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1,047 results for “Salamanders”
Figure 2 in Biogeography and evolution of Central American cloud forest salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Cryptotriton), with the description of a new species
Figure 2. Mitochondrial gene tree from maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of 16S and cytb data. Numbers above branches are bootstrap support values from ML analysis, and numbers below branches are posterior probabilities from Bayesian analysis. Bootstraps below 50 and posterior probabilities below 0.5 are not shown.
Figure 1 in Biogeography and evolution of Central American cloud forest salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Cryptotriton), with the description of a new species
Figure 1. Map of Nuclear Central America showing the distributions of described species of Cryptotriton, as well as several undescribed populations from Alta Verapaz. Dotted lines separate the three geological regions used in biogeographic analysis: (1) Chiapas highlands of the Maya block, (2) Motagua-Polochic fault zone, and (3) Chortís highlands.
FIGURE 4 in Morphological differentiation in giant salamanders, Andrias japonicus, A. davidianus, and their hybrids (Urodela, Cryptobranchidae), and its taxonomic implications
FIGURE 4. The typical color pattern of the two species of giant salamanders and their hybrid. Andrias japonicus (upper), A. davidianus (middle), and first filial hybrid individual (lower).
FIGURE 3 in Morphological differentiation in giant salamanders, Andrias japonicus, A. davidianus, and their hybrids (Urodela, Cryptobranchidae), and its taxonomic implications
FIGURE 3. Box plots of ratio of HW to SVL (A), ratio of VTW to SVL (B), and ratio of TAL to SVL (C) of Andrias japonicus (JM, males; JF, females), A. davidianus (DM, males; DF, females), and their hybrids (HM, males; HF, females). (* P <0.05; ** P <0.01; *** P <0.001; ns, P ≥ 0.05).
FIGURE 2 in Morphological differentiation in giant salamanders, Andrias japonicus, A. davidianus, and their hybrids (Urodela, Cryptobranchidae), and its taxonomic implications
FIGURE 2. Scatter plots of CAN1 and CAN2 (A), and box plots of CAN1(B) of Andrias japonicus (JM, males; JF, females), A. davidianus (DM, males; DF, females), and their hybrids (HM, males; HF, females). In scatter plots (A), circles show plots of A. japonicus, diamonds show A. davidianus, and triangles show hybrids; closed symbols show males and open symbols show females. (* P <0.05; ** P <0.01; *** P <0.001; ns, P ≥ 0.05).
FIGURE 1 in Morphological differentiation in giant salamanders, Andrias japonicus, A. davidianus, and their hybrids (Urodela, Cryptobranchidae), and its taxonomic implications
FIGURE 1. Morphological character dimensions. (A) Ventral view of the whole specimen; (B) dorsal view of the head; (C) left lateral view of the head; (D) palatal view of the upper jaw; (E) dorsal view of the left hand; (F) dorsal view of the left foot; (G) left lateral view of the tail; (H) dorsal view of the head showing tubercles; (I) ventral view of the head showing tubercles. Roman numerals indicate digit numbers.
Habitat selection and refuge-use by a color polymorphic salamander reveal behavioral niche differences
<p>Color polymorphic species provide an excellent opportunity to investigate the ecology and evolution of intraspecific niche differences. The red-backed salamander, <em>Plethodon cinereus</em>, is a fully terrestrial lungless salamander with two common color forms, striped and unstriped. Previous research suggests the morphs may be differentially adapted to surface and subsurface microhabitats, with the unstriped morph being more fossorial. This hypothesis predicts that the unstriped morph should be more sensitive to the risks of surface activity (e.g., thermal stress, dehydration, predation), and therefore be more selective than striped morphs when choosing soil surface microhabitats. To test this hypothesis, we experimentally manipulated leaf litter mass in small forest patches (~0.45m<sup>2</sup>). Leaf litter addition reduced soil temperatures, buffered against changes in air temperature, and likely provided physical protection from predators. Over three years, we found that unstriped adults responded positively to leaf litter addition, but striped adults did not. In addition, unstriped morphs spent significantly more time in protective refuges (opaque, moistened tubes) than striped morphs in laboratory assays. Taken together, the field and laboratory results support the hypothesis that the unstriped morph is more sensitive to the risks of surface activity, and therefore is more likely to be fossorial. This difference in microhabitat use, combined with spatiotemporal variation in leaf litter accumulation on the forest floor, may play an important role in the maintenance of the polymorphism.</p>
Landscape genomics of the streamside salamander: Implications for species management in the face of environmental change
<p>Understanding spatial patterns of genetic differentiation and local adaptation is critical in a period of rapid environmental change. Climate change and anthropogenic development have led to population declines and shifting geographic distributions in numerous species. The streamside salamander, <i>Ambystoma barbouri</i>, is an endemic amphibian with a small geographic range that predominantly inhabits small, ephemeral streams. As <i>A. barbouri</i> is listed as near-threatened by the IUCN, we describe range-wide patterns of genetic differentiation and adaptation to assess the species' potential to respond to environmental change. We use outlier scans and genetic-environment association analyses to identify genomic variation putatively underlying local adaptation across the species' geographic range. We find evidence for adaptation with a polygenic architecture and a set of candidate SNPs that identify genes putatively contributing to local adaptation. Our results build on earlier work that suggests that some <i>A. barbouri</i> populations are locally adapted despite evidence for asymmetric gene flow between the range core and periphery. Taken together, the body of work describing the evolutionary genetics of range limits in <i>A. barbouri</i> suggest that the species may be unlikely to respond naturally to environmental challenges through a range shift or <i>in situ</i> adaptation. We suggest that management efforts such as assisted migration may be necessary in the future.</p>
FIGURE 6 in Phylogeography and Genetic Structure in the California Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus): Impacts of current and historic landscape features
FIGURE 6. Species Distribution Model (SDM) of D. ensatus based on museum records. Increased shading towards green represents increasing suitable habitat.
FIGURE 2 in Phylogeography and Genetic Structure in the California Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus): Impacts of current and historic landscape features
FIGURE 2. Relationships between Dicamptodon ensatus populations and distribution of those lineages along the coast of the California region. Major mtDNA lineages are color coded and branch lengths are proportional. Support values on branches follow the format (coalescent analysis�posterior probability / Bayesian inference analysis posterior probability / bootstrap proportions maximum-likelihood analysis). The tree is a consensus gene tree from the coalescent analysis with deeper weakly supported relationships collapsed. The color bar represents nuclear genotype groups. Geographic range denoted by green shading. Stars on map denote likely ancestral haplotype regions as determined by the BPEC analysis. The approximate region of the former Wilson Grove embayment is overlaid onto the map in transparent blue.
FIGURE 1 in Phylogeography and Genetic Structure in the California Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus): Impacts of current and historic landscape features
FIGURE 1. Range map from the IUCN Red List in transparent green with sampling localities from this study marked.
FIGURE 5 in Phylogeography and Genetic Structure in the California Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus): Impacts of current and historic landscape features
FIGURE 5. Isolation by distance plot. P value calculated by Mantel test. (y = 0.00292 x + 0.07696, r2 = 0.809, P = 0.007).
FIGURE 3. a in Phylogeography and Genetic Structure in the California Giant Salamander (Dicamptodon ensatus): Impacts of current and historic landscape features
FIGURE 3. a) mtDNA TCS haplotype network of the control region. b) nuDNA haplotype TCS network of E16C7. Colors of clusters are coded to match the coalescent tree clade branches. Circle size is proportional to haplotype occurrence and numbers refer to occurrence sampled if greater then one.
FIGURE 7 in A new salamander of the genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from the highlands of western Panama
FIGURE 7. Habitat, of Bolitoglossa cathyledecae sp. nov. from the cloud forest at the Serranía de Talamanca Panamá around 1900 m. A-C) Habitat of B. cathyledecae; D) field work made during the expedition where the new species was found. A-C Photographs taken by MP, D by Carlos Castillo.
FIGURE 6 in A new salamander of the genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from the highlands of western Panama
FIGURE 6. Color variation in the paratypes. A) Dorsum in daytime coloration (MHCH 3242); B-C) Details of head and dorsum in daytime coloration (MHCH 3241); D) Paratype at the moment of encounter at night (MHCH 3242). Photographs taken by MP.
FIGURE 5 in A new salamander of the genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from the highlands of western Panama
FIGURE 5. Holotype after three years in 70 % ethanol; A) Dorsal view; B) ventral view. Scale bars= 2 cm. Photographs taken by MP.
FIGURE 4 in A new salamander of the genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from the highlands of western Panama
FIGURE 4. Holotype of Bolitoglossa cathyledecae sp. nov. (MHCH 3240) in life; A–B) Details of head; C–D) Body coloration in life. Photograph by MP.
FIGURE 3 in A new salamander of the genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from the highlands of western Panama
FIGURE 3. Details of hand and foot of preserved holotype of Bolitoglossa cathyledecae sp. nov. (MHCH 3240); A) Right hand, left: dorsal view, right: ventral view; B) Right foot, left: dorsal view, right: ventral view. Scale bars: 5 mm. Photographs taken by MP.
FIGURE 1 in A new salamander of the genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from the highlands of western Panama
FIGURE 1. Map showing the type locality for Bolitoglossa cathyledecae sp. nov. (red hexagon) and paratypes record (blue hexagon), in the Cordillera de Talamanca.
FIGURE 23 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 23. Possible specimen of Desmognathus pascagoula (AUM 10543) from near Tensaw, Baldwin Co., Alabama in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. Key features suggesting conspecificity with the Pascagoula populations are a relatively blunt or brachycephalic snout; distinct postocular stripe (faded in preservative, but of an apparently bright color in life); distinct dorsal color pattern; jagged but noticeable ventrolateral and lateral "portholes" on the trunk and tail(appearing as light areas devoid of melanin); ventral melanophores in the "stellate" condition; and heavily keeled, "fin-like" or "blade-like" tail with distinct dorsal coloration.
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