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Figure 4 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Figure 4. Phylogeny of Characidae and subfamilies Aphyocharacinae, Cheirodontinae, Exodontinae, Tetragonopterinae, and Characinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support.

Figure 3 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Figure 3. Phylogeny of Spintherobolidae and Stevardiidae and subfamilies Landoninae, Xenurobryconinae, Glandulocaudinae, Argopleurinae, Hemibryconinae, Stevardiinae, Planaltininae, Creagrutinae, and Diapominae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements

Figure 2 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the major clades of Spintherobolidae, Stevardiidae, Characidae, and Acestrorhamphidae based on the 75% complete matrix of 1348 ultraconserved elements (575 taxa; 538 472 bp).

Figure 7 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Figure 7. Phylogeny of Acestrorhamphidae and subfamilies Thayeriinae, Rhoadsiinae, Grundulinae, and Acestrorhamphinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support.

Figure 1 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Figure 1. Accumulation curve of the original descriptions of current valid genera of Characidae s.l. highlighting the three periods of active descriptions of genera: (i) 1777–1900, (ii) 1900–1955, and (iii) 1955–present.

Figure 5 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)

Figure 5. Phylogeny of Acestrorhamphidae and subfamilies Oxybryconinae, Trochilocharacinae, Stygichthyinae, Megalamphodinae, and Stichonodontinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

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Data from: Stability and generalization in seed dispersal networks: a case study of frugivorous fish in Neotropical wetlands

When species within guilds perform similar ecological roles, functional redundancy can buffer ecosystems against species loss. Using data on the frequency of interactions between fish and fruit, we assessed whether co-occurring frugivores provide redundant seed dispersal services in three species-rich Neotropical wetlands. Our study revealed that frugivorous fishes have generalized diets; however, large-bodied fishes had greater seed dispersal breadth than small species, in some cases, providing seed dispersal services not achieved by smaller fish species. As overfishing disproportionately affects big fishes, the extirpation of these species could cause larger secondary extinctions of plant species than the loss of small specialist frugivores. To evaluate the consequences of frugivore specialization for network stability, we extracted data from 39 published seed dispersal networks of frugivorous birds, mammals and fish (our networks) across ecosystems. Our analysis of interaction frequencies revealed low frugivore specialization and lower nestedness than analyses based on binary data (presence–absence of interactions). In that case, ecosystems may be resilient to loss of any given frugivore. However, robustness to frugivore extinction declines with specialization, such that networks composed primarily of specialist frugivores are highly susceptible to the loss of generalists. In contrast with analyses of binary data, recently developed algorithms capable of modelling interaction strengths provide opportunities to enhance our understanding of complex ecological networks by accounting for heterogeneity of frugivore–fruit interactions.

Figure 1 in Abundance variations and life history traits of two sympatric species of Neotropical annual fish (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) in temporary ponds of southern Brazil

Figure 1. Map of South America and location of the Lagoa do Peixe National Park (LPNP) and study sites sampled in southern Brazil in 2008 and 2009.

Figure 4 in Abundance variations and life history traits of two sympatric species of Neotropical annual fish (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) in temporary ponds of southern Brazil

Figure 4. Sex ratio for Austrolebias minuano (A) and Cynopoecilus fulgens (B) sampling in temporary ponds of Lagoa do Peixe National Park, southern Brazil, in 2008 and 2009.

Figure 5 in Abundance variations and life history traits of two sympatric species of Neotropical annual fish (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) in temporary ponds of southern Brazil

Figure 5. Length–weight relationship for Austrolebias minuano (A) and Cynopoecilus fulgens (B) sampled in temporary ponds of Lagoa do Peixe National Park, southern Brazil, in 2008 and 2009.

Figure 6 in Abundance variations and life history traits of two sympatric species of Neotropical annual fish (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) in temporary ponds of southern Brazil

Figure 6. Condition factor (K) ± SE of Austrolebias minuano (A) and Cynopoecilus fulgens (B) sampled in temporary ponds of Lagoa do Peixe National Park, southern Brazil, in 2008 and 2009.

Figure 2 in Abundance variations and life history traits of two sympatric species of Neotropical annual fish (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) in temporary ponds of southern Brazil

Figure 2. Mean abundances ± SE of Austrolebias minuano (A) and Cynopoecilus fulgens (B) sampled in temporary ponds of Lagoa do Peixe National Park, southern Brazil, in 2008 and 2009.

Figure 3 in Abundance variations and life history traits of two sympatric species of Neotropical annual fish (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae) in temporary ponds of southern Brazil

Figure 3. Mean standard length (LS) ± SE of Austrolebias minuano (A) and Cynopoecilus fulgens (B) sampled in temporary ponds of Lagoa do Peixe National Park, southern Brazil, in 2008 and 2009.

opencc-zeroMar 2020View details →

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Elements of fish metacommunity structure in Neotropical freshwater streams

<p>The identification of the mechanisms underlying co-occurrence patterns of species is a way to identify which processes (niche, neutral or both) structure metacommunities. In this paper, our goals are to identify patterns of co-occurrence in neotropical stream fish and determine which processes structure the metacommunity and the gradients that underlie this structure. Our results pointed out that the metacommunity formed by the total pool of species is structured by a nested pattern (Hyperdispersed Species Loss) of co-occurrence and the mass effect mechanism. On the other hand, a set of core species displays a Clementisian pattern and is structured by the species sorting mechanism. Both, hyperdispersed species loss and the Clementisian patterns point to a discrete set of communities in the metacommunity. These communities could be isolated by physicochemical conditions, or physical barriers, like dams or waterfalls.</p>

Figure 27 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 27. Hypopygus neblinae, nontype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body. UF 148540 (WC49.150304), female, 78 mm: Venezuela, Caño Viejita, on road from San Fernando de Atabapo to Santa Bárbara, 16.5 km and 142° from San Fernando de Atabapo town centre, Río Orinoco drainage. Scale bars = 5 mm.

Figure 17 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 17. Electric organ discharges (EODs) of Hypopygus as time-voltage waveforms recorded in the far-field. The EODs were in all cases taken from immature specimens or females with adult morphology, and are representative of most individuals of each species (small juveniles and sexually mature males present EODs that in some cases differ from those of larger juveniles, immature adults, and females). A, Hypopygus cryptogenes, INPA uncatalogued, 80 mm (poor signal recording quality). B, Hypopygus isbruckeri, UF 148537 (WC38.150304), immature, 76 mm. C, Hypopygus lepturus, UF 176883 (WC21.090307), female, 92 mm. D, Hypopygus minissimus, UF 148533 (WC41.120304), female, 42 mm. E, Hypopygus neblinae, UF 148540 (WC36.150304), female, 77 mm. F, Hypopygus nijsseni MCP 44740 (WC01.070703), immature, 70 mm. G, Hypopygus ortegai, MUSM 35305, holotype (WC02.160104), female, 107 mm. Scale bars = 1 ms. Dashed horizontal line = 0 volts. Note that all species generate EODs with a similar four- or five-phase structure, with minimal interspecific variation in duration (except in H. neblinae where the EOD is clearly longer).

Figure 11 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 11. Pectoral girdle of Hypopygus ortegai, UF 148540 (WC04.160104), 130 mm; left side, medial view, anterior to left, inverted figure.

Figure 15 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 15. Postpectoral accessory electric organ and associated dorsal and ventral grooves of Hypopygus nijsseni MCP 44737, 75 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left.

Figure 10 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 10. Pectoral girdle of Hypopygus cryptogenes MZUSP 30088, 147 mm; left side, medial view, anterior to left, inverted figure. Note the extension of the posteroventral portion of the coracoid.

Figure 6 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)

Figure 6. Lower jaw of Hypopygus isbruckeri, UF 148539, 90 mm; left side, medial view, anterior to left. Note the posterodorsal margin of the dentary is straight.