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Fig. 1. Limnerpeton modestum Fritsch nomen dubium. NMP M464 in Revision of the amphibian genus Limnerpeton (Temnospondyli) from the Upper Carboniferous of the Czech Republic

Fig. 1. Limnerpeton modestum Fritsch nomen dubium. NMP M464 (Fritsch Orig. 15), holotype right mandible, from Nýřany, Czech Republic. In this and the following figures, hatching represents broken bone surface and stipple represents bone impression on matrix.

FIGURE 8 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 8. Fossils referred to Echinotriton andersoni. 1–4, postatlantal precaudal vertebra (one of 290 registered as RUMF-GF-04052) in anterior (1), left lateral (2), dorsal (3), and ventral (4) views; 5 and 6, atlas (one of 11 registered as RUMF-GF-04051) in anterior (5) and left lateral (6) views; 7, parietal-prootic-exoccipital (RUMF-GF-04047) in dorsal view; 8, right maxilla (one of 30 registered as RUMF-GF-04045) in lateral view; 9, right quadrate (one of five registered as RUMF-GF-04049) in dorsal view; 10, right dentary (one of 70 registered as RUMF-GF-04050) in medial view; 11, right rib (one of 181 registered as RUMF-GF-04053) in posterior view; 12, right humerus (one of 144 registered as RUMF-GF-04054) in lateral view; and 13, right femur (one of 163 registered as RUMF-GF-04055) in posterior view. Abbreviations: tro, trochanter; the others are the same as Figure 7. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 6. Fossils referred to Buergeria japonica (1–4) and Rhacophorus viridis viridis (5–11). 1–3, right female humerus lacking the proximal part (YMHF-MA 010) in ventral (1), medial (2), and dorsal (3) views; 4, left ilium lacking most part of the crista dorsalis (RUMF-GF-04024) in lateral view; 5–7, left female humerus (one of seven registered as RUMF-GF-04025) in ventral (5), medial (6), and dorsal (7) views; 8–10, left male humerus (RUMF-GF-04027) in ventral (8), medial (9), and dorsal (10) views; and 11, pelvic girdle (fused right and left ilia [lacking anterior parts] with the ischium: RUMF-GF-04029) in left lateral view. Abbreviations: pre.acet, preacetabular zone; the others are the same as Figure 3. Arrows indicate the proximal ends of the crista paraventralis. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 7. Fossils referred to Cynops ensicauda. 1–4, postatlantal precaudal vertebra (one of 108 registered as RUMF-GF-04039) in anterior (1), left lateral (2), dorsal (3), and ventral (4) views; 5 and 6, atlas (one of five registered as RUMF-GF-04038) in anterior (5) and left lateral (6) views; 7, parietal-prootic-exoccipital (RUMF-GF-04033) in dorsal view; 8, right maxilla (one of three registered as RUMF-GF-04032) in lateral view; 9, right dentary (one of nine registered as RUMF-GF-04037) in medial view; 10, right rib (one of 25 registered as RUMF-GF-04040) in posterior view; 11, right humerus (one of 85 registered as RUMF-GF-04041) in lateral view; and 12, right femur (one of 92 registered as RUMF-GF-04042) in posterior view. Abbreviations: con, condyle; diap, diapophyses; epi.pr, epipleural processes; neu.sp, neural spine; n.prep, notch for prearticular; parap, parapophyses; pos.pr, posterior process; subd.d, subdental ditch; zygap, zygapophyses. The arrow in 12 indicates the concavity (see text). Scale bars equal 1 mm.

FIGURE 2 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 2. Photograph of the Sashiki Fissure (left) and schematic figure showing the structure of the fissure (right). In the right figure, broken lines represent the outline of the fissure behind rock, shaded areas represent studied sediments, and open circles represent the locations of the dating samples.

FIGURE 3 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 3. Fossils referred to Limnonectes namiyei (1–4) and Babina holsti (5–11). 1–3, left female humerus lacking the proximal and distal parts and the crista ventralis (YMHF-MA 001) in ventral (1), medial (2) and dorsal (3) views; 4, left ilium lacking the anterior part (RUMF-GF-04000) in lateral view; 5–7, right female humerus (one of six registered as RUMF-GF-04003) in ventral (5), medial (6) and dorsal (7) views; 8–10, right male humerus lacking the proximal part (one of two registered as RUMF-GF-04004) in ventral (8), medial (9), and dorsal (10) views; and 11, right ilium lacking the anterior part (one of nine registered as RUMF-GF-04005) in lateral view. Abbreviations: acet, acetabulum; acet.m, acetabular margin; cr.dors, crista dorsalis; cr.lat, crista lateralis; cr.med, crista medialis; cr.par, crista paraventralis; cr.ven, crista ventralis; e.cap, eminentia capitata; ep.rad, epicondylus radialis; ep.ul, epicondylus ulnaris; fo.div, fossula dividens; il.sh, ilial shaft; ol.sc, olecranon scar; p.asc, pars ascendens; stm, spina tuberculi medialis; supr.fo, supracetabular fossa; tub.sup, tuber superior. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 1. Maps of the Ryukyu Archipelago (1, 2) and Okinawajima Island (3). The map of Okinawajima shows topography, distribution of the Pleistocene limestone, and study sites. Geological data were obtained from Kizaki (1985).

FIGURE 4 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 4. Fossils referred to Odorrana ishikawae (1–7) and Odorrana narina (8–14), 1–3, right female humerus (one of 10 registered as RUMF-GF-04009) in ventral (1), medial (2), and dorsal (3) views; 4–6, right male humerus (one of three registered as RUMF-GF-04010) in ventral (4), medial (5), and dorsal (6) views; 7, right ilium lacking the anterior part with part of the ischium (one of five registered as RUMF-GF-04011) in lateral view; 8–10, right female humerus (one of eight registered as RUMF-GF-04014) in ventral (8), medial (9), and dorsal (10) views; 11–13, right male humerus lacking the proximal part of the shaft and the distal part of the epicondylus ulnaris (RUMF-GF-04015) in ventral (11), medial (12), and dorsal (13) views; and 14, pelvic girdle (fused right and left ilia [lacking anterior parts] with the ischium and the pubis: RUMF-GF-04016) in right lateral view. Abbreviations are the same as Figure 3. Arrows indicate the proximal ends of the crista paraventralis. Scale bars equal 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Late Pleistocene-Holocene amphibians from Okinawajima Island in the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan: Reconfirmed faunal endemicity and the Holocene range collapse of forest-dwelling species

FIGURE 5. Fossils referred to Rana ulma (1–7) and Microhyla okinavensis (8). 1–3, right female humerus (one of 176 registered as RUMF-GF-04019) in ventral (1), medial (2), and dorsal (3) views; 4–6, right male humerus (one of 87 registered as RUMF-GF-04020) in ventral (4), medial (5), and dorsal (6) views; 7, right ilium (one of 93 registered as RUMF-GF-04021) in lateral view; and 8, right ilium (one of two registered as RUMF-GF-04023) in lateral view. Abbreviations are the same as Figure 3. Arrows indicate the proximal ends of the crista paraventralis. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

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FIGURE 6. Amphibians from Moncucco Torinese. 1–2 in Late Messinian mollusks and vertebrates from Moncucco Torinese, north-western Italy. Paleoecological and paleoclimatological implications

FIGURE 6. Amphibians from Moncucco Torinese. 1–2. Albanerpeton sp.: right dentary (MGPT-PU 132003) in medial (1) and dorsal (2) views. 3-5. Chelotriton sp.: trunk vertebra (MGPT-PU 132302) in anterior (3), dorsal (4) and left lateral (5) views. 6-7. Lissotriton sp.: trunk vertebra (MGPT-PU 132306) in dorsal (6) and posterior (7) views. 8. Bufo gr. B. viridis: left ilium (MGPT-PU 132177) in lateral view. 9. Pelophylax sp.: right ilium (MGPT-PU 132317) in lateral view. 10. Hyla gr. H. arborea: left ilium (MGPT-PU 132201) in lateral view. 11-12. Latonia sp.: left angular (MGPT-PU 132314) in ventral (11) and dorsal (12) views. 13-14. Pelobates sp.: left ilium (MGPT-PU 132308) in medial (13) and lateral (14) views. Scale bars equal 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in New albanerpetontid amphibians from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco and Middle Jurassic of England

Fig. 3. Jaws of Anoualerpeton priscus sp. nov.; Middle Jurassic (late Bathonian), Kirtlington, England. A–C. Premaxillae. A. BMNH R.16336, holotype, left premaxilla, lacking dorsal part of pars dorsalis, lateral part of pars dentalis, and most of pars palatinum and preserving no intact teeth, in lingual (A1) and laterolingual (A2) views. B. BMNH R.16337, right premaxilla, lacking dorsal part of pars dorsalis and medial pars of pars palatinum and pars dentalis, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. BMNH R.14157, right premaxilla, lacking dorsal part of pars dorsalis, ventral part of pars dentalis, and lateral end of maxillary process and preserving no intact teeth, in lingual (C1) and dorsal (C2) views, both with hair extending obliquely through palatal foramen, and in occlusal (C3) view. D. BMNH R.16338, left maxilla, missing part of pars dentalis below nasal process and about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (D1), lingual (D2), and dorsal (D3) views. E–H. Dentaries, all in lingual view. E. BMNH R.16344, left dentary, posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about anterior one−quarter of bone. F. BMNH R.16354, right dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving posterior part of tooth row and anterior part of area for attachment of postdentary bones; G, BMNH R.16356, left dentary, anteriorly and posteriorly incomplete ramus preserving about posterior

Fig. 1 in New albanerpetontid amphibians from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco and Middle Jurassic of England

Fig. 1. Upper jaws and frontals of Anoualerpeton unicus sp. nov., type species; Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian), Anoual, Morocco. A, B. Premaxillae. A. MNHN.MCM 187, holotype, right premaxilla, lacking pars palatinum, in labial (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. MNHN.MCM 188, left premaxilla, lacking dorsolateral part of pars dorsalis and vomerine and maxillary processes on pars palatinum, in labial (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. MNHN.MCM 189, left maxilla, lacking about posterior one−fifth of bone, in labial (C1), lingual (C2), and dorsal (C3) views. D, E. Fused frontals. D. MNHN.MCM 190, nearly complete frontals, lacking distal end of left anterolateral process and posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, entire specimen in dorsal (D1) and ventral (D2) views and closeup of anterior part in right lateral view (D3). E. MNHN.MCM 191, less nearly complete frontals, missing distal tip of internasal process, posterior end of left ventrolateral crest, and right posterolateral corner of bone and showing damage to median portion sustained during photography (cf., Fig. 2K), in dorsal view. White areas are broken surfaces and cross hatches are sand grains. Specimens at different scales.

Fig. 5 in New albanerpetontid amphibians from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco and Middle Jurassic of England

Fig. 5. Strict consensus of three shortest trees, based on branch−and−bound search of 20 informative characters scored for 10 albanerpetontid taxa and a hypothetical "all zero" ancestor (see Appendix). Indices of support for less inclusive clades are reported in Table 1. Distribution of apomorphies for all 29 characters are depicted according to the more conservative and preferred DELTRAN character state optimization. Distribution of apomorphies within the gracile−snouted clade is based on one of the three shortest trees that has the same topology for this clade as the strict consensus tree. The ACCTRAN optimization differs in shifting four derived character states one node down towards the stem, as follows: 2(1) to the node for Anoualerpeton; 6(1) to the node for the robust−snouted clade; 22(2) to the node for the unnamed Tertiary clade; and 27(1) to the node for Celtedens + Albanerpeton. Symbols for apomorphies are: horizontal bar, synapomorphic or autapomorphic; circle, convergent. Tree statistics (uninformative characters excluded): tree length = 32 steps; CI = 0.750; HI = 0.250; and RI = 0.826.

Fig. 4 in New albanerpetontid amphibians from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco and Middle Jurassic of England

Fig. 4. Teeth and frontals of Anoualerpeton priscus sp. nov.; Middle Jurassic (late Bathonian), Kirtlington, England. A–E. Close ups of teeth, all in lingual view. A. BMNH R.16365, right maxilla, crown of tooth at second locus from broken anterior end of bone or, when tooth row was complete, about one−fifth of distance posteriorly along row. B. BMNH R.16356, left dentary, crowns of adjacent teeth at fourth (B1) and fifth (B2) loci from broken anterior end of bone or, when tooth row was complete, about three−fifths of distance posteriorly along row. C. BMNH R.16477, right dentary, crown of tooth at eighth locus from broken anterior end of bone or, when tooth row was complete, about one−half of distance posteriorly along row. D. BMNH R.16357, right maxilla, crowns of teeth at seventh (D1) and ninth (D2) loci from broken anterior end of bone or, when tooth row was complete, about one−third of distance posteriorly along row. E. BMNH R.16340, right dentary, row of five teeth and one empty tooth slot, extending from second to seventh loci from broken anterior end of bone or, when tooth row was complete, about three−fifths of distance posteriorly along row. F–I. Frontals. F. BMNH R.14158, anterior one−third of fused frontals, broken posteriorly between slots for receipt of prefrontals, in dorsal (F1) and right lateral (F2) views. G. BMNH R.16342, posterior two−thirds of fused frontals, broken anteriorly between slots for receipt of prefrontals and missing posterior end of ventrolateral crests on both sides, in dorsal (G1) and ventral (G2) views. H. BMNH R.14159, posterior part of small, fused frontals, broken anteriorly between slot for receipt of prefrontals on right side and midway along orbital margin on left side and missing left posterior corner, in dorsal (H1) and ventral (H2) views. I. BMNH R.14160, fragment of large, left frontal, preserving orbital margin, in ventral view. Osteological abbreviations: ap, anterolateral process; as, anterior slot; gr, groove; lfu, line of fusion; ps, posterior slot; vlc, ventrolateral crest. Specimens at different scales.

Figure 6 in Conservation of biodiversity in a hotspot: Sri Lanka's amphibians and reptiles

Figure 6. Lowland rain forest at Sinharaja (top) and montane forest in the Knuckles Range (bottom; cardamom factory in the foreground). Photos by Walter R. Erdelen.

Figure 3 in Conservation of biodiversity in a hotspot: Sri Lanka's amphibians and reptiles

Figure 3. Male specimen of Lyriocephalus scutatus, the most charismatic lizard of Sri Lanka. The genus is monotypic and endemic to Sri Lanka. Photo by Walter R. Erdelen.

Figure 2 in Conservation of biodiversity in a hotspot: Sri Lanka's amphibians and reptiles

Figure 2. Tadpoles (top) and adult specimen (bottom) of Nannophrys marmorata, an endemic species restricted to the Knuckles range; Critically Endangered. Mainly found under boulders on wet, flat, rocky surfaces (Dutta and ManamendraArachchi 1996; confirmed by own observations). The genus is endemic to Sri Lanka, comprising four species, one of them (N. naeyakai) described only in 2007 (Fernando et al. 2007). Photos by Walter R. Erdelen.

Figure 7 in Conservation of biodiversity in a hotspot: Sri Lanka's amphibians and reptiles

Figure 7. Variability in geographic distribution among Sri Lankan reptiles. (A) Chamaeleo zeylanicus, a non-endemic species of the dry zone lowlands; (B) Naja naja, non-endemic and found all over the island below some 1500 m asl; (C) Geckoella triedrus, a wet zone species which is also locally found in the dry zone and intermediate zone; (D) Geckoella yakhuna, F restricted to the dry zone lowlands of the north; both species are endemic to Sri Lanka and need further study as regards to intraspecific variation. The status of the third species occurring in Sri Lanka (G. collegalensis) is unclear (Somaweera and Somaweera 2009); (E) Rhinophis homolepis, an endemic uropeltid snake found in the wet zone lowlands; fossorial amphibians and reptiles may be environmental indicators and key groups for an understanding of species evolution in Sri Lanka (see Gans 1993); (F) Haplocercus ceylonensis, an endemic colubrid snake found in the wet zone highlands. Photos by Indraneil Das.

Figure 5 in Conservation of biodiversity in a hotspot: Sri Lanka's amphibians and reptiles

Figure 5. Two species of reptiles endemic to the Knuckles range, the gekkonid Cyrtodactylus soba (left) and the scincid Nessia bipes (right). Photos by Indraneil Das.

Figure 4 in Conservation of biodiversity in a hotspot: Sri Lanka's amphibians and reptiles

Figure 4. Range restricted endemic forest lizards. Top left: Ceratophora tennentii, male; top right: Cophotis ceylanica, male; bottom left: Calotes liocephalus, juvenile; bottom right: a newly discovered endemic but widespread species of scincid lizard (Eutropis tammanna; described by Das et al. 2008). Eutropis tammanna photo by Indraneil Das; all others by Walter R. Erdelen.