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1,036 results for “Modernism”
Data from: Ancient and modern DNA reveal dynamics of domestication and cross-continental dispersal of the dromedary
Dromedaries have been fundamental to the development of human societies in arid landscapes and for long-distance trade across hostile hot terrains for 3,000 y. Today they continue to be an important livestock resource in marginal agro-ecological zones. However, the history of dromedary domestication and the influence of ancient trading networks on their genetic structure have remained elusive. We combined ancient DNA sequences of wild and early-domesticated dromedary samples from arid regions with nuclear microsatellite and mitochondrial genotype information from 1,083 extant animals collected across the species' range. We observe little phylogeographic signal in the modern population, indicative of extensive gene flow and virtually affecting all regions except East Africa, where dromedary populations have remained relatively isolated. In agreement with archaeological findings, we identify wild dromedaries from the southeast Arabian Peninsula among the founders of the domestic dromedary gene pool. Approximate Bayesian computations further support the "restocking from the wild" hypothesis, with an initial domestication followed by introgression from individuals from wild, now-extinct populations. Compared with other livestock, which show a long history of gene flow with their wild ancestors, we find a high initial diversity relative to the native distribution of the wild ancestor on the Arabian Peninsula and to the brief coexistence of early-domesticated and wild individuals. This study also demonstrates the potential to retrieve ancient DNA sequences from osseous remains excavated in hot and dry desert environments.
Data from: Recovery of large carnivores in Europe's modern human-dominated landscapes
The conservation of large carnivores is a formidable challenge for biodiversity conservation. Using a data set on the past and current status of brown bears (Ursus arctos), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), gray wolves (Canis lupus), and wolverines (Gulo gulo) in European countries, we show that roughly one-third of mainland Europe hosts at least one large carnivore species, with stable or increasing abundance in most cases in 21st-century records. The reasons for this overall conservation success include protective legislation, supportive public opinion, and a variety of practices making coexistence between large carnivores and people possible. The European situation reveals that large carnivores and people can share the same landscape.
Data from: Highly resolved early Eocene food webs show development of modern trophic structure after the end-Cretaceous extinction
Generalities of food web structure have been identified for extant ecosystems. However, the trophic organization of ancient ecosystems is unresolved, as prior studies of fossil webs have been limited by low-resolution, high-uncertainty data. We compiled highly resolved, well-documented feeding interaction data for 700 taxa from the 48 million-year-old latest early Eocene Messel Shale, which contains a species assemblage that developed after an interval of protracted environmental and biotal change during and following the end-Cretaceous extinction. We compared the network structure of Messel lake and forest food webs to extant webs using analyses that account for scale dependence of structure with diversity and complexity. The Messel lake web, with 94 taxa, displays unambiguous similarities in structure to extant webs. While the Messel forest web, with 630 taxa, displays differences compared to extant webs, they appear to result from high diversity and resolution of insect–plant interactions, rather than substantive differences in structure. The evidence presented here suggests that modern trophic organization developed along with the modern Messel biota during an 18 Myr interval of dramatic post-extinction change. Our study also has methodological implications, as the Messel forest web analysis highlights limitations of current food web data and models.
Data from: Adding fossil occupancy trajectories to the assessment of modern extinction risk
Besides helping to identify species traits that are commonly linked to extinction risk, the fossil record may also be directly relevant for assessing the extinction risk of extant species. Standing geographical distribution or occupancy is a strong predictor of both recent and past extinction risk, but the role of changes in occupancy is less widely assessed. Here we demonstrate, based on the Cenozoic fossil record of marine species, that both occupancy and its temporal trajectory are significant determinants of risk. Based on extinct species we develop a model on the additive and interacting effects of occupancy and its temporal changes on extinction risk. We use this model to predict extinction risk of extant species. The predictions suggest a moderate risk for marine species on average. However, some species seem to be on a long-term decline and potentially at a latent extinction risk, which is not considered in current risk assessments.
Data from: Cenozoic evolution of beta diversity and a Pleistocene emergence for modern mammal faunas in China
Aim Historical changes in community structure underlie modern spatial diversity patterns, but few empirical studies have focused on the variation in the community composition of fossil assemblages at large spatiotemporal scales. We wanted to investigat how the spatial differentiation of mammal communities changed in China throughout the Cenozoic in response to tectonic uplift and paleoclimatic changes and explore the timing of the emergence of the modern spatially structured faunas. Location China Time period Cenozoic (from 65 Ma to the present) Major taxa studied Terrestrial mammals Methods We used a compiled database of the distributions of fossil and extant mammals to compare the multiple-site beta diversity among families and genera within six time intervals of the Cenozoic using Sørensen dissimilarity (βsor) and Simpson dissimilarity (βsim). To investigate the timing of the emergence of the modern spatially structured faunas, we applied hierarchical clustering and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination based on pairwise βsim among seven zoogeographical regions within each time slice. Results The multiple-site beta diversity at the family level displayed hump-shaped changes during the Cenozoic, and it peaked in the Eocene and gradually decreased towards the present. However, the genus-level multiple-site beta diversity remained rather constant throughout the Cenozoic. Pronounced variations in the relationships among the zoogeographical regions were revealed in both the cluster analyses and ordinations. The modern spatial structure of mammal faunas at the family level was broadly similar to those observed in the Pliocene and Pleistocene. Main conclusions The spatial differentiation of mammal faunas in China dates back to the Eocene and pre-dates the formation of modern topography and climate. Throughout the Cenozoic, the spatial structure of mammal faunas was reorganized by an interplay of the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the emergence of the monsoon system and global macroevolutionary processes. The modern relationships among zoogeographical regions at the family level were established in the Pleistocene.
Data from: Modern spandrels: the roles of genetic drift, gene flow and natural selection in the formation of parallel clines
Urban environments offer the opportunity to study the role of adaptive and non-adaptive evolutionary processes on an unprecedented scale. While the presence of parallel clines in heritable phenotypic traits is often considered strong evidence for the role of natural selection, non-adaptive evolutionary processes can also generate clines, and this may be more likely when traits have a non-additive genetic basis due to epistasis. In this paper, we use spatially-explicit simulations modelled according to the cyanogenesis (HCN) polymorphism in white clover (Trifolium repens) to examine the formation of phenotypic clines along urbanization gradients under varying levels of drift, gene flow and selection. HCN results from an epistatic interaction between two Mendelian-inherited loci. Our results demonstrate that the genetic architecture of this trait makes natural populations susceptible to decreases in HCN frequencies via drift. Gradients in the strength of drift across a landscape resulted in phenotypic clines with lower frequencies of HCN in strongly drifting populations, giving the misleading appearance of deterministic adaptive changes in the phenotype. Studies of heritable phenotypic change in urban populations should generate null models of phenotypic evolution based on the genetic architecture underlying focal traits prior to invoking selection's role in generating adaptive differentiation.
Data from: Patterns of modern pollen and plant richness across northern Europe
1. Sedimentary pollen offers excellent opportunities to reconstruct vegetation changes over past millennia. Number of different pollen taxa or pollen richness is used to characterise past plant richness. To improve the interpretation of sedimentary pollen richness, it is essential to understand the relationship between pollen and plant richness in contemporary landscapes. This study presents a regional-scale comparison of pollen and plant richness from northern Europe and evaluates the importance of environmental variables on pollen and plant richness. 2. We use a pollen dataset of 511 lake-surface pollen samples ranging through temperate, boreal, and tundra biomes. To characterise plant diversity, we use a dataset formulated from the two largest plant atlases available in Europe. We compare pollen and plant richness estimates in different groups of taxa (wind-pollinated vs non-wind-pollinated, trees and shrubs vs herbs and grasses) and test their relationships with climate and landscape variables. 3. Pollen richness is significantly positively correlated with plant richness (r=0.53). The pollen–plant richness correlation improves (r=0.63) when high pollen-producers are downweighted prior to estimating richness minimising the influence of pollen-production on the pollen richness estimate. This suggests that methods accommodating pollen-production differences in richness estimates deserve further attention and should become more widely used in Quaternary pollen diversity studies. 4. The highest correlations are found between pollen and plant richness of trees and shrubs (r=0.83) and of wind-pollinated taxa (r=0.75) suggesting that these are the best measures of broad-scale plant richness over several thousands of square kilometres. 5. Mean annual temperature is the strongest predictor of both pollen and plant richness. Landscape openness is positively associated with pollen richness but not with plant richness. Pollen-richness values from extremely open and/or cold areas where pollen production is low, should be interpreted with caution because low local pollen production increases the proportion of extra-regional pollen. 5. Synthesis. Our results confirm that pollen data can provide insights into past plant richness changes in northern Europe, and with careful consideration of pollen production differences and spatial scale represented, pollen data make it possible to investigate vegetation diversity trends over long timescales and under changing climatic and habitat conditions.
Data from: Rapid Pliocene adaptive radiation of modern kangaroos
Differentiating between ancient and younger, more rapidly evolved clades is important for determining paleoenvironmental drivers of diversification. Australia possesses many aridity-adapted lineages, the origins of which have been closely linked to late Miocene continental aridification. Using dental macrowear and molar crown height measurements, spanning the past 25 million years, we show that the most iconic Australian terrestrial mammals, "true" kangaroos (Macropodini), adaptively radiated in response to mid-Pliocene grassland expansion rather than Miocene aridity. In contrast, low-crowned, short-faced kangaroos radiated into predominantly browsing niches as the late Cenozoic became more arid, contradicting the view that this was an interval of global browser decline. Our results implicate warm-to-cool climatic oscillations as a trigger for adaptive radiation and refute arguments attributing Pleistocene megafaunal extinction to aridity-forced dietary change.
Data from: Is biodiversity energy-limited or unbounded? A test in fossil and modern bivalves
The quantity of biomass in an ecosystem is constrained by energy availability. It is less clear, however, how energy availability constrains taxonomic and functional diversity. Competing models suggest biodiversity is either resource-limited or far from any bound. We test the hypothesis that functional diversity in marine bivalve communities is constrained by energy availability, measured as particulate organic carbon (POC) flux, in the modern oceans. We find that POC flux predicts the relative prevalence of ecological modes in both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Moreover, the associations of ecological modes with POC fluxes are similar between the Atlantic and Pacific despite being based on independent sets of species, indicating a direct causal relationship. We then use the relationship between POC flux and the prevalence of functional groups in the modern to test the hypothesis that the trend of increasing functional diversity in bivalves across the past 500 million years has occurred in response to increased POC flux. We find no evidence that the earliest appearing modes of life are preferentially associated with low POC environments or that the mean POC flux experienced by marine bivalves has increased across geological time. To reconcile the close association between ecological mode and POC flux in the modern oceans with the lack of evidence for increasing POC fluxes across time, we propose that POC flux has not increased substantially over time but, rather, the increase in bivalve functional diversity enabled bivalves to become more abundant, to occupy a broader range of environments, and to capture a greater fraction of the total POC flux. The results here suggest at geographic scale of oceans and through geologic time bivalve diversity was not bounded by food availability.
Data from: A modern ampelography: a genetic basis for leaf shape and venation patterning in Vitis vinifera
Terroir, the unique interaction between genotype, environment, and culture, is highly refined in domesticated grape, Vitis vinifera. Towards cultivating terroir, the science of ampelography tried to distinguish thousands of grape cultivars, without the aid of genetics. This led to sophisticated phenotypic analyses of natural variation in grape leaves, which within a palmate-lobed framework exhibit diverse patterns of blade outgrowth, hirsuteness, and venation patterning. Here, we provide a morphometric analysis of >1,200 V. vinifera accessions. Elliptical Fourier Descriptors provide a global analysis of leaf outlines and lobe positioning, while a Procrustes analysis quantitatively describes venation patterning. Correlation with previous ampelography suggests an important genetic component, which we confirm with estimates of heritability. We further use RNA-Seq of mutant varieties and perform a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) to explore the genetic basis of leaf shape. Meta-analysis reveals a relationship between leaf morphology and hirsuteness, traits known to correlate with climate in the fossil record and extant species. Together, our data demonstrate a genetic basis for the intricate diversity present in grape leaves. We discuss the possibility of using grape leaves as a breeding target to preserve terroir in the face of anticipated climate change, a major problem facing viticulture.
Data from: Laetoli footprints reveal bipedal gait biomechanics different from those of modern humans and chimpanzees
Bipedalism is a key adaptation that shaped human evolution, yet the timing and nature of its evolution remain unclear. Here we use new experimentally based approaches to investigate the locomotor mechanics preserved by the famous Pliocene hominin footprints from Laetoli, Tanzania. We conducted footprint formation experiments with habitually barefoot humans and with chimpanzees to quantitatively compare their footprints to those preserved at Laetoli. Our results show that the Laetoli footprints are morphologically distinct from those of both chimpanzees and habitually barefoot modern humans. By analysing biomechanical data that were collected during the human experiments we, for the first time, directly link differences between the Laetoli and modern human footprints to specific biomechanical variables. We find that the Laetoli hominin probably used a more flexed limb posture at foot strike than modern humans when walking bipedally. The Laetoli footprints provide a clear snapshot of an early hominin bipedal gait that probably involved a limb posture that was slightly but significantly different from our own, and these data support the hypothesis that important evolutionary changes to hominin bipedalism occurred within the past 3.66 Myr.
Modern Flint Bifacial Knife
A flint bifacial knife taken from the University of York Paleohub teaching collection. Illustrated version: https://skfb.ly/6MoFQ Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURE 4 in The oldest representative of the modern snipe fly genus Symphoromyia (Diptera: Rhagionidae)
FIGURE 4. Symphoromyia eocenica sp. nov., holotype MNHN.F.A57537. A, lateral view of thorax and abdomen; B, legs.
FIGURE 2 in The oldest representative of the modern snipe fly genus Symphoromyia (Diptera: Rhagionidae)
FIGURE 2. Symphoromyia eocenica sp. nov., holotype MNHN.F.A57537. A, head, white arrow first flagellomere; black arrows palpomeres; B, thorax, abdomen, and wing.
FIGURE 1 in The oldest representative of the modern snipe fly genus Symphoromyia (Diptera: Rhagionidae)
FIGURE 1. Symphoromyia eocenica sp. nov., holotype MNHN.F.A57537. Habitus. A, left side; B, right side.
FIGURE 9. G. s p e l a e u s n in The first troglobitic Glomeridesmus from Brazil, and a template for a modern taxonomic description of Glomeridesmida (Diplopoda)
FIGURE 9. G. s p e l a e u s n. sp., paratype males, SEM, telopod, posterior view. A: right telopod, podomeres 2–4 (ZFMK Myr0936); B: left telopod, podomeres 2–4 (ISLA 3838); C: right telopod, podomere 2, detail of swollen membranous area (ZFMK Myr0936); D: right telopod, detail of podomere 3 & 4(ZFMK Myr0936). Abbreviations: mem = membranous area; pro = process of podomere 3; roman numerals refer to podomere number. Scale bars: A = 100 µm; B = 100 µm; C = 20 µm; D = 40µm.
FIGURE 6. G. spelaeus n in The first troglobitic Glomeridesmus from Brazil, and a template for a modern taxonomic description of Glomeridesmida (Diplopoda)
FIGURE 6. G. spelaeus n. sp., paratype male (ZFMK Myr0936), SEM, midbody tergite. A: dorsal view; B: lateral view; C: sclerotized knob with setae; D: posterior margin, 'limbus'; E: anterior margin. Abbreviations: ant = anterior; s = (sensorial) seta; str = stria; arrow points to oral side. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B = 100 µm; C = 10 µm; D = 100 µm; E = 200 µm.
FIGURE 8. G. s p e l a e u s n in The first troglobitic Glomeridesmus from Brazil, and a template for a modern taxonomic description of Glomeridesmida (Diplopoda)
FIGURE 8. G. s p e l a e u s n. sp., paratype males, SEM, telopod, anterior view. A: left telopod with syncoxite and inner horns (ZFMK Myr0936); B: right telopod, podomeres 2–4, (ISLA 3838); C: right telopod, podomere 2, detail of swollen membranous area (ZFMK Myr0936). Abbreviations: IH = inner horns; mem = membranous area; roman numerals refer to podomere number. Scale bars: A = 300 µm; B = 30 µm; C = 50 µm.
FIGURE 5. G. spelaeus n in The first troglobitic Glomeridesmus from Brazil, and a template for a modern taxonomic description of Glomeridesmida (Diplopoda)
FIGURE 5. G. spelaeus n. sp., paratype male (ZFMK Myr0936), SEM. A: right male leg 2, posterior view; B: gonopore; C: tarsus 2 with tarsal claw, apical spine and paranychium; D: midbody tergite, underside; E: detail of anterior margin of underside; F: detail of posterior margin of underside, 'endotergum'. Abbreviations: Apo = tracheal apodeme; Cx-St = coxosternite; F = femur; Go = gonopore; Par = paranychium; poF = postfemur; prF = prefemur; Ta = tarsus; Ti = Tibia. Scale bars: A = 300 µm; B = 30 µm; C = 60 µm; D = 200 µm; E = 20 µm; F = 8 µm.
FIGURE 7. G. s p e l a e u s n in The first troglobitic Glomeridesmus from Brazil, and a template for a modern taxonomic description of Glomeridesmida (Diplopoda)
FIGURE 7. G. s p e l a e u s n. sp., paratype male (ZFMK Myr0936), SEM. A: last pair of walking legs (34) in oral view with sternite and subanal plate; B: anal shield, dorsal view, line marks part covered by last tergite (19). Abbreviations: Cx-St? = coxosternite; F = femur; poF = postfemur; prF = prefemur; s = field of small setae; S = isolated long setae, sp = spine-like claw; St = sternite; sub = subanal plate. Scale bars = 200 µm.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.