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1,604 results for “Wintering”
Social connections across migration: Do Golden-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia atricapilla) that socialize in winter also breed together?
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Sampling a pika’s pantry: Temporal shifts in nutritional quality & over-winter preservation of American pika food caches
Climate change is increasing temperature, decreasing precipitation, and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations in many ecosystems. As atmospheric carbon rises, plants may increase carbon-based defenses such as phenolics, thereby potentially affecting food quality, foraging habits, and habitat suitability for mammalian herbivores. In alpine habitats, the American pika (Ochotona princeps) is a model species for studying effects of changing plant chemistry on mammals. To survive between growing seasons, pikas cache “haypiles” of plants rich in phenolics. Although they are acutely toxic to pikas, phenolic compounds help plants retain biomass and nutrition during storage, and they break down over time. Alpine avens (Geum rossii, Rosales: Rosaceae) is a high-phenolic plant species that comprises up to 75% of pika winter diet in Colorado. Here, we tested the hypothesis that contemporary climate change has affected the nutritional value of Alpine avens to pikas in the last 30 years. Specifically, we compared phenolic activity, nutritional quality, and overwinter preservation of plants collected at Niwot Ridge, Colorado (USA) in 1992 to those collected between 2010 – 2018, spanning nearly three decades of climate change. Phenolic activity increased in alpine avens since 1992, while fiber and nitrogen content decreased. Importantly, overwinter preservation of plant biomass also increased, particularly on windblown slopes without long-lasting snow cover. Previous studies indicate that pikas at this site still depend on alpine avens in their winter food caches. Increasing phenolic content in alpine avens could therefore enhance the preservation of haypiles over winter; however, if pikas must further delay consuming these plants to avoid acute toxicity, then he nutritional gains from enhanced preservation may not be beneficial. This study provides important insights into how changing plant chemistry will affect mammalian herbivores in the future.
Logger Microclimate Data from Californian Drylands Winter 2023 Sampling.
Logger microclimate data (temperature, sunlight intensity, and relative humidity) were collected using the HOBO ONSET 64K data logger and OMEGA engineering temperature and RH pendant two aridity gradients across California. Microsites included the open, shrub, and two artificial shelter types: square and triangle.
Germination response to winter temperatures changes with seed shape and length of temperature exposure
In many regions, the climate is changing faster during winter than during any other season, and a loss of snow cover combined with increased temperature variability can expose overwintering organisms to harmful conditions. Understanding how species respond to these changes during critical developmental times, such as seed germination, helps us assess ecological implications of winter climate change. To address this concern, we measured the breaking of seed dormancy and cold tolerance of temperate grassland species in the lab and field. In the lab, we ran germination trials testing the tolerance of 17 species to an extreme cold event. In the field, we deployed seeds of two species within a snow manipulation experiment at three locations and measured germination success biweekly from seeds subjected to ambient and reduced snow cover from winter into spring. From lab trials, cold tolerance varied among species, with seed germination decreasing <10% to 100% following extreme cold events. Cold tolerance was related to seed traits, specifically less round seeds, seeds that required cold stratification, and seeds that mature later in the season tended to be more impacted by extreme cold temperatures. This variation in seed cold tolerance may contribute to altered community composition with continued winter climate change. In the field, germination increased through late winter, coinciding with the accumulation of days where temperatures were favorable for cold stratification. Through spring, germination success decreased as warm temperatures accumulated. Collectively, species-specific seed cold tolerances and mortality rates may contribute to compositional changes in grasslands under continued winter climate change.
Landscape Corridors Promote Long Distance Seed Dispersal by Birds During Winter but Not During Summer at an Experimentally Fragmented Restoration Site
In fragmented landscapes, plant population persistence and community diversity can hinge upon plants dispersing seeds long distances between isolated patches of habitat. Landscape corridors, which connect otherwise isolated patches, have been shown to increase seed dispersal by birds moving between patch fragments. However, because bird behaviors change seasonally, the strength of this "corridor effect" may also change. We assessed the utility of corridors for promoting seed dispersal by birds during both summer and winter in a well-replicated corridor experiment conducted in early successional longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savannah habitat at the Savannah River Site in South Carolina, USA. We used a single species of bird-dispersed fruiting plant, American black nightshade (Solanum americanum), and controlled the timing and number of fruits available to birds during summer and winter. Corridors increased long-distance seed dispersal during winter but not during summer, indicating that the effectiveness of corridors for promoting long-distance seed dispersal can depend upon plant reproductive timing and seasonal differences in bird movement. A better understanding of the seasonality of plant-animal interactions will permit better predictions about whether and how corridors provide connectivity for plants.
Net nitrogen mineralization from shrub gradient and snow manipulations, near Toolik field station, collect in the summer of 2006 and winter of 2006-2007
In arctic tundra, near Toolik Lake, Alaska, we quantified net N-mineralization rates under ambient and manipulated snow treatments at three different plant communities that varied in abundance and height of deciduous shrubs. Our objective was twofold: 1) to test whether the amount of snow that accumulates around arctic deciduous shrubs maintains winter soil temperatures high enough to stimulate microbial activity and increase soil N levels (effect of soil microclimate) and 2) to compare the relative effects of shrubs on N availability via effects on the controls over N mineralization (effect of soil organic matter (SOM) quality). Net nitrogen mineralization was measured using in situ soil cores capped with mixed bed ion exchange resin bags. Seperate cores were incubated in the organic and mineral soils at 10 cm depth in the ambient and snow addition treatments located in moist acidic tundra and two seperate shrub tundra plant communities. Organic soil cores were incubated in the summer and winter while mineral soils were only incubated in the winter.
Eight Mile Lake Research Watershed, Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) Extended sites: winter ecosystem respiration chamber measurements using snow removal method. Oct-Nov 2009, Oct-Dec 2011, Oct-Nov; March-April 2012, Feb-May 2013.
The Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project addresses the following questions: 1) Does ecosystem warming cause a net release of C from the ecosystem to the atmosphere?, 2) Does the decomposition of old C, that comprises the bulk of the soil C pool, influence ecosystem C loss?, and 3) How do winter and summer warming alone, and in combination, affect ecosystem C exchange? We are answering these questions using a combination of field and laboratory experiments to measure ecosystem carbon balance and radiocarbon isotope ratios at a warming experiment located in an upland tundra field site near Healy, Alaska in the foothills of the Alaska Range. This dataset contains point measurements of winter ecosystem respiration fluxes using the snow removal method and the soil temperature, air temperature, and snow depth associated with each flux.
Eight Mile Lake Research Watershed, Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR): Winter ecosystem respiration measurements using soda lime, 2010-2019
The Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project addresses the following questions: 1) Does ecosystem warming cause a net release of C from the ecosystem to the atmosphere?, 2) Does the decomposition of old C, that comprises the bulk of the soil C pool, influence ecosystem C loss?, and 3) How do winter and summer warming alone, and in combination, affect ecosystem C exchange? We are answering these questions using a combination of field and laboratory experiments to measure ecosystem carbon balance and radiocarbon isotope ratios at a warming experiment located in an upland tundra field site near Healy, Alaska in the foothills of the Alaska Range. Soda Lime absorption of CO2 over the winter season is a method of estimating cumulative soil respiration across the site.
Eight Mile Lake Research Watershed, Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR): Winter ecosystem respiration chamber measurements using on-plot method, Oct 2012-May 2013.
The Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project addresses the following questions: 1) Does ecosystem warming cause a net release of C from the ecosystem to the atmosphere?, 2) Does the decomposition of old C, that comprises the bulk of the soil C pool, influence ecosystem C loss?, and 3) How do winter and summer warming alone, and in combination, affect ecosystem C exchange? We are answering these questions using a combination of field and laboratory experiments to measure ecosystem carbon balance and radiocarbon isotope ratios at a warming experiment located in an upland tundra field site near Healy, Alaska in the foothills of the Alaska Range. This dataset contains point measurements of winter ecosystem respiration fluxes using the on-plot method and the soil temperature, air temperature, and snow depth associated with each flux.
Eight Mile Lake Research Watershed, Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating and Drying Research (DryPEHR): Winter ecosystem respiration chamber measurements using on-plot method, Oct 2012-May 2013.
This drying and warming experiment addresses the following questions: 1) Does ecosystem drying, warming and permafrost thaw cause a net release or uptake of C from the ecosystem to the atmosphere?, 2) Does the decomposition of old C that comprises the bulk of the soil C pool influence ecosystem C loss? 3) How do drying and warmign affect plant communities and ecosystem properties? We are answering these questions using a combined warming and drying experiment (DryPEHR), which is situated with the Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project and located in an upland tundra field site near Healy, Alaska in the foothills of the Alaska Range. Warming treatment here refers to growing season air temperature warming (~1C) using open top chambers (OTC) combined with soil 'warming' using snow fences during the snow covered months. Drying is achieve using an automated pumping system that lowers the water table in the dry plots. Soil warming began in 2008; OTCs and drying in 2011. This dataset contains point measurements of winter ecosystem respiration fluxes using the on-plot method and the soil temperature, air temperature, and snow depth associated with each flux.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Winter Phytoplankton Densities during the 1990-1991 season
Using automated overwinter sampling devices, preserved phytoplankton samples were collected from multiple depths in Lake Fryxell, a permanently ice-covered lake in southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Photosynthetic algae (i.e. algae possessing chloroplasts) are maintained in a stable water column throughout winter darkness. The algal taxa "overwinter" in different ways, in a species specific manner. Typical vegetative cells were the most abundant form for all species found in the water column. Populations of one chlorophyte, Stichococcus sp., and two cryptophyte species increased during winter. We interpret the increase in algal population size as evidence of wintertime heterotrophic growth, and mixotrophic behavior in the context of the entire year. For two chlorophyte species some portion of the population had distinct morphology, e.g. akinetes for Chlamydomonas subcaudata and cells containing a large amount of starch or other storage material for Chlorella sp.. During winter, vegetative cells of the most abundant species of cyanobacteria, Phormidium angustissimum, occurred at the depth of the summertime maximum and at depths below the oxycline, which may represent a "false bottom". Other than this false bottom and the absence of diatoms, settling did not appear to influence the overwinteringalgal community.
McMurdo Dry Valleys Summer vs Winter Phytoplankton Presence 1989-1991
Using automated overwinter sampling devices, we collected preserved phytoplankton samples from multiple depths in Lake Fryxell, a permanently ice-covered lake in southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Photosynthetic algae were maintained in a stable water column throughout winter darkness. The algal taxa overwintered in different ways in a species-specific manner. Typical vegetative cells were the most abundant form for all species found in the water column. Populations of one chlorophyte, Stichococcus sp., were observed in winter, but the species was absent in both summers. Two cryptophyte species were more abundant in winter than in summer. We interpret the increase in algal population size as evidence of heterotrophic growth in winter and of mixotrophic behavior throughout the year. For two chlorophyte species, some portion of the population had a distinctive morphology, for example, many Chlamydomonas subcaudata Wille. formed akinetes, whereas many Chlorella sp. contained a large amount of starch or other storage material. During winter, vegetative cells of the most abundant cyanobacterial species, Phormidium angustissimum West et West, occurred at the depth of the summer maximum and at depths below the oxycline. The presence of P. angustissimum below the oxycline may have resulted from the accumulation of settling cells at a depth with a greater density. In contrast to the settling of P. angustissimum, the general absence of the other algal species below the oxycline in winter indicated that these species were not influenced by overwinter settling.
Winter snow depths for initializing a glacio-hydrological model in high mountain Chile
<p>The following dataset consists of the forcings, initial conditions, model grids and parameters used to run the TOPKAPI-ETH model (<em>Finger et al., 2011; Ragettli and Pellicciotti, 2012</em>) for the Rio Yeso catchment of central Chile (33.44°S, 69.93°W - <em>Burger et al., 2018</em>). The data and model grids were used to investigate the importance of accurate snow depth maps for initialising the physically-oriented model in a high elevation catchment - For a manuscript submitted to Water Resources Research (WRR) - January 2020. </p> <p> </p> <p>Data and file repository for the submitted article:<br> %-------------------------------------------------------------<br> %-------------------------------------------------------------</p> <p> On the utility of optical satellite winter snow depths for modelling the<br> glacio-hydrological behaviour of a high elevation, Andean catchment.</p> <p>Thomas E. Shaw1, Alexis Caro1,2, Pablo Mendoza3, Álvaro Ayala4, Francesca Pellicciotti5,6, Simon Gascoin7, James McPhee1,3</p> <p>1 Advanced Mining Technology Center, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile<br> 2 Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, Grenoble-INP, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement (IGE, UMR 5001), Grenoble, France<br> 3 Department of Civil Engineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile<br> 4 Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile<br> 5 Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland<br> 6 Department of Geography, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK<br> 7 CESBIO, Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/INRA/IRD/UPS, Toulouse, France</p> <p>%-------------------------------------------------------------<br> %-------------------------------------------------------------<br> The following sub-folders are separated into forcings, grids, initial model conditions, model files and parameters.</p> <p>This file describes briefly the contents of each sub-folder.</p> <p>%-------------------------------------------------------------<br> FORCINGS:</p> <p>CloudCover_TPK.csv - A timeseries of hourly cloud cover fraction (-) derived NASA POWER archives.<br> Discharge_TPK.csv - A timeseries of hourly discharge (m3 s-1) from the outlet station F_TdP.<br> Master_Data_TPK.mat - a Matlab structure (written in version 2017a) for all data availble to the catchment for the considered model period.<br> Precipitation_TPK.csv - A timeseries of hourly precipitation (mm/hr) from AWS TdP.<br> Temperature_TPK.csv - A timeseries of hourly temperature (degC) from AWS TdP. <br> TemperatureGradient_TPK.csv - A timeseries of calibrated temperature gradients based upon forcing from AWS TdP.</p> <p>%-------------------------------------------------------------<br> GRIDS:</p> <p>42 ascii files for various grids (primary or secondary) use to derive the .TES file (see TOPKAPI-ETH sub-folder) for running the model.<br> Associated projection (.prj) files are given.<br> Naming convention is provided in the manual (see TOPKAPI-ETH sub-folder) except:<br> rdy_SoilDepth.asc - An adjusted top layer soil depth map based upon Ragettli et al. (2012).<br> rdy_debris_v.asc - A debris thickness map for Piramde Glacier and the tongue of Bello Glacier. Values adjusted slightly from Ayala et al. (2016) to account for areas that are not debris, but bedrock (Bello Glacier).</p> <p>%-------------------------------------------------------------<br> INITIAL_CONDITIONS:</p> <p>Sub-folder 'Albedo': <br> Albedo_Pleiades.asc - An albedo map derived from the model spin up and limited to the snow-covered pixels of the Pléiades snow depth map.<br> Sub-folder 'Snow':<br> XXX_snow_mmwe.asc - A snow water equivalent map (mm w.e.) given by the initialisation method 'XXX' (Pléiades, TOPO or DBSM). TPK is derived solely from the model spin up (an input grid not required). <br> XXXeq_snow_mmew.asc - As above, though considering the equal means approach described in the manuscript. TPK included here.<br> Sub-Folder 'SpinUp_State':<br> 201709040000.stt - The system state file that contains information on the equiblibrium state of catchment (as read by the model upon initialisation). Running the model with a spinup shuld call upon this file within the command prompt.</p> <p><br> %-------------------------------------------------------------<br> PARAMETERS:</p> <p>Sub-folder 'Calibration'<br> TPK_ParameterAllocation - A Matlab script for the establishing the Monte Carlo parameter simulation and running the model n times. The current script is considered for soil parameters.<br> Sub-folder 'Sensitivity'<br> TPK_Sensivity_Analysis - A Matlab script for establishing the upper and lower boundaries of parameter/forcing sensitivities for a one-at-a-time analysis.</p> <p> </p> <p>%-------------------------------------------------------------<br> RESULTS:</p> <p>Model_Output_Comparison.mat - A matlab file with output grids and vectors for model intercomparisons (i.e. Pléiades (Pléiades-Uncertainty and Pléiades+Uncertainty), TOPO, TPK, DBSM + equal means equivalents). Files are:<br> All_S - Daily snow mass balance grids (mm w.e.)<br> Bias_Month - Monthly bias (row) of modelled vs measured streamflow at F_aP site for each model run (column).<br> Date_Daily - Numeric date of daily grids<br> DateTPK - Numeric date of hourly model simulations<br> Gla_Map - Daily cumulative glacier modelled mass balance grids (mm w.e.) for x,y,t,MOD - such that the 4th dimension is the model simulation<br> GMB_Bello - Cumulative modelled mass balance (mm w.e.) of Bello Glacier AWS grid cell<br> GMB_Piramide - Cumulative modelled mass balance (mm w.e.) of Piramide Glacier AWS grid cell<br> GMB_Yeso - Cumulative mass modelled balance (mm w.e.) of Yeso Glacier AWS grid cell<br> KGE_Month - KGE values per month (row) and for each model run (column)<br> M3AP - Measured streamflow at F_aP<br> M3TP - Measured streamflow at F_TdP<br> MeltG_Avg_all - Mean hourly ALL-glacier melt rate (mm w.e./hr) for each model run (column)<br> MeltS_Avg_all - Mean hourly catchment-wide melt rate (mm w.e./hr) for each model run (column)<br> MOD_SnowCC - Daily MODIS snow cover fraction<br> Model_Name - .... well, its the name of the model run :=)<br> MODIS_SLE - The calculated Snow Line Elevation (m a.s.l.) for each daily MODIS scene<br> PlanetSLE - As above, but for PlanetScope images (17 days total)<br> Planet_SnowObs - The numeric dates of the equivalent PlanetSLE data<br> Q_Mod_aP - The modelled hourly streamflow at F_aP<br> Q_Mod_TdP - The modelled hourly streamflow at F_TdP<br> Q_Prc_Month - The percentage difference in monthly (row) modelled-measured streamflow by model run (column)<br> R_Month - Correlation values per month (row) and for each model run (column)<br> RelVar_Month - Relative variance per month (row) and for each model run (column)<br> Snow_Map - Daily snow water equivalent grids (mm w.e.) for x,y,t,MOD - such that the 4th dimension is the model simulation<br> SnowCC - The hourly modelled snow cover fraction for the catchment for each model run (column)<br> TPKSLE - The daily modelled TOPKAPI-ETH model SLE from each model run (column)</p> <p> </p> <p>%-------------------------------------------------------------<br> TOPKAPI-ETH:</p> <p>FIUME - A generic file type that is called by the model to ID the name of the study site. I this case 'rdy'.<br> rdy.TES - A vectorised file of all grids required by the model to run.<br> rdy.TPK - The TPK parameter and command file. This is adjusted to change input parameters and forcing files etc. The current file is the optimised version for this catchment.<br> TManual_Aug2013.pdf - A PDF instruction file (semi-complete) for the model written by Stefan Rimkus (2013). The naming conventions and grid names are given here.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>CITED MATERIAL REGARDING THE MODEL</p> <p><strong>Burger, F., Ayala, A., Farias, D., Shaw, T. E., Macdonell, S., Brock, B., McPhee, J., Pellicciotti, F. (2018a). Interannual variability in glacier contribution to runoff from a high ‐ elevation Andean catchment: understanding the role of debris cover in glacier hydrology. Hydrological Processes, SI-Latin(January), 1–16. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13354">https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13354</a></strong></p> <p><strong>Finger, D., Pellicciotti, F., Konz, M., Rimkus, S., & Burlando, P. (2011). The value of glacier mass balance, satellite snow cover images, and hourly discharge for improving the performance of a physically based distributed hydrological model. Water Resources Research, 47(7), 1–14. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009824">https://doi.org/10.1029/2010WR009824</a></strong></p> <p><strong>Ragettli, S., & Pellicciotti, F. (2012). Calibration of a physically based, spatially distributed hydrological model in a glacierized basin: On the use of knowledge from glaciometeorological processes to constrain model parameters. Water Resources Research, 48(3), n/a-n/a. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010559">https://doi.org/10.1029/2011WR010559</a></strong></p> <p> </p>
Figure 5 in Winter species composition, diversity and abundance of macrozoobenthos in Kuwait's waters, Arabian Gulf
Figure 5. Changes in the abundance A and the number of species B in relevance with depth.
Figure 1 in Winter species composition, diversity and abundance of macrozoobenthos in Kuwait's waters, Arabian Gulf
Figure 1. Location of the benthic stations sampled during 3–18 December 2004.
Data from: Climate synchronises shrub growth across a high-arctic archipelago: contrasting implications of summer and winter warming
<p>Climate change is most pronounced at high latitudes, where plant and animal populations are often strongly influenced by environmental fluctuations related to climate and weather. Environmental conditions can co-fluctuate over large distances and thereby synchronise primary production in space. However, large-scale studies of such spatiotemporal patterns remain rare in the Arctic, where short time-series and poor spatial replication have characterised the data available on both biotic and abiotic parameters. Here, we use dendrochronological tools to measure ring growth of a dominant dwarf shrub, the polar willow (<i>Salix polaris</i> Wahlenb.), previously found to reliably trace community-level vascular plant biomass production. We investigated climate drivers of vegetation growth and their role in the synchronisation of primary production across the rapidly warming archipelago of Svalbard (n = 8 sites, composed of 17 sub-sites, 0.06-293 km apart). We found contrasting effects of summer versus winter weather on ring growth and its spatial synchrony. Although an overall positive effect of summer temperature caused spatially synchronous growth, negative impacts of winter rain-on-snow events occurred only locally, potentially counteracting such synchrony. However, the anticipated increase in both summer temperature and spatial extent of rain-on-snow events, causing basal ice encapsulation of the vegetation, could change the relative importance of seasons for spatiotemporal dynamics of shrub growth. Because these shrub ring growth chronologies reflect annual fluctuations in total vascular plant biomass, fuelling the bottom-up controlled food-web, these results have large implications for our understanding of how climate change shapes tundra ecosystem productivity in time and space.</p>
Responses of White-throated sparrows to simulated winter storm cues
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">These data were used in the publication "Increased frequency of exposure to simulated winter storm cues negatively affects white-throated sparrows (<em>Zonotrichia albicollis</em>)" Front. Ecol. Evol. | doi: 10.3389/fevo.2020.00222</p> <p>Climate change is causing changes in weather patterns and more frequent extreme weather events. Although birds are often able to cope with and respond to inclement weather with physiological and behavioral responses, as weather events become more severe or frequent the adaptive coping responses of many species may be pushed beyond their limits. We investigated the effects of experimental recurrent inclement winter weather cues on body composition, glucocorticoid hormones, and behavior of white-throated sparrows (<em>Zonotrichia albicollis</em>). We used a hypobaric climatic wind tunnel to simulate storms by transiently decreasing barometric pressure and temperature, and measured behavioral responses, body composition, and baseline corticosterone levels in birds exposed, or not exposed (control), to different frequencies of simulated storms. In study 1, experimental birds were exposed to one storm per week over 9 weeks. In study 2, experimental birds were exposed to two storms per week over 12 weeks. Birds exposed to one simulated storm per week had higher fat and lean masses than control birds, with no differences in the amount of time groups spent feeding. This change in body composition suggests that birds were coping by increasing energy stores. In contrast, birds exposed to two simulated storms per week had lower fat masses compared to control birds, even though they spent more time feeding. Experimental birds in study 2 also had lower baseline corticosterone levels than controls. These changes suggest that the coping response observed in study 1 was overcome in study 2. These findings provide novel experimental evidence that birds detect and respond to changes in temperature and barometric pressure independent of other storm-related cues. One simulated storm per week resulted in potentially adaptive responses of increase mass. However, increasing the frequency of storm exposure to twice per week may exceed a physiological threshold for tolerance to which these songbirds are able to cope. These results also experimentally demonstrate that repeated exposure to inclement weather cues can directly affects birds' energy reserves, with strong implications for survival as severe weather events continue to become more prevalent.</p>
Data from: They like it cold, but only in winter: climate‐mediated effects on a hibernator
<ol> <li>Variations in ambient temperature (T<sub>a</sub>) profoundly influence energy consumption in endotherms and therefore their survival and fitness. But depending on whether endotherms are hibernating or active, the same changes in T<sub>a</sub> may have opposing consequences for their energy consumption.</li> <li>The aim of this study was therefore to investigate how variations in T<sub>a</sub>, occurring during hibernation and during the active period of a hibernator, affect different fitness relevant traits.</li> <li>To understand whether changes in T<sub>a</sub> impact phenology, body mass and reproduction in a small mammalian hibernator, we analysed T<sub>a</sub> variations and detailed capture-mark-recapture data on edible dormice (Glis glis) collected between 1993 and 2016 in South-West Germany.</li> <li>Results revealed that during hibernation a T<sub>a</sub> increase of 1°C advanced the date of first capture after hibernation by 6 days, but only if food availability during the preceding year was low. In contrast, after years of comparatively high food availability, date of first capture was not affected by T<sub>a</sub>, but dormice had a significantly lower body mass after emergence, if T<sub>a</sub> during hibernation was elevated (3 to 6g per 1°C). We presume that an earlier emergence as well as a lower body mass after emergence potentially reduce the chance to survive.</li> <li>During the active period of edible dormice, mean spring T<sub>a</sub> a did not affect the date of birth but was positively associated with litter size, potentially improving reproductive success.</li> <li>Results of this study highlight that, depending on the physiological state of a hibernator, an increase in T<sub>a</sub> can have positive and negative effects on fitness relevant traits.</li> </ol>
Data from: Low fitness at low latitudes: wintering in the tropics increases migratory delays and mortality rates in an arctic-breeding shorebird
<p>1. Evolutionary theories of seasonal migration generally assume that the costs of longer migrations are balanced by benefits at the non-breeding destinations. 2. We tested, and rejected, the null hypothesis of equal survival and timing of spring migration for High Arctic breeding sanderling Calidris alba using six and eight winter destinations between 55° N and 25° S, respectively. 3. Annual apparent survival was considerably lower for adult birds wintering in tropical West-Africa (Mauritania: 0.74 and Ghana: 0.75) than in three European sites (0.84, 0.84 and 0.87) and in subtropical Namibia (0.85). Moreover, compared with adults, second calendar-year sanderlings in the tropics, but not in Europe, often refrained from migrating north during the first possible breeding season. During northward migration, tropical-wintering sanderlings occurred at their final staging site in Iceland 5-15 days later than birds wintering further north or south. Namibia-wintering sanderlings tracked with solar geolocators only staged in West-Africa during southward migration. 4. The low annual survival, the later age of first northward migration and the later passage through Iceland during northward migration of tropical-wintering sanderlings, in addition to the skipping of this area during northward but not southward migration by Namibia-wintering sanderlings, all suggest they face issues during the late non-breeding season in West-Africa. 5. Migrating sanderlings defy long distances but may end up in winter areas with poor fitness prospects. We suggest that ecological conditions in tropical West-Africa make the fuelling prior to northward departure problematic. </p>
Local adaptation from afar: migratory bird populations diverge in the initiation of reproductive timing while wintering in sympatry
<p><span>The initiation of reproduction in many seasonally breeding animals is controlled by photoperiod and tends to be clinal: populations at higher latitudes breed later than those at lower latitudes, often reflecting a higher photoperiodic threshold. Migratory animals presumably time reproduction to match conditions at their breeding grounds at least in part by cues perceived</span> on their wintering grounds<span>. </span>We asked how closely related dark-eyed junco (<i>Junco hyemalis</i>) populations that overwinter in sympatry but breed in allopatry respond to their shared winter environment by comparing early spring indices of readiness to migrate and breed (baseline and elevated testosterone). We measured stable hydrogen isotopes from feathers grown the preceding year and claws grown during winter to estimate breeding and wintering latitudes, respectively. We predicted that if reproductive initiation is adapted to the emergence of resources at their respective breeding destinations, then birds migrating to higher latitudes (slate-colored junco; <i>J. h. hyemalis</i>) should delay breeding as compared to those migrating to lower latitudes (pink-sided junco; <i>J. h. mearnsi</i>) despite a common overwinter environment. We found higher testosterone in pink-sided juncos consistent with earlier reproductive initiation, suggesting local adaptation in reproductive phenology achieved through differential responses to predictive environmental cues.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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OpenNeuro
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