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Fig. 2 in New genus of dimeropygid trilobites from the earliest Ordovician of Laurentia

Fig. 2. Geographic and stratigraphic position of conglomerate bed in unit 57 of Broom Point South section (James and Stevens 1986), from which earliest Ordovician boulder BPS 496, containing the illustrated material of Tulepyge paucituberculata, was collected. NFLD = Newfoundland, Canada; T.C.M. = Tuckers Cove Member.

Fig. 1 in New genus of dimeropygid trilobites from the earliest Ordovician of Laurentia

Fig. 1. Location of Section B (only the basal part of the section sampled herein is shown—Hintze's (1951, 1953) section continues up the ravine to the northeast). Inset: position of Ibex area in Utah, and position of main detail map in the Tule Valley and southern House Range, south of US Highway 6 in Millard County.

Fig. 1 in Ordovician ostracods from east central Iran

Fig. 1. Geographical map of Iran (A) showing the position of the Shirgesht Formation in Section B, Derenjal Mountains (B), north of Tabas, east central Iran.

Fig.1 in A spinose appendage fragment of a problematic arthropod from the Early Ordovician of Morocco

Fig.1. Several types of spinose arthropod appendages discussed in the text. A. Spiculate first appendage of the anomalocaridid Anomalocaris briggsi, Early Cambrian, Australia (redrawn from Nedin 1995). B. Pectinate first appendage of the anomalocaridid Laggania cambria, Middle Cambrian, Canada (redrawn from Dzik and Lendzion 1988). C. Third prosomal appendage of the megalograptid eurypterid Megalograptus ohioensis, Late Ordovician, USA (reproduced from Caster and Kjellesvig−Waering 1964). D. Third prosomal appendage of the mixopterid eurypterid Mixopterus kiaeri, Early Devonian, Norway (redrawn from Størmer 1934). E. Third prosomal appendage of the laurieipterid eurypterid Ctenopterus cestrotus, Late Silurian, USA (redrawn from Clarke and Ruedemann 1912). F. Chelicera of the pterygotid eurypterid Erettopterus osiliensis, Late Silurian, Estonia and USA (observations of O.E.T.). G. Angustidontus weihmannae, Late Devonian, Canada (drawing based on photograph in Copeland and Bolton 1960). H. Cheliped of the decapod malacostracan Thaumastocheles zaleucus, Recent, Caribbean region (redrawn from Tshudy and Sorhannus 2000). Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 2. A in A spinose appendage fragment of a problematic arthropod from the Early Ordovician of Morocco

Fig. 2. A. Geographical situation of Ordovician surface outcrops in Morocco, indicated in medium grey (adapted from Destombes et al. 1985). The rectangular marquee indicates the area shown in detail in B. Geographical situation of Ordovician surface outcrops to the north of Zagora according to the geological map (sheet 273, Zagora—Coude du Draa). Localities indicated with cross−hairs are numbered in stratigraphical order, with 1 and 2 being situated close to the boundary between the Lower and Upper Fezouata Formations.

Fig. 3 in Pyritized tube feet in a protasterid ophiuroid from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, U.S.A.

Fig. 3. Protasterina flexuosa (Miller and Dyer, 1878), Edenian (Upper Ordovician), Cincinnati region. Lectotype, MCZ 108078 (A), and paralectotype, MCZ 108079 (B). A1. Lectotype (dorsal, at left) and additional specimen (ventral, at right). B1. Paralectotype, ventral. A2. Lectotype, dorsal surface of ambulacrals with large interambulacral muscle gaps. B2. Paralectotype, disk spines, and small madreporite (arrow). B3. Section of arm inside disk showing shape of proximalmost ventral ambulacrals.

Fig. 2 in Pyritized tube feet in a protasterid ophiuroid from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, U.S.A.

Fig. 2. Protasterina flexuosa (Miller and Dyer, 1878), Edenian (Upper Ordovician) near Covington, Kentucky. ESEM photographs of pyritized tube feet, CMC 25001. A. Broken tube foot preserved in arm outside the disk. B. Close−up of outside surface of tube foot showing subhedral and euhedral crystals; note euhedral octahedra (arrows). C. Close−up of broken cross−section of same tube foot. D. Buccal tentacle inside mouth frame (bt); view is from the axis of the arm into the mouth area; proximal ambulacrals visible at bottom (a); concave mouth angle ossicles (mao) at upper right; mouth angle ossicles with possible spine bearing ridge in upper left (s).

Fig. 5 in Pyritized tube feet in a protasterid ophiuroid from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, U.S.A.

Fig. 5. Protasterina flexuosa (Miller and Dyer, 1878), Upper Ordovician of the Cincinnati region (see Appendix 1 for details). A. Previously unfigured specimen of the original suite of specimens described by Ulrich (1878); CMC 25002, ventral. B. Previously unfigured specimen of the original suite of specimens described by Ulrich (1878); CMC 25003, ventral. C. Another specimen that was possibly part of the original suite described by Ulrich (1878); MCZ 108086, ventral. D. Several fragments (arrows) of Protasterina flexuosa preserved among crinoid stems and trilobite fragments, articulated crown of Ectenocrinus simplex (Hall, 1847) near center of slab, CMC P506354. E. CMC P50635; E1, two additional specimens, one dorsal (left), one ventral (right), trilobite fragment in lower right; E2, fine ribbing (arrow) preserved on distal articulation surface of ventral interambulacral muscle field; E3, stellate scales on dorsal surface of disk; E4, ventral surface of ambulacrals immediately outside the disk; E5, partial disarticulation exposed the triangular podial basin floor (arrow) and large interambulacral muscle gaps.

Fig. 4 in Pyritized tube feet in a protasterid ophiuroid from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, U.S.A.

Fig. 4. Shape of the ventral surface of ambulacrals. The leg is parallel to the median suture; the foot articulates via the toes to the lateral. Proximal is top. A. Protasterina flexuosa (Miller and Dyer, 1878); A1, ambulacrals inside disk and proximal portions of free arms; A2, typical hour−glass shape of ambulacrals beyond the proximal portion of the disk; A3, four proximal ambulacrals for comparison with other taxa, median suture clearly sinuous*. B. Strataster ohioensis Kesling and LeVasseur, 1971 and Eugasterella logani (Hall, 1867), median suture straight to slightly sinuous. C. Bundenbachia beneckei* Stürtz, 1886; median suture straight to slightly sinuous. D. Palaeophiomyxa grandis*(Stürtz, 1886); median suture sinuous. E. Taeniaster spinosus (Billings, 1858); median suture straight to slightly sinuous. F. Bohemura jahni (Jaekel, 1903), Mastigophiura grandis* Lehmann, 1957, and Protaster sedgwickii* Forbes, 1849; median suture straight to slightly sinuous. Taxa marked "*" were reconstructed based on a study of the type material. All other reconstructions are based on published photographs.

Fig. 1 in Pyritized tube feet in a protasterid ophiuroid from the Upper Ordovician of Kentucky, U.S.A.

Fig. 1. Protasterina flexuosa (Miller and Dyer, 1878), Edenian (Upper Ordovician) near Covington, Kentucky. Specimen with pyritized tube feet, CMC 25001. A. Fragmented specimen originally figured by Ulrich (1878), ventral, photographed on sand for support. B. Disk, and proximal portions of arms, small disk spines are visible along edges. C. Mouth frame, note depressions on mouth angle plates, and preserved buccal tentacles (arrows); possible remains of small spines visible on abradial edge of one of the mouth angle plates (circle). D. Madreporite. E. Two podial basins with remnants of pyritized tube feet. F. Ventral surface of ambulacrals and podial basins without pyritized tube feet; proximal ends of groove spines preserved, laterals attach to ambulacrals via an elongated process. G. Dorsal surface of ambulacrals with large interambulacral muscle gaps. H. Section of arm bearing numerous remnants of tube feet; note groove spines on laterals.

Fig. 1 in Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimens from Baltica

Fig. 1. Geographic and stratigraphic settings of the new fossils. A. Regional geography; specimens of Estoniaster maennili gen. et sp. nov. found near Vasalemma, Estonia; those of Urasterellidae found near Volkhov, Russia. B. Local geography in the region of Vasalemma, Estonia, discovery site for the described specimens of Estoniaster maennili. C. Local geography in the region of Volkhov, Russia, discovery site for the described specimens of Urasterellidae. D. Ordovician correlation chart, data from Webby et al. (2004). Asterisks mark positions of new fossils.

Fig. 2 in The earliest known Kinnella, an orthide brachiopod from the Upper Ordovician of Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic position of Kinnella laurentiana sp. nov. British graptolite zonation follows Webby, Cooper et al. (2004). North American graptolite and Atlantic faunal region conodont zonations and correlations are based on Bergström and Mitchell (1986), McCracken and Nowlan (1988), Melchin et al. (1991) and Goldman and Bergström (1997). Chitinozoan zonation from Achab (1989) and Asselin et al. (2004). Manitoulin Island graptolite species ranges from Goldman and Bergström (1997). Correlation of Pusgillian–Cautleyan and equivalent graptolite zones is based on the assumption that the Amorphognathus superbus–A. ordovicicus zonal boundary is not significantly diachronous globally. NA St., North American Stage; Se., Series; St., Stage. Graptolite genera: A., Amplexograptus; C., Climacograptus; G., Geniculograptus; O., Orthograptus; R., Rectograptus.

Fig. 3 in The earliest known Kinnella, an orthide brachiopod from the Upper Ordovician of Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada

Fig. 3. Orthide brachiopod Kinnella laurentiana sp. nov.; Kagawong Submember, upper Georgian Bay Formation, Richmondian (mid−Ashgill), Manitoulin Island. A. GSC 117898, paratype, dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), lateral (A3), posterior (A4), anterior (A5), and enlarged (A6) costae. B. GSC 117899, holotype, dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), posterior (B4), anterior (B5), and enlarged (B6) delthyrium. C. GSC 117900, paratype, dorsal (C1), ventral (C2), lateral (C3), posterior (C4), and anterior (C5) views. D. GSC 117901, paratype, dorsal (D1), lateral (D2), and posterior (D3) views of immature shell. E. GSC 117902, paratype, dorsal (E1) and lateral (E2) views of immature shell, showing nearly catacline ventral interea.

Fig. 7 in Brachiopods from the uppermost Lower Ordovician of Peru and their palaeogeographical significance

Fig. 7. Euorthisinid brachiopod Euorthisina orthiformis Havlíček and Branisa, 1980. A. MGM 5913−X3, latex cast of ventral exterior. B. MGM 5997X, latex cast of dorsal exterior. C. MGM 5915X, latex cast of dorsal exterior. D. MGM 5898X, internal mould of ventral valve. E. MGM 5897X, internal mould of ventral valve. F. MGM 5902X, internal mould of ventral valve. G. MGM 5913X−2, latex cast of exterior (G1) and internal mould (G2) of dorsal valve. H. MGM 5896X, internal mould of ventral valve. I. MGM 5899X−1, internal mould of dorsal valve. J. MGM 5913X−1, internal mould of ventral valve. K. MGM 5899X−2, internal mould of dorsal valve. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 2 in Brachiopods from the uppermost Lower Ordovician of Peru and their palaeogeographical significance

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic scheme of the lower part of the San José Formation at the Carcel Puncco Canyon (Inambari River), showing the position of the fossiliferous horizons yielding the studied brachiopods. The open circle indicates probable occurrence. Black star indicates the occurrence of late Floian (Early Ordovician) conodonts belonging to the upper part of the Oepikodus evae Biozone (Sarmiento et al. 2001; Gutiérrez−Marco et al. 2004).

Fig. 6 in Brachiopods from the uppermost Lower Ordovician of Peru and their palaeogeographical significance

Fig. 6. Orthid brachiopod Paralenorthis carlottoi Villas, sp. nov. A. MGM 5973X−1, latex cast of exterior of ventral valve, holotype. B. MGM 5977X, latex cast of exterior of ventral valve. C. MGM 5975X, latex cast of exterior of ventral valve. D. MGM 5973X−6, latex cast of exterior of dorsal valve. E. MGM 5981X−2–3, latex casts of exteriors of two dorsal valves. F. MGM 5978X−2, latex cast of exterior of dorsal valve. G. MGM 5981X−1, internal mould (G1) and latex cast of interior (G2) of dorsal valve. H. MGM 5973X−4, internal mould (H1) and latex cast of interior (H2) of dorsal valve. I. MGM 5973X−2, internal mould (I1) and latex cast of interior (I2) of ventral valve. J. MGM 5973X−5a, internal mould of dorsal valve. K. MGM 5974X, internal mould (K1) and latex cast of interior (K2) of dorsal valve. L. MGM 5980X, internal mould (L1) and latex cast of interior (L2) of ventral valve. M. MGM 5979X, internal mould (M1) and latex cast of interior (M2) of ventral valve. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 4 in Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimens from Baltica

Fig. 4. Urasterellid asteroid Urasterella? sp., PIN 4125/770, Middle Ordovician, Volkov, Russia. A. Entire specimen, ventral view; numbers identify ossicles of Fig. 5C. B. Disk region oriented as A, many displaced adambulacrals, spines above and to the left of the scale bar. C. Lower left arm of A, disk, interbrachial angle to left. D. Lower right arm of A, disk to left. E. Two abactinals, lateral view; crowns showing accessory depressions. F. Two abactinals to left, abactinal or possible inferomarginal to right. G. Two abactinals, above, adambulacral below; ossicles toward upper left of same approximate orientation as in D. Scale bars: A–D, 3 mm; E–G, 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in Brachiopods from the uppermost Lower Ordovician of Peru and their palaeogeographical significance

Fig. 1. Location of the studied fossiliferous localites A–L. A. Geological map of the Carcel Puncco Canyon, with the lithostratigraphic boundaries modified from Laubacher (1977) and Palacios et al. (1996, Masuco Quadrangle). B. Map of the main Lower Palaeozoic outcrops of southern South America (after Astini 1995).

Fig. 1 in The earliest known Kinnella, an orthide brachiopod from the Upper Ordovician of Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada

Fig. 1. Map of Manitoulin Island showing the localities of Kinnella laurentiana sp. nov. in the lower Kagawong Submember, upper Georgian Bay Formation. Dark shaded region corresponds to the outcrop belt of the Kagawong Submember.

Fig. 6 in The earliest known Kinnella, an orthide brachiopod from the Upper Ordovician of Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada

Fig. 6. Cluster analysis of Kinnella−bearing brachiopod faunas worldwide. Software: PAST (Hammer et al. 2001; Hammer and Harper 2005); algorithm: unweighted pair−group; Raup−Crick similarity coefficient. Refer to Appendix 1 for identification of assemblage localities, published sources and taxa employed in the analysis.