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746 results for “Brassica”
A quantitative analysis of primary dormancy and dormancy changes during burial in seeds of Brassica napus
<p>For plants inhabiting unpredictable environments, scheduling germination can be challenging. Various responses to environmental conditions have been evolved by plants; these responses combine with variation in local climate to construct germination niche. Germination process may be regulated by a number of factors, among them, the type of seed dormancy and dormancy cycling play an important role in promoting survival after dispersal. In the present study, seeds of <i>Brassica napus</i> were tested for primary conditional dormancy (CD). Dormancy changes were quantified through seed population thermal germination parameters to test whether different genotypes of <i>B. napus</i> seeds (<span>944, 966, Alestrom, Danube, Okanto and Rohan</span>) are non-dormant (ND) at the maturity or if they present primary dormancy (D or CD). In a burial experiment, <i>B. napus</i> seeds dormancy cycling in the natural soil seedbank was investigated. Germination of all genotypes decreased at 5 and >20 <sup>o</sup>C, showing narrower breadth of thermal niche for germination. Dormancy-breaking Treatments lead to the widening of thermal range permissive for germination. The lower limit (<i>T<sub>l(50)</sub></i>) and higher limit (<i>T<sub>h(50)</sub></i>) temperatures for germination decreased and increased, respectively, for non-dormant (after-ripened seeds treated with GA<sub>3</sub>) seeds compared with fresh seeds in all genotypes. In fresh seeds, the <i>T<sub>l(50) </sub></i>and <i>T<sub>h(50)</sub></i> for various genotypes ranged from 3.61 to 6.5<sup>o</sup>C and 25.0 to 29.0<sup>o</sup>C, respectively and ranged from 0.2 to 1.8<sup>o</sup>C and 35 to 41.0<sup>o</sup>C in non-dormant seeds. Thus, fresh seeds of <i>B. napus</i> are dormant at dispersal and adopt delayed germination strategies to avoid summer drought. In the burial experiment, the results indicated that<i> B. napus</i> must have D/ND cycle in which fresh seeds first become dormant and then the cycle begins (CD → D ↔ CD ↔ ND), thus adopting both risk-prone and risk- adverse strategies to spread the likelihood of survival over time.</p>
Cytonuclear interactions remain stable during allopolyploid evolution despite repeated whole-genome duplications in Brassica
<p>Plant cells arose through the endosymbiotic engulfment of a cyanobacterium that subsequently formed the chloroplast genome, enabling plants to develop new critical functions. Almost all chloroplast proteins are now encoded in the nucleus, but some chloroplast protein complexes are jointly encoded by both nuclear and chloroplast genes, which interact to facilitate essential plant functions, such as the photosystems. Allopolyploidy, resulting from the hybridization and genome doubling of two divergent species, can disrupt these fine-tuned cytonuclear interactions, as newly formed allopolyploid species confront biparental nuclear chromosomes with a uniparental organelle inheritance. Such unequal genome inheritance may affect the conformation of the five cytonuclear complexes in allopolyploids. We used <em>Brassica</em> as a model to study the effects of paleopolyploidy and dichotomic divergence in parental species, as well as the effects of recent allopolyploidy in <em>Brassica napus</em>, on genes implicated in cytonuclear complexes. Because the <em>B. napus</em> parental diploid species are paleohexaploids, we first identified paleologous copies of cytonuclear complex genes. We found that these genes are preferentially retained in duplicates, are nearly all transcribed and are undergoing strong purifying selection, in accordance with the ‘gene balance hypothesis’. Subsequently, we compared expression patterns of cytonuclear complex homoeolog genes between resynthesized <em>B. napus </em>individuals and their respective diploid parents. The neo-polyploids showed neither biased sub-genome expression nor homogenization of homoeologs, due to highly conserved parental chloroplast genomes. These findings provide new insights and an innovative framework to understand the impact of cytonuclear interactions on interspecific hybridization and allopolyploid speciation.</p>
Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) A.R.Clapham (BR0000012562824)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica tournefortii Gouan (BR0000012254019)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica rapa L. (BR0000012543618)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica rapa L. (BR0000010444955)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica rapa L. (BR0000010444931)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica rapa L. (BR0000025203561)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica rapa L. (BR0000010444993)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica rapa L. (BR0000010444740)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica rapa L. (BR0000010444917)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica rapa L. (BR0000012163175)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica oleracea L. (BR0000010444801)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica oleracea L. (BR0000010444788)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica oleracea L. (BR0000010444375)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch (BR0000010444290)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica oleracea L. (BR0000005394289)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica oleracea L. (BR0000012585700)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch (BR0000012487592)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch (BR0000010444146)
Belgium Herbarium image of <a href="https://www.plantentuinmeise.be">Meise Botanic Garden</a>.
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