terrritory of Amazonas), S & E Colombia (Colombian Amazon region, N of the rios Amazonas and Ica-Putumayo, and patchily occurring in the E lowlands W of the Orinoco, N as far as the lower Rio Meta), and NW Brazil (N of the Solimoes, W from the rios Negro and Branco, as far N as the Rio Uraricoera); it would seem that it is absent in the Colombian Amazon Basin from the middle and upper rios Meta and Vichada and from the N bank of the upper Rio Guaviare. in Cebidae

Distribution. Wide ranging in the upper Amazon Basin of S Venezuela (Federal Terrritory of Amazonas), S & E Colombia (Colombian Amazon region, N of the rios Amazonas and Ica-Putumayo, and patchily occurring in the E lowlands W of the Orinoco, N as far as the lower Rio Meta), and NW Brazil (N of the Solimoes, W from the rios Negro and Branco, as far N as the Rio Uraricoera); it would seem that it is absent in the Colombian Amazon Basin from the middle and upper rios Meta and Vichada and from the N bank of the upper Rio Guaviare.

Distribution. Wide ranging in the upper Brazilian Amazon Basin, S of the Rio Solimoes-Amazonas, W from the Rio Tapajos, through the N of the states of Mato Grosso and Rondonia (at least to 10° S), and the Madeira, Purus, Jurua, and Javari basins to the Rio Ucayali in E Peru. White-fronted capuchins occur in northern Bolivia, S at least to the middle reaches of the Beni and Mamoré in the departments of Pando, Beni, and La Paz, and they are presumed to be Spix's White-fronted Capuchin. Nevertheless, where distributions of Spix's White-fronted Capuchin and the Shock-headed Capuchin (C. cuscinus) of the upper Purus and SE Peru meetis not known. in Cebidae

Distribution. Wide ranging in the upper Brazilian Amazon Basin, S of the Rio Solimoes-Amazonas, W from the Rio Tapajos, through the N of the states of Mato Grosso and Rondonia (at least to 10° S), and the Madeira, Purus, Jurua, and Javari basins to the Rio Ucayali in E Peru. White-fronted capuchins occur in northern Bolivia, S at least to the middle reaches of the Beni and Mamoré in the departments of Pando, Beni, and La Paz, and they are presumed to be Spix's White-fronted Capuchin. Nevertheless, where distributions of Spix's White-fronted Capuchin and the Shock-headed Capuchin (C. cuscinus) of the upper Purus and SE Peru meetis not known.

Subspecies and Distribution. C.m.melanocephalusHumboldt,1812—NWAmazoninSVenezuelaandNWBrazil,betweentheupperRioOrinocoandupperRioNegro. C. m. ayresi Boubli et al., 2008 — NW Amazon in Brazil, evidently limited to a small area comprising the Rio Curuduri Basin and the middle to lower Rio Araca N of the Rio Negro. in Phitheciidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C.m.melanocephalusHumboldt,1812—NWAmazoninSVenezuelaandNWBrazil,betweentheupperRioOrinocoandupperRioNegro. C. m. ayresi Boubli et al., 2008 — NW Amazon in Brazil, evidently limited to a small area comprising the Rio Curuduri Basin and the middle to lower Rio Araca N of the Rio Negro.

Distribution. S Brazilian Amazon Basin, S in Phitheciidae

Distribution. S Brazilian Amazon Basin, S of the right (S) bank of the Rio Madeira, E of the lower Rio Jiparana and W to the rios Aripuana and Roosevelt; S limits of its distribution are unclear, but there may be a zone of contact or intergradation with the ranges of the Ashy Titi (C. cinerascens) and the White-eared Titi (C. donacophilus) in S Rondonia or N Mato Grosso states.

Subspecies and Distribution. C.c.calvus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1847—BrazilianAmazon,mainlyrestrictedtothelargefluvialislandborderedbytheriosJapura,Auati-Parana,andSolimoes. C.c.novaesiHershkovitz,1987—BrazilianAmazon,restrictedtotheupperRioJurua(Sbank),betweentheriosEiruandTarauacainthestateofAmazonas.C.c¢.rubicundus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire&Deville,1848—WAmazonBasininBrazil(disjunctdistribution,withonepopulationintheJapura-Solimoesinterfluvium,WoftheAuati-Parana,andanotheralongtheRioSolimoes,upriverfromtheRioI¢a-Putumayo);possiblyextendingintotheColombianTrapeziumbutneverrecordedthere. C. c. ucayalu Thomas, 1928 — W Amazon Basin in E Peru (S of the Rio Amazonas, between the rios Ucayali and Yavari, in the regions of Loreto and N Ucayali) and W Brazil (known from a single locality, Estirao do Ecuador, on the E bank ofthe lower RioJavari). in Phitheciidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C.c.calvus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1847—BrazilianAmazon,mainlyrestrictedtothelargefluvialislandborderedbytheriosJapura,Auati-Parana,andSolimoes. C.c.novaesiHershkovitz,1987—BrazilianAmazon,restrictedtotheupperRioJurua(Sbank),betweentheriosEiruandTarauacainthestateofAmazonas.C.c¢.rubicundus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire&Deville,1848—WAmazonBasininBrazil(disjunctdistribution,withonepopulationintheJapura-Solimoesinterfluvium,WoftheAuati-Parana,andanotheralongtheRioSolimoes,upriverfromtheRioI¢a-Putumayo);possiblyextendingintotheColombianTrapeziumbutneverrecordedthere. C. c. ucayalu Thomas, 1928 — W Amazon Basin in E Peru (S of the Rio Amazonas, between the rios Ucayali and Yavari, in the regions of Loreto and N Ucayali) and W Brazil (known from a single locality, Estirao do Ecuador, on the E bank ofthe lower RioJavari).

Distribution. Brazilian Amazon, S of the Rio Amazonas, between the Tapajos/Juruena system and the Tocantins/Araguaia river system to the E, in the Brazilian states of Para and Mato Grosso; the exact S limit ofits distribution is unclear, but it seems likely that it coincides with the transition between the Amazon rainforest and the cerrado savannas of C Brazil; this ecotone encompasses headwaters of the Xingu and Tapajos river systems in N Mato Grosso. Vieira's Titi (C. vieirai) is also known to occur in this region, but there are too few records to confirm whether their distributions intergrade, or in fact where the exact limits of their distributions are. One recent study also found that the Red-bellied Titi may be absent from or present at extremely low densities in large areas of the Tocantins-Xingu interfluvium. Given the overall lack of records, while it is clear that the Red-bellied Titi occurs over a vast area of the SE Amazon Basin, the exact limits of its distribution within this area remain unclear. in Phitheciidae

Distribution. Brazilian Amazon, S of the Rio Amazonas, between the Tapajos/Juruena system and the Tocantins/Araguaia river system to the E, in the Brazilian states of Para and Mato Grosso; the exact S limit ofits distribution is unclear, but it seems likely that it coincides with the transition between the Amazon rainforest and the cerrado savannas of C Brazil; this ecotone encompasses headwaters of the Xingu and Tapajos river systems in N Mato Grosso. Vieira's Titi (C. vieirai) is also known to occur in this region, but there are too few records to confirm whether their distributions intergrade, or in fact where the exact limits of their distributions are. One recent study also found that the Red-bellied Titi may be absent from or present at extremely low densities in large areas of the Tocantins-Xingu interfluvium. Given the overall lack of records, while it is clear that the Red-bellied Titi occurs over a vast area of the SE Amazon Basin, the exact limits of its distribution within this area remain unclear.

Distribution. SW Amazon Basin in the states of Amazonas and Rondoénia, Brazil; little is known ofits distribution in the wild, although it is presumed to coincide with the Ipixuna-Mucuim interfluvium on the right (S) bank of the Rio Purus, possibly extending as far S as the Rio Madeira in Rondonia. in Phitheciidae

Distribution. SW Amazon Basin in the states of Amazonas and Rondoénia, Brazil; little is known ofits distribution in the wild, although it is presumed to coincide with the Ipixuna-Mucuim interfluvium on the right (S) bank of the Rio Purus, possibly extending as far S as the Rio Madeira in Rondonia.

Distribution. SW Amazon Basin S of the Rio Maranon /Solimoes in E Peru (E of the Rio Ucayali) and W Brazil (W of the Rio Purus). The exact S limit of its distribution is unclear, but it appears to coincide with the foothills of the Andes. in Phitheciidae

Distribution. SW Amazon Basin S of the Rio Maranon /Solimoes in E Peru (E of the Rio Ucayali) and W Brazil (W of the Rio Purus). The exact S limit of its distribution is unclear, but it appears to coincide with the foothills of the Andes.

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Distribution. From lower Amazon Basin S in Dasypodidae

Distribution. From lower Amazon Basin S to Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil and W to the Gran Chaco of E Bolivia, and Paraguay. Presence in N Argentina considered uncertain at this time due to potential misidentification of specimens.

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Subspecies and Distribution. D.k.kappleriKrauss,1862—restrictedtotheGuianaShield. D.k.beniensisLonnberg,1942—lowlandsofAmazonianBrazilandBolivia,SoftheMadredeDios,Madeira,andlowerAmazonrivers. D. k. pastasae Thomas, 1901 — E Andes Range of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, Venezuela, S of the Orinoco River, and W Amazon Basin in Brazil and NW Bolivia, N of the Rio Madre de Dios. in Dasypodidae

Subspecies and Distribution. D.k.kappleriKrauss,1862—restrictedtotheGuianaShield. D.k.beniensisLonnberg,1942—lowlandsofAmazonianBrazilandBolivia,SoftheMadredeDios,Madeira,andlowerAmazonrivers. D. k. pastasae Thomas, 1901 — E Andes Range of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, Venezuela, S of the Orinoco River, and W Amazon Basin in Brazil and NW Bolivia, N of the Rio Madre de Dios.

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Distribution. NE & S Venezuela (Orinoco Delta and S of the Orinoco River), the Guianas, N & NC Brazil (along the Amazon River W to Maranhao and S to Para and Mato Grosso states), and into upper Amazon Basin of SW Colombia (N up to Meta and Guainia departments), E Ecuador, and NE & E Peru; its S limit in W Amazonian Brazil is unclear. Additional visual records are described for SE Para State and need to be confirmed. in Megalonychidae

Distribution. NE & S Venezuela (Orinoco Delta and S of the Orinoco River), the Guianas, N & NC Brazil (along the Amazon River W to Maranhao and S to Para and Mato Grosso states), and into upper Amazon Basin of SW Colombia (N up to Meta and Guainia departments), E Ecuador, and NE & E Peru; its S limit in W Amazonian Brazil is unclear. Additional visual records are described for SE Para State and need to be confirmed.