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VOYAGER 2 JUP LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE CALIB. 15MIN

THIS DATA SET CONSISTS OF RESAMPLED DATA FROM THE LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE (LECP) EXPERIMENT ON VOYAGER 2 WHILE THE SPACECRAFT WAS IN THE VICINITY OF JUPITER. THIS INSTRUMENT MEASURES THE INTENSITIES OF IN-SITU CHARGED PARTICLES (>26 KEV ELECTRONS AND >30 KEV IONS) WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF DISCRIMINATION BASED ON ENERGY, MASS SPECIES, AND ANGULAR ARRIVAL DIRECTION. A SUBSET OF ALMOST 100 LECP CHANNELS ARE INCLUDED WITH THIS DATA SET. THE LECP DATA ARE GLOBALLY CALIBRATED TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE (SEE BELOW) AND THEY ARE TIME AVERAGED TO ABOUT 15 MINUTE TIME INTERVALS WITH THE EXACT BEGINNING AND ENDING TIMES FOR THOSE INTERVALS MATCHING THE LECP INSTRUMENTAL CYCLE PERIODS (THE ANGULAR SCANNING PERIODS). THE LECP INSTUMENT HAS A ROTATING HEAD FOR OBTAINING ANGULAR ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENTS OF THE MEDIUM ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLES THAT IT MEASURES. THE CYCLE TIME FOR THE ROTATION IF VARIABLE, BUT DURING ENCOUNTERS IT IS ALWAYS FASTER THAN 15 MINUTES. THUS, THE FULL ANGULAR ANISOTROPY INFORMATION IS PRESERVED WITH THIS DATA. THE DATA IS IN THE FORM OF 'RATE' DATA WHICH HAS NOT BEEN CONVERTED TO THE USUAL PHYSICAL UNITS. THE REASON IS THAT SUCH A CONVERSION WOULD DEPEND ON UNCERTAIN DETERMINATIONS SUCH AS THE MASS SPECIES OF THE PARTICLES AND THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND. BOTH MASS SPECIES AND BACKGROUND ARE GENERALLY DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT DURING THE STUDY OF PARTICULAR REGIONS. TO CONVERT 'RATE' TO 'INTENSITY' FOR A PARTICULAR CHANNEL ONE PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING TASKS: 1) DECIDE ON THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND CONTAMINATION AND SUBTRACT THAT OFF THE GIVEN RATE LEVEL. BACKGROUND IS TO BE DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT AND FROM MAKING USE OF SECTOR 8 RATES (SECTOR 8 HAS A 2 mm AL SHIELD COVERING IT). 2) DIVIDE THE BACKGROUND CORRECTED RATE BY THE CHANNEL GEOMETRIC FACTOR AND BY THE ENERGY BANDPASS OF THE CHANNEL. THE GEOMETRIC FACTOR IS FOUND IN ENTRY 'channel_geometric_ factor' AS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH CHANNEL 'channel_id'. TO DETERMINE THE ENERGY BANDPASS, ONE MUST JUDGE THE MASS SPECIES OF THE OF THE DETECTED PARTICLES (FOR IONS BUT NOT FOR ELECTRONS). THE ENERGY BAND PASSES ARE GIVEN IN ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPENERGY', AND ARE GIVEN IN THE FORM 'ENERGY/NUCLEON'. FOR CHANNELS THAT BEGIN THEIR NAMES WITH THE DESIGNATIONS 'CH' THESE BANDPASSES CAN BE USED ON MASS SPECIES THAT ARE ACCEPTED INTO THAT CHANNEL (SEE ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPCHANZ', WHICH GIVE THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED -- THESE ENTRIES ARE BLANK FOR ELECTRON CHANNELS). FOR OTHER CHANNELS THE GIVEN BANDPASS REFERS ONLY TO THE LOWEST 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED. THE BANDPASSES FOR OTHER 'Z' VALUES ARE NOT ALL KNOWN, BUT SOME ARE GIVEN IN THE LITERATURE (E.G. KRIMIGIS ET AL., 1979). THE FINAL PRODUCT OF THESE INSTRUCTIONS WILL BE THE PARTICLE INTENSITY WITH THE UNITS: COUNTS/(CM**2.STR.SEC.KEV). SOME CHANNELS ARE SUBJECT TO SERIOUS CONTAMINATIONS, AND MANY OF THESE CONTAMINATIONS CANNOT BE REMOVED EXCEPT WITH A REGION-BY-REGION ANALYSIS, WHICH HAS NOT BEEN DONE FOR THIS DATA. THUS, TO USE THIS DATA IT IS ABSOLUTELY VITAL THAT THE CONTAMINATION TYPES ('contamination_id' , 'contamination_desc') AND THE LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION ('data_quality_id' CORRESPONDING TO THE DEFINITIONS 'data_quality_desc') BE CAREFULLY EXAMINED FOR ALL REGIONS OF STUDY. A DEAD TIME CORRECTION PROCEDURE HAS BEEN APPLIED IN AN ATTEMPT TO CORRECT THE LINEAR EFFECTS OF DETECTOR OVERDRIVE (PULSE-PILEUP). THIS PROCEDURE DOES NOT FIX SEVERELY OVERDRIVEN DETECTORS. A PROCEDURE IS AVAILABLE FOR CORRECTING VOYAGER 2 LECP ELECTRON CONTAMINATION OF LOW ENERGY ION CHANNELS, BUT ITS EFFECTIVENESS HAS BEEN EVALUATED ONLY FOR THE URANUS DATA SET. THUS, CORRECTIONS HAVE BEEN APPLIED ONLY TO THE URANUS DATA SET. Also included with this data are one standard deviation statistical uncertainties for the directional data (sectors 1 through 8) expressed as a percent. Unknown values are generally coded as s

VOYAGER 1 JUP LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE CALIB. BR 15MIN

THIS BROWSE DATA CONSISTS OF RESAMPLED DATA FROM THE LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE (LECP) EXPERIMENT ON VOYAGER 1 WHILE THE SPACECRAFT WAS IN THE VICINITY OF JUPITER. THIS INSTRUMENT MEASURES THE INTENSITIES OF IN-SITU CHARGED PARTICLES (>26 KEV ELECTRONS AND >30 KEV IONS) WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF DISCRIMINATION BASED ON ENERGY, MASS SPECIES, AND ANGULAR ARRIVAL DIRECTION. A SUBSET OF ALMOST 100 LECP CHANNELS ARE INCLUDED WITH THIS DATA SET. THE LECP DATA ARE GLOBALLY CALIBRATED TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE (SEE BELOW) AND THEY ARE TIME AVERAGED TO ABOUT 15 MINUTE TIME INTERVALS WITH THE EXACT BEGINNING AND ENDING TIMES FOR THOSE INTERVALS MATCHING THE LECP INSTRUMENTAL CYCLE PERIODS (THE ANGULAR SCANNING PERIODS). THE LECP INSTUMENT HAS A ROTATING HEAD FOR OBTAINING ANGULAR ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENTS OF THE MEDIUM ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLES THAT IT MEASURES. THE CYCLE TIME FOR THE ROTATION IF VARIABLE, BUT DURING ENCOUNTERS IT IS ALWAYS FASTER THAN 15 MINUTES. FOR THIS BROWSE DATA SET ONLY SCAN AVERAGE DATA IS GIVEN (NO ANGULAR INFORMATION). THE DATA IS IN THE FORM OF 'RATE' DATA WHICH HAS NOT BEEN CONVERTED TO THE USUAL PHYSICAL UNITS. THE REASON IS THAT SUCH A CONVERSION WOULD DEPEND ON UNCERTAIN DETERMINATIONS SUCH AS THE MASS SPECIES OF THE PARTICLES AND THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND. BOTH MASS SPECIES AND BACKGROUND ARE GENERALLY DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT DURING THE STUDY OF PARTICULAR REGIONS. TO CONVERT 'RATE' TO 'INTENSITY' FOR A PARTICULAR CHANNEL ONE PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING TASKS: 1) DECIDE ON THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND CONTAMINATION AND SUBTRACT THAT OFF THE GIVEN RATE LEVEL. BACKGROUND IS TO BE DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT AND FROM MAKING USE OF SECTOR 8 RATES (SECTOR 8 HAS A 2 mm AL SHIELD COVERING IT). 2) DIVIDE THE BACKGROUND CORRECTED RATE BY THE CHANNEL GEOMETRIC FACTOR AND BY THE ENERGY BANDPASS OF THE CHANNEL. THE GEOMETRIC FACTOR IS FOUND IN ENTRY 'channel_geometric_ factor' AS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH CHANNEL 'channel_id'. TO DETERMINE THE ENERGY BANDPASS, ONE MUST JUDGE THE MASS SPECIES OF THE OF THE DETECTED PARTICLES (FOR IONS BUT NOT FOR ELECTRONS). THE ENERGY BAND PASSES ARE GIVEN IN ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPENERGY', AND ARE GIVEN IN THE FORM 'ENERGY/NUCLEON'. FOR CHANNELS THAT BEGIN THEIR NAMES WITH THE DESIGNATIONS 'CH' THESE BANDPASSES CAN BE USED ON MASS SPECIES THAT ARE ACCEPTED INTO THAT CHANNEL (SEE ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPCHANZ', WHICH GIVE THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED -- THESE ENTRIES ARE BLANK FOR ELECTRON CHANNELS). FOR OTHER CHANNELS THE GIVEN BANDPASS REFERS ONLY TO THE LOWEST 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED. THE BANDPASSES FOR OTHER 'Z' VALUES ARE NOT ALL KNOWN, BUT SOME ARE GIVEN IN THE LITERATURE (E.G. KRIMIGIS ET AL., 1979). THE FINAL PRODUCT OF THESE INSTRUCTIONS WILL BE THE PARTICLE INTENSITY WITH THE UNITS: COUNTS/(CM**2.STR.SEC.KEV). SOME CHANNELS ARE SUBJECT TO SERIOUS CONTAMINATIONS, AND MANY OF THESE CONTAMINATIONS CANNOT BE REMOVED EXCEPT WITH A REGION-BY-REGION ANALYSIS, WHICH HAS NOT BEEN DONE FOR THIS DATA. THUS, TO USE THIS DATA IT IS ABSOLUTELY VITAL THAT THE CONTAMINATION TYPES ('contamination_id' , 'contamination_desc') AND THE LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION ('data_quality_id' CORRESPONDING TO THE DEFINITIONS 'data_quality_desc') BE CAREFULLY EXAMINED FOR ALL REGIONS OF STUDY. A DEAD TIME CORRECTION PROCEDURE HAS BEEN APPLIED IN AN ATTEMPT TO CORRECT THE LINEAR EFFECTS OF DETECTOR OVERDRIVE (PULSE-PILEUP). THIS PROCEDURE DOES NOT FIX SEVERELY OVERDRIVEN DETECTORS. A PROCEDURE IS AVAILABLE FOR CORRECTING VOYAGER 2 LECP ELECTRON CONTAMINATION OF LOW ENERGY ION CHANNELS, BUT ITS EFFECTIVENESS HAS BEEN EVALUATED ONLY FOR THE URANUS DATA SET. THUS, CORRECTIONS HAVE BEEN APPLIED ONLY TO THE URANUS DATA SET.

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VOYAGER 1 SAT LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE CALIB. 15MIN

THIS DATA SET CONSISTS OF RESAMPLED DATA FROM THE LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE (LECP) EXPERIMENT ON VOYAGER 1 WHILE THE SPACECRAFT WAS IN THE VICINITY OF SATURN. THIS INSTRUMENT MEASURES THE INTENSITIES OF IN-SITU CHARGED PARTICLES (>26 KEV ELECTRONS AND >30 KEV IONS) WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF DISCRIMINATION BASED ON ENERGY, MASS SPECIES, AND ANGULAR ARRIVAL DIRECTION. A SUBSET OF ALMOST 100 LECP CHANNELS ARE INCLUDED WITH THIS DATA SET. THE LECP DATA ARE GLOBALLY CALIBRATED TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE (SEE BELOW) AND THEY ARE TIME AVERAGED TO ABOUT 15 MINUTE TIME INTERVALS WITH THE EXACT BEGINNING AND ENDING TIMES FOR THOSE INTERVALS MATCHING THE LECP INSTRUMENTAL CYCLE PERIODS (THE ANGULAR SCANNING PERIODS). THE LECP INSTUMENT HAS A ROTATING HEAD FOR OBTAINING ANGULAR ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENTS OF THE MEDIUM ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLES THAT IT MEASURES. THE CYCLE TIME FOR THE ROTATION IF VARIABLE, BUT DURING ENCOUNTERS IT IS ALWAYS FASTER THAN 15 MINUTES. THUS, THE FULL ANGULAR ANISOTROPY INFORMATION IS PRESERVED WITH THIS DATA. THE DATA IS IN THE FORM OF 'RATE' DATA WHICH HAS NOT BEEN CONVERTED TO THE USUAL PHYSICAL UNITS. THE REASON IS THAT SUCH A CONVERSION WOULD DEPEND ON UNCERTAIN DETERMINATIONS SUCH AS THE MASS SPECIES OF THE PARTICLES AND THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND. BOTH MASS SPECIES AND BACKGROUND ARE GENERALLY DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT DURING THE STUDY OF PARTICULAR REGIONS. TO CONVERT 'RATE' TO 'INTENSITY' FOR A PARTICULAR CHANNEL ONE PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING TASKS: 1) DECIDE ON THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND CONTAMINATION AND SUBTRACT THAT OFF THE GIVEN RATE LEVEL. BACKGROUND IS TO BE DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT AND FROM MAKING USE OF SECTOR 8 RATES (SECTOR 8 HAS A 2 mm AL SHIELD COVERING IT). 2) DIVIDE THE BACKGROUND CORRECTED RATE BY THE CHANNEL GEOMETRIC FACTOR AND BY THE ENERGY BANDPASS OF THE CHANNEL. THE GEOMETRIC FACTOR IS FOUND IN ENTRY 'channel_geometric_ factor' AS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH CHANNEL 'channel_id'. TO DETERMINE THE ENERGY BANDPASS, ONE MUST JUDGE THE MASS SPECIES OF THE OF THE DETECTED PARTICLES (FOR IONS BUT NOT FOR ELECTRONS). THE ENERGY BAND PASSES ARE GIVEN IN ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPENERGY', AND ARE GIVEN IN THE FORM 'ENERGY/NUCLEON'. FOR CHANNELS THAT BEGIN THEIR NAMES WITH THE DESIGNATIONS 'CH' THESE BANDPASSES CAN BE USED ON MASS SPECIES THAT ARE ACCEPTED INTO THAT CHANNEL (SEE ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPCHANZ', WHICH GIVE THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED -- THESE ENTRIES ARE BLANK FOR ELECTRON CHANNELS). FOR OTHER CHANNELS THE GIVEN BANDPASS REFERS ONLY TO THE LOWEST 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED. THE BANDPASSES FOR OTHER 'Z' VALUES ARE NOT ALL KNOWN, BUT SOME ARE GIVEN IN THE LITERATURE (E.G. KRIMIGIS ET AL., 1979). THE FINAL PRODUCT OF THESE INSTRUCTIONS WILL BE THE PARTICLE INTENSITY WITH THE UNITS: COUNTS/(CM**2.STR.SEC.KEV). SOME CHANNELS ARE SUBJECT TO SERIOUS CONTAMINATIONS, AND MANY OF THESE CONTAMINATIONS CANNOT BE REMOVED EXCEPT WITH A REGION-BY-REGION ANALYSIS, WHICH HAS NOT BEEN DONE FOR THIS DATA. THUS, TO USE THIS DATA IT IS ABSOLUTELY VITAL THAT THE CONTAMINATION TYPES ('contamination_id' , 'contamination_desc') AND THE LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION ('data_quality_id' CORRESPONDING TO THE DEFINITIONS 'data_quality_desc') BE CAREFULLY EXAMINED FOR ALL REGIONS OF STUDY. A DEAD TIME CORRECTION PROCEDURE HAS BEEN APPLIED IN AN ATTEMPT TO CORRECT THE LINEAR EFFECTS OF DETECTOR OVERDRIVE (PULSE-PILEUP). THIS PROCEDURE DOES NOT FIX SEVERELY OVERDRIVEN DETECTORS. A PROCEDURE IS AVAILABLE FOR CORRECTING VOYAGER 2 LECP ELECTRON CONTAMINATION OF LOW ENERGY ION CHANNELS, BUT ITS EFFECTIVENESS HAS BEEN EVALUATED ONLY FOR THE URANUS DATA SET. THUS, CORRECTIONS HAVE BEEN APPLIED ONLY TO THE URANUS DATA SET. Also included with this data are one standard deviation statistical uncertainties for the directional data (sectors 1 through 8) expressed as a percent. Unknown values are generally coded as su

VOYAGER 2 SAT LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE CALIB. 15MIN

THIS DATA SET CONSISTS OF RESAMPLED DATA FROM THE LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE (LECP) EXPERIMENT ON VOYAGER 2 WHILE THE SPACECRAFT WAS IN THE VICINITY OF SATURN. THIS INSTRUMENT MEASURES THE INTENSITIES OF IN-SITU CHARGED PARTICLES (>26 KEV ELECTRONS AND >30 KEV IONS) WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF DISCRIMINATION BASED ON ENERGY, MASS SPECIES, AND ANGULAR ARRIVAL DIRECTION. A SUBSET OF ALMOST 100 LECP CHANNELS ARE INCLUDED WITH THIS DATA SET. THE LECP DATA ARE GLOBALLY CALIBRATED TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE (SEE BELOW) AND THEY ARE TIME AVERAGED TO ABOUT 15 MINUTE TIME INTERVALS WITH THE EXACT BEGINNING AND ENDING TIMES FOR THOSE INTERVALS MATCHING THE LECP INSTRUMENTAL CYCLE PERIODS (THE ANGULAR SCANNING PERIODS). THE LECP INSTUMENT HAS A ROTATING HEAD FOR OBTAINING ANGULAR ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENTS OF THE MEDIUM ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLES THAT IT MEASURES. THE CYCLE TIME FOR THE ROTATION IF VARIABLE, BUT DURING ENCOUNTERS IT IS ALWAYS FASTER THAN 15 MINUTES. THUS, THE FULL ANGULAR ANISOTROPY INFORMATION IS PRESERVED WITH THIS DATA. THE DATA IS IN THE FORM OF 'RATE' DATA WHICH HAS NOT BEEN CONVERTED TO THE USUAL PHYSICAL UNITS. THE REASON IS THAT SUCH A CONVERSION WOULD DEPEND ON UNCERTAIN DETERMINATIONS SUCH AS THE MASS SPECIES OF THE PARTICLES AND THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND. BOTH MASS SPECIES AND BACKGROUND ARE GENERALLY DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT DURING THE STUDY OF PARTICULAR REGIONS. TO CONVERT 'RATE' TO 'INTENSITY' FOR A PARTICULAR CHANNEL ONE PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING TASKS: 1) DECIDE ON THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND CONTAMINATION AND SUBTRACT THAT OFF THE GIVEN RATE LEVEL. BACKGROUND IS TO BE DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT AND FROM MAKING USE OF SECTOR 8 RATES (SECTOR 8 HAS A 2 mm AL SHIELD COVERING IT). 2) DIVIDE THE BACKGROUND CORRECTED RATE BY THE CHANNEL GEOMETRIC FACTOR AND BY THE ENERGY BANDPASS OF THE CHANNEL. THE GEOMETRIC FACTOR IS FOUND IN ENTRY 'channel_geometric_ factor' AS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH CHANNEL 'channel_id'. TO DETERMINE THE ENERGY BANDPASS, ONE MUST JUDGE THE MASS SPECIES OF THE OF THE DETECTED PARTICLES (FOR IONS BUT NOT FOR ELECTRONS). THE ENERGY BAND PASSES ARE GIVEN IN ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPENERGY', AND ARE GIVEN IN THE FORM 'ENERGY/NUCLEON'. FOR CHANNELS THAT BEGIN THEIR NAMES WITH THE DESIGNATIONS 'CH' THESE BANDPASSES CAN BE USED ON MASS SPECIES THAT ARE ACCEPTED INTO THAT CHANNEL (SEE ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPCHANZ', WHICH GIVE THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED -- THESE ENTRIES ARE BLANK FOR ELECTRON CHANNELS). FOR OTHER CHANNELS THE GIVEN BANDPASS REFERS ONLY TO THE LOWEST 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED. THE BANDPASSES FOR OTHER 'Z' VALUES ARE NOT ALL KNOWN, BUT SOME ARE GIVEN IN THE LITERATURE (E.G. KRIMIGIS ET AL., 1979). THE FINAL PRODUCT OF THESE INSTRUCTIONS WILL BE THE PARTICLE INTENSITY WITH THE UNITS: COUNTS/(CM**2.STR.SEC.KEV). SOME CHANNELS ARE SUBJECT TO SERIOUS CONTAMINATIONS, AND MANY OF THESE CONTAMINATIONS CANNOT BE REMOVED EXCEPT WITH A REGION-BY-REGION ANALYSIS, WHICH HAS NOT BEEN DONE FOR THIS DATA. THUS, TO USE THIS DATA IT IS ABSOLUTELY VITAL THAT THE CONTAMINATION TYPES ('contamination_id' , 'contamination_desc') AND THE LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION ('data_quality_id' CORRESPONDING TO THE DEFINITIONS 'data_quality_desc') BE CAREFULLY EXAMINED FOR ALL REGIONS OF STUDY. A DEAD TIME CORRECTION PROCEDURE HAS BEEN APPLIED IN AN ATTEMPT TO CORRECT THE LINEAR EFFECTS OF DETECTOR OVERDRIVE (PULSE-PILEUP). THIS PROCEDURE DOES NOT FIX SEVERELY OVERDRIVEN DETECTORS. A PROCEDURE IS AVAILABLE FOR CORRECTING VOYAGER 2 LECP ELECTRON CONTAMINATION OF LOW ENERGY ION CHANNELS, BUT ITS EFFECTIVENESS HAS BEEN EVALUATED ONLY FOR THE URANUS DATA SET. THUS, CORRECTIONS HAVE BEEN APPLIED ONLY TO THE URANUS DATA SET. Also included with this data are one standard deviation statistical uncertainties for the directional data (sectors 1 through 8) expressed as a percent. Unknown values are generally coded as su

VOYAGER 2 JUP LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE CALIB. BR 15MIN

THIS BROWSE DATA CONSISTS OF RESAMPLED DATA FROM THE LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE (LECP) EXPERIMENT ON VOYAGER 2 WHILE THE SPACECRAFT WAS IN THE VICINITY OF JUPITER. THIS INSTRUMENT MEASURES THE INTENSITIES OF IN-SITU CHARGED PARTICLES (>26 KEV ELECTRONS AND >30 KEV IONS) WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF DISCRIMINATION BASED ON ENERGY, MASS SPECIES, AND ANGULAR ARRIVAL DIRECTION. A SUBSET OF ALMOST 100 LECP CHANNELS ARE INCLUDED WITH THIS DATA SET. THE LECP DATA ARE GLOBALLY CALIBRATED TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE (SEE BELOW) AND THEY ARE TIME AVERAGED TO ABOUT 15 MINUTE TIME INTERVALS WITH THE EXACT BEGINNING AND ENDING TIMES FOR THOSE INTERVALS MATCHING THE LECP INSTRUMENTAL CYCLE PERIODS (THE ANGULAR SCANNING PERIODS). THE LECP INSTUMENT HAS A ROTATING HEAD FOR OBTAINING ANGULAR ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENTS OF THE MEDIUM ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLES THAT IT MEASURES. THE CYCLE TIME FOR THE ROTATION IF VARIABLE, BUT DURING ENCOUNTERS IT IS ALWAYS FASTER THAN 15 MINUTES. FOR THIS BROWSE DATA SET ONLY SCAN AVERAGE DATA IS GIVEN (NO ANGULAR INFORMATION). THE DATA IS IN THE FORM OF 'RATE' DATA WHICH HAS NOT BEEN CONVERTED TO THE USUAL PHYSICAL UNITS. THE REASON IS THAT SUCH A CONVERSION WOULD DEPEND ON UNCERTAIN DETERMINATIONS SUCH AS THE MASS SPECIES OF THE PARTICLES AND THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND. BOTH MASS SPECIES AND BACKGROUND ARE GENERALLY DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT DURING THE STUDY OF PARTICULAR REGIONS. TO CONVERT 'RATE' TO 'INTENSITY' FOR A PARTICULAR CHANNEL ONE PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING TASKS: 1) DECIDE ON THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND CONTAMINATION AND SUBTRACT THAT OFF THE GIVEN RATE LEVEL. BACKGROUND IS TO BE DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT AND FROM MAKING USE OF SECTOR 8 RATES (SECTOR 8 HAS A 2 mm AL SHIELD COVERING IT). 2) DIVIDE THE BACKGROUND CORRECTED RATE BY THE CHANNEL GEOMETRIC FACTOR AND BY THE ENERGY BANDPASS OF THE CHANNEL. THE GEOMETRIC FACTOR IS FOUND IN ENTRY 'channel_geometric_ factor' AS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH CHANNEL 'channel_id'. TO DETERMINE THE ENERGY BANDPASS, ONE MUST JUDGE THE MASS SPECIES OF THE OF THE DETECTED PARTICLES (FOR IONS BUT NOT FOR ELECTRONS). THE ENERGY BAND PASSES ARE GIVEN IN ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPENERGY', AND ARE GIVEN IN THE FORM 'ENERGY/NUCLEON'. FOR CHANNELS THAT BEGIN THEIR NAMES WITH THE DESIGNATIONS 'CH' THESE BANDPASSES CAN BE USED ON MASS SPECIES THAT ARE ACCEPTED INTO THAT CHANNEL (SEE ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPCHANZ', WHICH GIVE THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED -- THESE ENTRIES ARE BLANK FOR ELECTRON CHANNELS). FOR OTHER CHANNELS THE GIVEN BANDPASS REFERS ONLY TO THE LOWEST 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED. THE BANDPASSES FOR OTHER 'Z' VALUES ARE NOT ALL KNOWN, BUT SOME ARE GIVEN IN THE LITERATURE (E.G. KRIMIGIS ET AL., 1979). THE FINAL PRODUCT OF THESE INSTRUCTIONS WILL BE THE PARTICLE INTENSITY WITH THE UNITS: COUNTS/(CM**2.STR.SEC.KEV). SOME CHANNELS ARE SUBJECT TO SERIOUS CONTAMINATIONS, AND MANY OF THESE CONTAMINATIONS CANNOT BE REMOVED EXCEPT WITH A REGION-BY-REGION ANALYSIS, WHICH HAS NOT BEEN DONE FOR THIS DATA. THUS, TO USE THIS DATA IT IS ABSOLUTELY VITAL THAT THE CONTAMINATION TYPES ('contamination_id' , 'contamination_desc') AND THE LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION ('data_quality_id' CORRESPONDING TO THE DEFINITIONS 'data_quality_desc') BE CAREFULLY EXAMINED FOR ALL REGIONS OF STUDY. A DEAD TIME CORRECTION PROCEDURE HAS BEEN APPLIED IN AN ATTEMPT TO CORRECT THE LINEAR EFFECTS OF DETECTOR OVERDRIVE (PULSE-PILEUP). THIS PROCEDURE DOES NOT FIX SEVERELY OVERDRIVEN DETECTORS. A PROCEDURE IS AVAILABLE FOR CORRECTING VOYAGER 2 LECP ELECTRON CONTAMINATION OF LOW ENERGY ION CHANNELS, BUT ITS EFFECTIVENESS HAS BEEN EVALUATED ONLY FOR THE URANUS DATA SET. THUS, CORRECTIONS U HAVE BEEN APPLIED ONLY TO THE URANUS DATA SET.

VOYAGER 1 JUP LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE CALIB. 15MIN

THIS DATA SET CONSISTS OF RESAMPLED DATA FROM THE LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE (LECP) EXPERIMENT ON VOYAGER 1 WHILE THE SPACECRAFT WAS IN THE VICINITY OF JUPITER. THIS INSTRUMENT MEASURES THE INTENSITIES OF IN-SITU CHARGED PARTICLES (>26 KEV ELECTRONS AND >30 KEV IONS) WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF DISCRIMINATION BASED ON ENERGY, MASS SPECIES, AND ANGULAR ARRIVAL DIRECTION. A SUBSET OF ALMOST 100 LECP CHANNELS ARE INCLUDED WITH THIS DATA SET. THE LECP DATA ARE GLOBALLY CALIBRATED TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE (SEE BELOW) AND THEY ARE TIME AVERAGED TO ABOUT 15 MINUTE TIME INTERVALS WITH THE EXACT BEGINNING AND ENDING TIMES FOR THOSE INTERVALS MATCHING THE LECP INSTRUMENTAL CYCLE PERIODS (THE ANGULAR SCANNING PERIODS). THE LECP INSTUMENT HAS A ROTATING HEAD FOR OBTAINING ANGULAR ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENTS OF THE MEDIUM ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLES THAT IT MEASURES. THE CYCLE TIME FOR THE ROTATION IF VARIABLE, BUT DURING ENCOUNTERS IT IS ALWAYS FASTER THAN 15 MINUTES. THUS, THE FULL ANGULAR ANISOTROPY INFORMATION IS PRESERVED WITH THIS DATA. THE DATA IS IN THE FORM OF 'RATE' DATA WHICH HAS NOT BEEN CONVERTED TO THE USUAL PHYSICAL UNITS. THE REASON IS THAT SUCH A CONVERSION WOULD DEPEND ON UNCERTAIN DETERMINATIONS SUCH AS THE MASS SPECIES OF THE PARTICLES AND THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND. BOTH MASS SPECIES AND BACKGROUND ARE GENERALLY DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT DURING THE STUDY OF PARTICULAR REGIONS. TO CONVERT 'RATE' TO 'INTENSITY' FOR A PARTICULAR CHANNEL ONE PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING TASKS: 1) DECIDE ON THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND CONTAMINATION AND SUBTRACT THAT OFF THE GIVEN RATE LEVEL. BACKGROUND IS TO BE DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT AND FROM MAKING USE OF SECTOR 8 RATES (SECTOR 8 HAS A 2 mm AL SHIELD COVERING IT). 2) DIVIDE THE BACKGROUND CORRECTED RATE BY THE CHANNEL GEOMETRIC FACTOR AND BY THE ENERGY BANDPASS OF THE CHANNEL. THE GEOMETRIC FACTOR IS FOUND IN ENTRY 'channel_geometric_ factor' AS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH CHANNEL 'channel_id'. TO DETERMINE THE ENERGY BANDPASS, ONE MUST JUDGE THE MASS SPECIES OF THE OF THE DETECTED PARTICLES (FOR IONS BUT NOT FOR ELECTRONS). THE ENERGY BAND PASSES ARE GIVEN IN ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPENERGY', AND ARE GIVEN IN THE FORM 'ENERGY/NUCLEON'. FOR CHANNELS THAT BEGIN THEIR NAMES WITH THE DESIGNATIONS 'CH' THESE BANDPASSES CAN BE USED ON MASS SPECIES THAT ARE ACCEPTED INTO THAT CHANNEL (SEE ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPCHANZ', WHICH GIVE THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED -- THESE ENTRIES ARE BLANK FOR ELECTRON CHANNELS). FOR OTHER CHANNELS THE GIVEN BANDPASS REFERS ONLY TO THE LOWEST 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED. THE BANDPASSES FOR OTHER 'Z' VALUES ARE NOT ALL KNOWN, BUT SOME ARE GIVEN IN THE LITERATURE (E.G. KRIMIGIS ET AL., 1979). THE FINAL PRODUCT OF THESE INSTRUCTIONS WILL BE THE PARTICLE INTENSITY WITH THE UNITS: COUNTS/(CM**2.STR.SEC.KEV). SOME CHANNELS ARE SUBJECT TO SERIOUS CONTAMINATIONS, AND MANY OF THESE CONTAMINATIONS CANNOT BE REMOVED EXCEPT WITH A REGION-BY-REGION ANALYSIS, WHICH HAS NOT BEEN DONE FOR THIS DATA. THUS, TO USE THIS DATA IT IS ABSOLUTELY VITAL THAT THE CONTAMINATION TYPES ('contamination_id' , 'contamination_desc') AND THE LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION ('data_quality_id' CORRESPONDING TO THE DEFINITIONS 'data_quality_desc') BE CAREFULLY EXAMINED FOR ALL REGIONS OF STUDY. A DEAD TIME CORRECTION PROCEDURE HAS BEEN APPLIED IN AN ATTEMPT TO CORRECT THE LINEAR EFFECTS OF DETECTOR OVERDRIVE (PULSE-PILEUP). THIS PROCEDURE DOES NOT FIX SEVERELY OVERDRIVEN DETECTORS. A PROCEDURE IS AVAILABLE FOR CORRECTING VOYAGER 2 LECP ELECTRON CONTAMINATION OF LOW ENERGY ION CHANNELS, BUT ITS EFFECTIVENESS HAS BEEN EVALUATED ONLY FOR THE URANUS DATA SET. THUS, CORRECTIONS HAVE BEEN APPLIED ONLY TO THE URANUS DATA SET. Also included with this data are one standard deviation statistical uncertainties for the directional data (sectors 1 through 8) expressed as a percent. Unknown values are generally coded as s

VOYAGER 2 SAT LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE CALIB. BR 15MIN

THIS BROWSE DATA CONSISTS OF RESAMPLED DATA FROM THE LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE (LECP) EXPERIMENT ON VOYAGER 2 WHILE THE SPACECRAFT WAS IN THE VICINITY OF SATURN. THIS INSTRUMENT MEASURES THE INTENSITIES OF IN-SITU CHARGED PARTICLES (>26 KEV ELECTRONS AND >30 KEV IONS) WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF DISCRIMINATION BASED ON ENERGY, MASS SPECIES, AND ANGULAR ARRIVAL DIRECTION. A SUBSET OF ALMOST 100 LECP CHANNELS ARE INCLUDED WITH THIS DATA SET. THE LECP DATA ARE GLOBALLY CALIBRATED TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE (SEE BELOW) AND THEY ARE TIME AVERAGED TO ABOUT 15 MINUTE TIME INTERVALS WITH THE EXACT BEGINNING AND ENDING TIMES FOR THOSE INTERVALS MATCHING THE LECP INSTRUMENTAL CYCLE PERIODS (THE ANGULAR SCANNING PERIODS). THE LECP INSTUMENT HAS A ROTATING HEAD FOR OBTAINING ANGULAR ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENTS OF THE MEDIUM ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLES THAT IT MEASURES. THE CYCLE TIME FOR THE ROTATION IF VARIABLE, BUT DURING ENCOUNTERS IT IS ALWAYS FASTER THAN 15 MINUTES. FOR THIS BROWSE DATA SET ONLY SCAN AVERAGE DATA IS GIVEN (NO ANGULAR INFORMATION). THE DATA IS IN THE FORM OF 'RATE' DATA WHICH HAS NOT BEEN CONVERTED TO THE USUAL PHYSICAL UNITS. THE REASON IS THAT SUCH A CONVERSION WOULD DEPEND ON UNCERTAIN DETERMINATIONS SUCH AS THE MASS SPECIES OF THE PARTICLES AND THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND. BOTH MASS SPECIES AND BACKGROUND ARE GENERALLY DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT DURING THE STUDY OF PARTICULAR REGIONS. TO CONVERT 'RATE' TO 'INTENSITY' FOR A PARTICULAR CHANNEL ONE PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING TASKS: 1) DECIDE ON THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND CONTAMINATION AND SUBTRACT THAT OFF THE GIVEN RATE LEVEL. BACKGROUND IS TO BE DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT AND FROM MAKING USE OF SECTOR 8 RATES (SECTOR 8 HAS A 2 mm AL SHIELD COVERING IT). 2) DIVIDE THE BACKGROUND CORRECTED RATE BY THE CHANNEL GEOMETRIC FACTOR AND BY THE ENERGY BANDPASS OF THE CHANNEL. THE GEOMETRIC FACTOR IS FOUND IN ENTRY 'channel_geometric_ factor' AS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH CHANNEL 'channel_id'. TO DETERMINE THE ENERGY BANDPASS, ONE MUST JUDGE THE MASS SPECIES OF THE OF THE DETECTED PARTICLES (FOR IONS BUT NOT FOR ELECTRONS). THE ENERGY BAND PASSES ARE GIVEN IN ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPENERGY', AND ARE GIVEN IN THE FORM 'ENERGY/NUCLEON'. FOR CHANNELS THAT BEGIN THEIR NAMES WITH THE DESIGNATIONS 'CH' THESE BANDPASSES CAN BE USED ON MASS SPECIES THAT ARE ACCEPTED INTO THAT CHANNEL (SEE ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPCHANZ', WHICH GIVE THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED -- THESE ENTRIES ARE BLANK FOR ELECTRON CHANNELS). FOR OTHER CHANNELS THE GIVEN BANDPASS REFERS ONLY TO THE LOWEST 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED. THE BANDPASSES FOR OTHER 'Z' VALUES ARE NOT ALL KNOWN, BUT SOME ARE GIVEN IN THE LITERATURE (E.G. KRIMIGIS ET AL., 1979). THE FINAL PRODUCT OF THESE INSTRUCTIONS WILL BE THE PARTICLE INTENSITY WITH THE UNITS: COUNTS/(CM**2.STR.SEC.KEV). SOME CHANNELS ARE SUBJECT TO SERIOUS CONTAMINATIONS, AND MANY OF THESE CONTAMINATIONS CANNOT BE REMOVED EXCEPT WITH A REGION-BY-REGION ANALYSIS, WHICH HAS NOT BEEN DONE FOR THIS DATA. THUS, TO USE THIS DATA IT IS ABSOLUTELY VITAL THAT THE CONTAMINATION TYPES ('contamination_id' , 'contamination_desc') AND THE LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION ('data_quality_id' CORRESPONDING TO THE DEFINITIONS 'data_quality_desc') BE CAREFULLY EXAMINED FOR ALL REGIONS OF STUDY. A DEAD TIME CORRECTION PROCEDURE HAS BEEN APPLIED IN AN ATTEMPT TO CORRECT THE LINEAR EFFECTS OF DETECTOR OVERDRIVE (PULSE-PILEUP). THIS PROCEDURE DOES NOT FIX SEVERELY OVERDRIVEN DETECTORS. A PROCEDURE IS AVAILABLE FOR CORRECTING VOYAGER 2 LECP ELECTRON CONTAMINATION OF LOW ENERGY ION CHANNELS, BUT ITS EFFECTIVENESS HAS BEEN EVALUATED ONLY FOR THE URANUS DATA SET. THUS, CORRECTIONS HAVE BEEN APPLIED ONLY TO THE URANUS DATA SET.

Electrical Conductivity of Rocks and Dominant Charge Carriers: The Paradox of Thermally Activated Positive Holes

In this paper we have focused on fundamental processes that are important for understanding the electrical properties of materials, both single crystal minerals and igneous rocks, both laboratory-grown and from natural environments. The prevailing view in the geophysics community is that the electrical conductivity structure of the Earth’s continental crust over the 5-35 km depth range can best be understood by assuming the presence of intergranular fluids and/or intergranular carbon films. Based on studies of melt-grown MgO, magma-derived sanidine and anorthosite feldspar and upper mantle olivine single crystal we present evidence for the presence of electronic charge carriers, the importance of which has been largely ignored. These charge carriers derive from peroxy defects, which are introduced during cooling, under non-equilibrium conditions, through a redox conversion of pairs of solute OH– arising from the solid state dissolution of H2O. It can be shown that, during reheating, the peroxy defects become thermally activated in a 2-step process. Step 2 leads to the release of defect electrons in the oxygen anion sublattice. Known as positive holes and symbolized by h•, these electronic charge carriers are associated with energy states at the upper edge of the valence band. They are highly mobile. Chemically equivalent to O– in a matrix of O2– they are highly oxidizing. However, though metastable, the h• can exist in minerals, which crystallized in highly reduced environments. The h• appear to control the electrical conductivity of crustal rocks over much of the 5-35 km depth range. We make the extraordinary and seemingly paradoxial claim that MgO crystals, grown from the melt under the viciously reducing conditions of a carbon arc fusion furnace, contain peroxy defects in their crystal structure, hence oxygen in the valence state 1–. When the peroxy defects break up, they release positive hole charge carriers, formally defect electron in the oxygen anion sublattice, equivalent to O– in a matrix of O2–. These positive holes have two outstanding properties: they are highly mobile and highly oxidizing.

VOYAGER 1 SAT LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE CALIB. BR 15MIN

THIS BROWSE DATA CONSISTS OF RESAMPLED DATA FROM THE LOW ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLE (LECP) EXPERIMENT ON VOYAGER 1 WHILE THE SPACECRAFT WAS IN THE VICINITY OF SATURN. THIS INSTRUMENT MEASURES THE INTENSITIES OF IN-SITU CHARGED PARTICLES (>26 KEV ELECTRONS AND >30 KEV IONS) WITH VARIOUS LEVELS OF DISCRIMINATION BASED ON ENERGY, MASS SPECIES, AND ANGULAR ARRIVAL DIRECTION. A SUBSET OF ALMOST 100 LECP CHANNELS ARE INCLUDED WITH THIS DATA SET. THE LECP DATA ARE GLOBALLY CALIBRATED TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE (SEE BELOW) AND THEY ARE TIME AVERAGED TO ABOUT 15 MINUTE TIME INTERVALS WITH THE EXACT BEGINNING AND ENDING TIMES FOR THOSE INTERVALS MATCHING THE LECP INSTRUMENTAL CYCLE PERIODS (THE ANGULAR SCANNING PERIODS). THE LECP INSTUMENT HAS A ROTATING HEAD FOR OBTAINING ANGULAR ANISOTROPY MEASUREMENTS OF THE MEDIUM ENERGY CHARGED PARTICLES THAT IT MEASURES. THE CYCLE TIME FOR THE ROTATION IF VARIABLE, BUT DURING ENCOUNTERS IT IS ALWAYS FASTER THAN 15 MINUTES. FOR THIS BROWSE DATA SET ONLY SCAN AVERAGE DATA IS GIVEN (NO ANGULAR INFORMATION). THE DATA IS IN THE FORM OF 'RATE' DATA WHICH HAS NOT BEEN CONVERTED TO THE USUAL PHYSICAL UNITS. THE REASON IS THAT SUCH A CONVERSION WOULD DEPEND ON UNCERTAIN DETERMINATIONS SUCH AS THE MASS SPECIES OF THE PARTICLES AND THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND. BOTH MASS SPECIES AND BACKGROUND ARE GENERALLY DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT DURING THE STUDY OF PARTICULAR REGIONS. TO CONVERT 'RATE' TO 'INTENSITY' FOR A PARTICULAR CHANNEL ONE PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING TASKS: 1) DECIDE ON THE LEVEL OF BACKGROUND CONTAMINATION AND SUBTRACT THAT OFF THE GIVEN RATE LEVEL. BACKGROUND IS TO BE DETERMINED FROM CONTEXT AND FROM MAKING USE OF SECTOR 8 RATES (SECTOR 8 HAS A 2 mm AL SHIELD COVERING IT). 2) DIVIDE THE BACKGROUND CORRECTED RATE BY THE CHANNEL GEOMETRIC FACTOR AND BY THE ENERGY BANDPASS OF THE CHANNEL. THE GEOMETRIC FACTOR IS FOUND IN ENTRY 'channel_geometric_ factor' AS ASSOCIATED WITH EACH CHANNEL 'channel_id'. TO DETERMINE THE ENERGY BANDPASS, ONE MUST JUDGE THE MASS SPECIES OF THE OF THE DETECTED PARTICLES (FOR IONS BUT NOT FOR ELECTRONS). THE ENERGY BAND PASSES ARE GIVEN IN ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPENERGY', AND ARE GIVEN IN THE FORM 'ENERGY/NUCLEON'. FOR CHANNELS THAT BEGIN THEIR NAMES WITH THE DESIGNATIONS 'CH' THESE BANDPASSES CAN BE USED ON MASS SPECIES THAT ARE ACCEPTED INTO THAT CHANNEL (SEE ENTRIES 'minimum_instrument_parameter' and 'maximum_instrument_ parameter' IN TABLE 'FPLECPCHANZ', WHICH GIVE THE MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED -- THESE ENTRIES ARE BLANK FOR ELECTRON CHANNELS). FOR OTHER CHANNELS THE GIVEN BANDPASS REFERS ONLY TO THE LOWEST 'Z' VALUE ACCEPTED. THE BANDPASSES FOR OTHER 'Z' VALUES ARE NOT ALL KNOWN, BUT SOME ARE GIVEN IN THE LITERATURE (E.G. KRIMIGIS ET AL., 1979). THE FINAL PRODUCT OF THESE INSTRUCTIONS WILL BE THE PARTICLE INTENSITY WITH THE UNITS: COUNTS/(CM**2.STR.SEC.KEV). SOME CHANNELS ARE SUBJECT TO SERIOUS CONTAMINATIONS, AND MANY OF THESE CONTAMINATIONS CANNOT BE REMOVED EXCEPT WITH A REGION-BY-REGION ANALYSIS, WHICH HAS NOT BEEN DONE FOR THIS DATA. THUS, TO USE THIS DATA IT IS ABSOLUTELY VITAL THAT THE CONTAMINATION TYPES ('contamination_id' , 'contamination_desc') AND THE LEVELS OF CONTAMINATION ('data_quality_id' CORRESPONDING TO THE DEFINITIONS 'data_quality_desc') BE CAREFULLY EXAMINED FOR ALL REGIONS OF STUDY. A DEAD TIME CORRECTION PROCEDURE HAS BEEN APPLIED IN AN ATTEMPT TO CORRECT THE LINEAR EFFECTS OF DETECTOR OVERDRIVE (PULSE-PILEUP). THIS PROCEDURE DOES NOT FIX SEVERELY OVERDRIVEN DETECTORS. A PROCEDURE IS AVAILABLE FOR CORRECTING VOYAGER 2 LECP ELECTRON CONTAMINATION OF LOW ENERGY ION CHANNELS, BUT ITS EFFECTIVENESS HAS BEEN EVALUATED ONLY FOR THE URANUS DATA SET. THUS, CORRECTIONS HAVE BEEN APPLIED ONLY TO THE URANUS DATA SET.

ECC: Tetramethyl-ammonium - Acetate. CGENFF, scaled charges (0.75)

CGENFF forcefield with scaled charges for TMA and ACE in TIP3P water, as downloaded from <a href="http://virtualchemistry.org">virtualchemistry.org</a> * 100 ns NPT for equilibrium box size * 100 ns NVT equilibration *  20 ns NVT production

ECC: Tetramethyl-ammonium - Acetate. GAFF-RESP, scaled charges (0.75)

GAFF forcefield with recalculated, scaled RESP charges for TMA and ACE in SPCE water, as downloaded from virtualchemistry.org  * 100 ns NPT for equilibrium box size  * 100 ns NVT equilibration  *  20 ns NVT production

ECC: Tetramethyl-ammonium - Acetate. CGENFF, full charges

CGENFF forcefield for TMA and ACE in TIP3P water, as downloaded from virtualchemistry.org  * 100 ns NPT for equilibrium box size  * 100 ns NVT equilibration  *  20 ns NVT production

ECC: Tetramethyl-ammonium - Acetate. GAFF-BCC, scaled charges (0.75)

GAFF forcefield with scaled BCC charges for TMA and ACE in SPCE water, as downloaded  from virtualchemistry.org  * 100 ns NPT for equilibrium box size  * 100 ns NVT equilibration  *  20 ns NVT production

ECC: Tetramethyl-ammonium - Acetate. GAFF-RESP, full charges

GAFF forcefield with recalculated RESP charges for TMA and ACE in SPCE water, as downloaded  from virtualchemistry.org  * 100 ns NPT for equilibrium box size  * 100 ns NVT equilibration  *  20 ns NVT production

ECC: Tetramethyl-ammonium - Acetate. GAFF-BCC, full charges

GAFF forcefield with BCC charges for TMA and ACE in SPCE water, as downloaded  from virtualchemistry.org  * 100 ns NPT for equilibrium box size  * 100 ns NVT equilibration  *  20 ns NVT production