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1,316 results for “Trade”
Data from: Leafing intensity and the fruit size/number trade-off in woody angiosperms
A sample of woody angiosperm species was used to test a central prediction of the 'leafing intensity premium' hypothesis: higher leafing intensity (number of leaves produced per unit dry mass of shoot vegetative tissue produced in the same growing season) confers a larger bud bank (i.e. number of axillary meristems per unit shoot tissue) that can be deployed for reproduction, and thus confers generally greater fruit numbers, and hence higher potential fecundity allocation (i.e. fecundity per unit size of the supporting shoot tissue that is produced in the same growing season. Current-year shoots (i.e. bearing leaves) were collected to record: shoot dry mass, total number of leaves, total number of fruits or fruit clusters (if derived from inflorescences), mean individual leaf dry mass and mean individual fruit dry mass. Sampled individuals (shrubs and trees) were also measured for body size (main stem height and circumference). Species with larger individual fruit (or fruit cluster) mass have generally larger leaves, but they also have a negative trade-off relationship with 'fruiting intensity' – that is the total number of reproductive meristems producing fruits (or fruit clusters) per unit dry mass of shoot vegetative tissue produced in the same growing season. Variation in fruiting intensity, however, is better predicted by a positive relationship with variation in bud bank size. Species with smaller leaf size (dry mass) have generally higher leafing intensity; species with higher leafing intensity in turn have generally higher fruiting intensity; and species with higher fruiting intensity in turn have generally higher potential fecundity allocation (based on the typical species maximum number of seeds per fruit, obtained from published floras). Species with smaller body size have generally higher potential fecundity allocation, but body size had no significant relationships with other measured traits when controlling for phylogeny (using phylogenetically independent contrasts). Synthesis. Our results indicate that bud bank size is an important functional trait for defining adaptive strategy in woody angiosperms. A larger bud bank is generated by higher leafing intensity, which in turn generates higher fruiting intensity, thus generating greater potential fecundity allocation. These traits will be important for maximizing reproductive economy – that is capacity to produce offspring despite growth or body size limitation (e.g. due to crowding/competition, or because of limited time available for growth, flowering, pollination or fruit/seed maturation).
Data from: Condition-dependent trade-offs between sexual traits, body condition and immunity: the effect of novel habitats
Background: The optimal allocation of resources to sexual signals and other life history traits is usually dependent on an individual's condition, while variation in the expression of sexual traits across environments depends on the combined effects of local adaptation, mean condition, and phenotypic responses to environment-specific cues that affect resource allocation. A clear contrast can often be drawn between natural habitats and novel habitats, such as forest plantations and urban areas. In some species, males seem to change their sexual signals in these novel environments, but why this occurs and how it affects signal reliability is still poorly understood. Results: The relative size of sexual traits and level of immune responses were significantly lower for male palmate newts Lissotriton helveticus caught in pine and eucalyptus plantations compared to those caught in native forests, but there was no habitat-dependent difference in body condition (n= 18 sites, 382 males). The reliability with which sexual traits signalled body condition and immune responses was the same in all three habitats. Finally, we conducted a mesocosm experiment in which males were maintained in pine, eucalypt or oak infused water for 21 days. Males in plantation-like water (pine or eucalypt) showed significantly lower immune responses but no change in body condition. This matches the pattern seen for field-caught males. Unlike field-caught males, however, there was no relationship between water type and relative sexual trait size. Conclusions: Pine and eucalyptus plantations are likely to be detrimental to male palmate newt because they are associated with reduced immune function and smaller sexual traits. This could be because ecological aspects of these novel habitats, such as high water turbidity or changes in male-male competition, drive selection for reduced investment into sexual traits. However, it is more probable that there are differences in the ease of acquisition, hence optimal allocation, of resources among habitats. Our mesocosm experiment also provides some evidence that water toxicity is a causal factor. Our findings offer insights into how plantations affect amphibian life histories, and how novel habitats might generate long-term selection for new resource allocation strategies in native species.
Data from: Tricks of the trade: mechanism of brood theft in an ant
Thievery is ubiquitous in the animal kingdom, social insects not being an exception. Brood is invaluable for the survival of social insect colonies and brood theft is well documented in ants. In many species the stolen brood act as slaves in the thief colony as they take up tasks related to foraging, defence and colony maintenance. Slave-making (dulotic) ants are at an advantage as they gain workforce without investing in rearing immature young, and several slave-making species have been recorded in temperate regions. In the current study we investigate brood theft in a primitively eusocial ponerine ant Diacamma indicum that inhabits the tropics. In the context of colony relocation we asked how thieves steal brood and what victim colonies do to prevent theft. While exposed nests increased colonies' vulnerability, the relocation process itself did not enhance the chances of theft. Various aggressive interactions, in particular immobilization of intruders helped in preventing theft. Thieves that acted quickly, stayed furtive and stole unguarded brood were found to be successful. This comprehensive study of behavioural mechanism of theft reveals that these are the 'tricks' adopted by thieves.
Data from: Generic and specific facets of vulnerability for analyzing trade-offs and synergies in natural resource management
<p>1. The concept of vulnerability as the combination of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to a stressor is gaining traction outside of the climate realm, opening new avenues to address contemporary sustainability issues more holistically. Yet, critical notions that underpin vulnerability have yet to be integrated into its application to natural resource management and non-climatic stressors. In particular, the way generic and stressor-specific facets of vulnerability interact and can inform decision-makers about how interventions combine and/or trade-off remains unexplored.</p> <p>2. Here, we investigate the salience of the generic/specific framing in the context of Chilean artisanal fishing communities engaged in rights-based co-management and experiencing pressures from two stressors: poaching and market volatility. Specifically, we draw on market data combined with socioeconomic surveys conducted with 446 members and leaders from 42 fisher unions to quantitatively investigate potential trade-offs and synergies between facets of vulnerability to poaching and markets.</p> <p>3. Generic adaptive capacity (i.e. flexibility, assets, learning, organization and agency) likely facilitated stressor-specific adaptive capacities to both stressors. High levels of specific adaptive capacity to one stressor neither increased exposure nor undermined specific adaptive capacity to the other stressor. However, adaptive capacity did not translate into exposure reduction as expected, suggesting that adaptation barriers may prevent fishers from mobilizing adaptive capacity into effective adaptive action.</p> <p>4. This study illustrates how breaking down vulnerability into generic and specific facets can help us better anticipate important trade-offs and synergies in management interventions. More generally, it highlights the potential of the climate adaptation and vulnerability literatures in informing place-based management of natural resources.</p>
Data on heat tolerance for D latus from: Does plasticity in thermal tolerance trade off with inherent tolerance? The influence of setal tracheal gills on thermal tolerance and its plasticity in a group of European diving beetles
<h3>Dataset on heat tolerance used in the study by Verberk et al., (2018).</h3><h3>Method description</h3><p>We assessed the impact of mode of respiration on heat tolerance under different oxygen conditions in one of the 15 species: <i>D. latus</i>, the most tolerant species in our comparison, using previously described methods (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022191017302044#b0170">Verberk and Calosi, 2012</a>, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022191017302044#b0185">Verberk and Bilton, 2015</a>). Briefly, individuals were placed in flow-through chambers, whose water supply could be heated. For one group of animals, we used chambers where the animals were completely submerged and had no access to air, while for a second group of animals chambers were used with a small head space holding a layer of air, meaning that these animals could obtain oxygen either from the air compartment by surfacing or from the water with oxygen diffusing directly into their tracheal system <i>via</i> the setae or oxygen diffusing into their subelytral air reservoir <i>via</i> their physical gill. Individuals were left to settle for 1 h at the equilibration temperature of 10 °C, after which the temperature was ramped up at 0.25 °C min−1. The CTmax was defined as the point at which animals lost coordinated swimming, hence losing their ability to escape from the conditions that will lead to their death (<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022191017302044#b0095">Lutterschmidt and Hutchison, 1997</a>). The heating rate, endpoint and starting temperature all therefore differed from the methodology described above, meaning that the critical thermal temperatures from both methods cannot be compared directly. CTmax was assessed under <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/normoxia">normoxia</a>, <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/hypoxemia">hypoxia</a> and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/hyperoxia">hyperoxia</a> conditions (5, 20, 60 kPa O2 respectively) and adults were assessed with and without access to air. Oxygen tension of both the water and the air in the headspace was altered to produce hypoxia and hyperoxia, as described by <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022191017302044#b0185">Verberk and Bilton (2015)</a>.</p>
1922 Film Industry Trade Press Corpus
<div> <p>For the first half of the twentieth century, no American industry boasted a more motley and prolific trade press than the movie business—a cutthroat landscape that set the stage for battle by ink. In 1930, Martin Quigley, publisher of <em>Exhibitors Herald</em>, conspired with Hollywood studios to eliminate all competing trade papers, yet this attempt and each one thereafter collapsed. Exploring the communities of exhibitors and creative workers that constituted key subscribers, <em>Ink-Stained Hollywood</em> tells the story of how a heterogeneous trade press triumphed by appealing to the foundational aspects of industry culture—taste, vanity, partisanship, and exclusivity. In captivating detail, Eric Hoyt chronicles the histories of well-known trade papers (<em>Variety, Motion Picture Herald</em>) alongside important yet forgotten publications (<em>Film Spectator</em>, <em>Film Mercury</em>, and <em>Camera!</em>), and challenges the canon of film periodicals, offering new interpretative frameworks for understanding print journalism's relationship with the motion picture industry and its continued impact on creative industries today.</p> <p>We selected the year 1922, with an emphasis on July 1922, for two chief reasons. First, the MHDL had already digitized a wide cross-section of trade papers from that year, including—appropriately for this book—several published outside of the United States. Second, we knew from Eric's earlier research that there was a great deal of competition within the American film industry's trade press during this period.</p> <p>In 1922, <em>Variety</em> and the Chicago-based <em>Exhibitors Herald</em>, were pursuing strategies to grow their readership and influence within the industry, emphasizing independence, integrity, and uniqueness as distinguishing factors. During the following year, <em>Exhibitors Herald</em> created the '"Herald Only' Club"—emphasizing the loyalty of subscribers who exclusively wrote into <em>Exhibitors Herald</em> and read the paper, to the exclusion of its rivals (Hartman, Rea). Given the competitive bent of the 1920s trade press, how distinct was each publication? Would the "'Herald Only' Club" have any factual grounding once the word patterns, sentences, and page structures were analyzed at scale?</p> <p>In addition to the above-mentioned trade papers, we included 16 additional unique journals. Our corpus included fan magazines (<em>Photoplay</em>, <em>Shadowland</em>,<em> </em>and <em>The Picturegoer</em>), a technical journal (<em>American Cinematographer</em>), English language trade papers published outside the U.S. (<em>Canadian Moving Picture Digest </em>and <em>The Film Renter and Moving Picture News</em>), and studio generated publicity (<em>Universal Weekly</em> and <em>Paramount Pep</em>).</p> <p>This dataset is comprised of the scans of the trade papers we analyzed, as well as a zip archive of the code we used to do the similarity analysis.</p> </div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <div> <p>C.M. Hartman, qtd. in "'Herald Only' Club Gains Six; Veteran and Newcomer Give Reasons for Joining," <em>Exhibitors Herald</em>, March 29, 1924, 63, <a href="http://lantern.mediahist.org/catalog/exhibitorsherald18exhi_0_0073">http://lantern.mediahist.org/catalog/exhibitorsherald18exhi_0_0073</a></p> <p>George Rea letter to Exhibitors Herald, <em>Exhibitors Herald</em>, May 26, 1923, 69, <a href="http://lantern.mediahist.org/catalog/exhibitorsherald16exhi_0_0869">http://lantern.mediahist.org/catalog/exhibitorsherald16exhi_0_0869</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Data and code for: Partitioning variance in a signaling trade-off under sexual selection reveals among-individual covariance in trait allocation
<p>Understanding the evolution of traits subject to trade-offs is challenging because phenotypes can (co)vary at both the among- and within-individual levels. Among-individual covariation indicates consistent, possibly genetic, differences in how individuals resolve the trade-off, while within-individual covariation indicates trait plasticity. There is also the potential for consistent among-individual differences in behavioral plasticity, although this has rarely been investigated. We studied the sources of (co)variance in two characteristics of an acoustic advertisement signal that trade off with one another and are under sexual selection in the gray treefrog, <em>Hyla chrysoscelis</em>: call duration and call rate. We recorded males on multiple nights calling spontaneously and in response to playbacks simulating different competition levels. Call duration, call rate, and their product, call effort, were all repeatable both within and across social contexts. Call duration and call rate covaried negatively, and the largest covariance was at the among-individual level. There was extensive plasticity in calling with changes in social competition, and we found some evidence for among-individual variance in call rate plasticity. The significant negative among-individual covariance in trait values is perpendicular to the primary direction of sexual selection in this species, indicating potential limits on the response to selection.</p>
Rapid evolutionary tuning of endospore quantity vs. quality trade-off via a phase variable contingency locus
<p>Sequencing data and downstream bioinformatics analysis</p>
INTERNATIONAL TRADE DATA
<p>The supplementary file contains the international trade data, textile and clothing export-import data for India, EU, China and Bangladesh. It also includes the GDP and Population data for India and the EU.</p>
Database International Trade Shows and Twitter
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Trends in the global trade of live CITES-listed raptors: Trade volumes, spatiotemporal dynamics and conservation implications
<p>The global legal wildlife trade is worth US$4-20 billion to the world's economy every year. Raptors frequently enter the wildlife trade for use as display animals, by falconers or hobbyists for sport and recreation. Using data from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora's (CITES) Trade Database, we examined trends in the global, legal commercial trade of CITES-listed raptors between 1975-2020. Overall 272 raptor species were traded, totalling 188,149 individuals, with the number of traded raptors increasing over time. Hybrid Falcons (N = 50,366) were most commonly traded, comprising more than a third of the global diurnal CITES-listed raptor trade, followed by Gyrfalcons (<em>Falco rusticolus</em>; N = 30,510), Saker Falcons (<em>F. cherrug</em>; N = 21,679), Peregrine Falcons (<em>F. peregrinus</em>; N = 13,390) and Northern White-faced Owls (<em>Ptilopsis leucotis</em>; N = 6,725). More than half of wild-caught diurnal raptors were classified as globally threatened. The United Kingdom was the largest exporter of live raptors and the United Arab Emirates was the largest importer. More affluent countries were likely to import more raptors than those less affluent. Larger-bodied diurnal species were traded more relative to their smaller-bodied conspecifics. Following the introduction of the European Union's Wild Bird Trade Ban in 2005, the number of traded wild-caught raptors declined. Despite its limitations, the CITES Trade Database provides an important baseline of the legal trade of live raptors for commercial purposes. However, better understanding of illegal wildlife trade networks and smuggling routes, both on-the-ground and online, are essential for future conservation efforts.</p>
Supporting data for "Shallow convective heating in weak temperature gradient balance explains mesoscale vertical motions in the trades" (previously for ch. 5 of "Mesoscale Cloud Patterns in the Trade-Wind Boundary Layer")
<p>This contains both the data and scripts required to produce the figures in the preprint "Shallow convective heating in weak temperature gradient balance explains mesoscale vertical motions in the trades". The scripts labeled 1-5 produce the main figures; the other scripts produce supporting data or figures.</p> <p>Earlier versions of this dataset contained the scripts and data supporting Ch. 5 of the PhD thesis "Mesoscale Cloud Patterns in the Trade-Wind Boundary Layer". The scripts labeled 1-5 produce the main figures; the other scripts produce either the underlying data, or supporting figures (prefix S). </p>
Exploring Tools for Sharing and Trading in Agricultural Machinery Rental: Insights from Gray Literature Review
<p>This spreadsheet contains data from the analysis of platforms for renting and selling agricultural machinery identified during the research. It includes overall evaluations as well as individual assessments from three evaluators, based on predefined criteria for qualitative analysis. The recorded information includes scores assigned to each evaluated site, reflecting the implementation or lack thereof of specific features, such as filter-based search, review systems, and other functionalities related to the sharing economy model in the agricultural sector. The data is organized to facilitate comparison among evaluators and overall conclusions.</p>
Replication package for: The Long-Run Labor Market Effects of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement
<p>Replication package for: The Long-Run Labor Market Effects of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement, published in the Review of Economic Studies. The replication package includes all publicly available data and all code required to replicate the results in the paper.</p>
Movement-integrated habitat selection reveals wolves balance ease of travel with human avoidance in a risk-reward trade-off
<p>We captured and collared 46 wolves across 12 packs in eastern Manitoba between 2014-2019. Each wolf was fit with a GPS telemetry collar programmed to collect a GPS relocation every two hours across all seasons.</p> <p>To produce the dataset, GPS locations were used to generate steps (linear connection between consecutive locations) using the integrated Step Selection Function (iSSA) framework. For a given used step, we randomly generated ten steps based on observed distributions of individual-level movement behaviour. We then extracted habitat covariates for each start and end point of a step, including proportion of forest, distance to linear features, and time of day. </p>
Voting on a Trade Agreement: Firm Networks and Attitudes Toward Openness
<p>Replication package for <span>Voting on a Trade Agreement: Firm Networks and Attitudes Toward Openness</span><span> </span></p>
Trade-offs between defense and competitive traits in a planktonic predator-prey system
<p>Data repository from the paper "Trade-offs between defense and competitive traits in a planktonic predator-prey system" by Réveillon T. and Becks L. published in the journal Ecology.</p>
The evolutionary genetics of paternal care: how good genes and extra-pair copulation affect the trade-off between paternal care and mating success
<p>We investigate the evolution of a gene for paternal care, with pleiotropic effects on male mating fitness and offspring viability, with and without extra pair copulations (EPCs). We develop a population genetic model to examine how pleiotropic effects of a male mating advantage and paternal care are affected by 'good genes' and EPCs. Using this approach, we show that the relative effects of each on fitness do not always predict the evolutionary change. We then find the line of combinations of mating success and paternal care that bisects the plane of possible values into regions of positive or negative gene frequency change. This line shifts when either good genes or EPCs are introduced, thereby expanding or contracting the region of positive gene frequency change and significantly affecting the evolution of paternal care. Predictably, a direct viability effect of 'good genes' that enhances offspring viability constrains or expands the parameter space over which paternal care can evolve, depending on whether the viability effect is associated with the paternal care allele or not. In either case, the effect of a 'good gene' that enhances offspring viability is substantial; when strong enough, it can even facilitate the evolution of <i>poor</i>paternal care, where males harm their young. When non-random mating is followed by random EPCs, the genetic regression between sire and offspring is reduced and, consequently, the relative strengths of selection are skewed away from paternal care and toward the male mating advantage. However, when random mating is followed by non-random EPCs, a situation called "trading up" by females, we show that selection is skewed in the opposite direction, away from male mating advantage and toward paternal care across the natural range of EPC frequencies.</p>
Assessing candidate DNA barcodes for Chinese and internationally traded timber species
<p>Accurate identification of species from timber is an essential step to help control illegal logging and forest loss. However, current approaches to timber identification based on morphological and anatomical characteristics have limited species resolution. DNA barcoding is a proven tool for plant species identification, but there is a need to build reliable reference data across broad taxonomic and spatial scales. Here, we construct a species barcoding library consisting of 1,550 taxonomically diverse timber species from 656 genera and 124 families, representing a comprehensive genetic reference data set for Chinese timber species and international commercial traded timber species, using four barcodes (<i>rbc</i>L, <i>mat</i>K, <i>trn</i>H–<i>psb</i>A, and ITS2). The ITS2 fragment was found to be the most efficient locus for Chinese timber species identification among the four barcodes tested, both at the species and genus level, despite its low recovery rate. Nevertheless, the barcode combination <i>mat</i>K+<i>trn</i>H–<i>psb</i>A+ITS2 was required as a complementary barcode to distinguish closely related species in complex datasets involving internationally traded timber species. Comparative analyses of family-level discrimination and species/genus ratios indicated that the inclusion of closely related species is an important factor affecting the resolution ability of barcodes for timber species verification. Our study indicates that although nuclear ITS2 is the most efficient single barcode for timber species authentication in China, complementary combinations like <i>mat</i>K+<i>trn</i>H–<i>psb</i>A+ITS2 are required to provide broader discrimination power. These newly-generated sequences enrich the existing publicly available databases, especially for tropical and subtropical evergreen timber trees and this current timber species barcode reference library can serve as an important genetic resource for forestry monitoring, illegal logging prosecution and biodiversity projects.</p>
Distribution. Java. Several biogeographic reviews failed to list the genus for Bali, an island directly east of Java with strong biogeographic affinities to the latter. A sighting was, however, reported from Bali Barat National Park, in a birdwatching trip report. Given the live-animal trade of this species on Java, further records are needed to confirm whether or not there is a native population of the genus on Bali. If there is, biogeographic considerations suggest it would be most closely related to the Javan population and quite probably conspecific. in Tragulidae
Distribution. Java. Several biogeographic reviews failed to list the genus for Bali, an island directly east of Java with strong biogeographic affinities to the latter. A sighting was, however, reported from Bali Barat National Park, in a birdwatching trip report. Given the live-animal trade of this species on Java, further records are needed to confirm whether or not there is a native population of the genus on Bali. If there is, biogeographic considerations suggest it would be most closely related to the Javan population and quite probably conspecific.
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