Find research datasets worth reusing
Search datasets from major research repositories and use ShareScore to quickly assess how well each record supports discovery, access, and reuse.
866
datasets available to search
ShareScore release 0.7.1
Dataset results
866 results for “attack”
Figures 31-45 from: Pádua DG, Sääksjärvi IE, Monteiro RF, Oliveira ML (2020) Seven new species of spider-attacking Hymenoepimecis Viereck (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru, with an identification key to the world species. ZooKeys 935: 57-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.50492
Figures 31-45 Head and part of mesosoma of Hymenoepimecis spp. (females), lateral view 31H. andina sp. nov. (holotype) 32H. bicolor33H. castilloi sp. nov. (holotype) 34H. dolichocarinata sp. nov. (holotype), arrow shows the epicnemial carina 35H. duckensis36H. ecuatoriana sp. nov. (holotype) 37H. kleini38H. longilobus sp. nov. (holotype) 39H. manauara40H. neotropica41H. pucallpina sp. nov. (holotype) 42H. rafaelmartinezi sp. nov. (holotype) 43H. ribeiroi44H. tedfordi, arrow shows the epicnemial carina 45H. uberensis.
Figures 46-60 from: Pádua DG, Sääksjärvi IE, Monteiro RF, Oliveira ML (2020) Seven new species of spider-attacking Hymenoepimecis Viereck (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru, with an identification key to the world species. ZooKeys 935: 57-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.50492
Figures 46-60 Sternite I of Hymenoepimecis spp. (females), lateral view 46H. andina sp. nov. (holotype) 47H. bicolor48H. castilloi sp. nov. (holotype) 49H. dolichocarinata sp. nov. (holotype) 50H. duckensis51H. ecuatoriana sp. nov. (holotype) 52H. kleini53H. longilobus sp. nov. (holotype) 54H. manauara55H. neotropica56H. pucallpina sp. nov. (holotype) 57H. rafaelmartinezi sp. nov. (holotype) 58H. ribeiroi59H. tedfordi60H. uberensis.
Figures 67-71 from: Pádua DG, Sääksjärvi IE, Monteiro RF, Oliveira ML (2020) Seven new species of spider-attacking Hymenoepimecis Viereck (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru, with an identification key to the world species. ZooKeys 935: 57-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.50492
Figures 67-71 Habitus of Hymenoepimecis spp. (females), lateral view 67H. kleini68H. longilobus sp. nov. (holotype) 69H. manauara70H. neotropica71H. pucallpina sp. nov. (holotype).
Figures 103-106 from: Pádua DG, Sääksjärvi IE, Monteiro RF, Oliveira ML (2020) Seven new species of spider-attacking Hymenoepimecis Viereck (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru, with an identification key to the world species. ZooKeys 935: 57-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.50492
Figures 103-106 Habitus of Hymenoepimecis spp. (males), lateral view 103H. manauara104H. rafaelmartinezi sp. nov. (paratype) 105H. ribeiroi106H. uberensis.
Figures 16-30 from: Pádua DG, Sääksjärvi IE, Monteiro RF, Oliveira ML (2020) Seven new species of spider-attacking Hymenoepimecis Viereck (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru, with an identification key to the world species. ZooKeys 935: 57-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.50492
Figures 16-30 Heads of Hymenoepimecis spp. (females), dorsal view 16H. andina sp. nov. (holotype) 17H. bicolor18H. castilloi sp. nov. (holotype) 19H. dolichocarinata sp. nov. (holotype) 20H. duckensis21H. ecuatoriana sp. nov. (holotype) 22H. kleini23H. longilobus sp. nov. (holotype) 24H. manauara25H. neotropica26H. pucallpina sp. nov. (holotype) 27H. rafaelmartinezi sp. nov. (holotype) 28H. ribeiroi29H. tedfordi30H. uberensis.
Figures 97-102 from: Pádua DG, Sääksjärvi IE, Monteiro RF, Oliveira ML (2020) Seven new species of spider-attacking Hymenoepimecis Viereck (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru, with an identification key to the world species. ZooKeys 935: 57-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.50492
Figures 97-102 Habitus of Hymenoepimecis spp. (males), lateral view 97H. andina sp. nov. (paratype) 98H. bicolor99H. dolichocarinata sp. nov. (paratype) 100H. duckensis101H. kleini102H. longilobus sp. nov. (paratype).
Figures 1-15 from: Pádua DG, Sääksjärvi IE, Monteiro RF, Oliveira ML (2020) Seven new species of spider-attacking Hymenoepimecis Viereck (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) from Ecuador, French Guiana, and Peru, with an identification key to the world species. ZooKeys 935: 57-92. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.935.50492
Figures 1-15 Heads of Hymenoepimecis spp. (females), frontal view 1H. andina sp. nov. (holotype) 2H. bicolor3H. castilloi sp. nov. (holotype) 4H. dolichocarinata sp. nov. (holotype) 5H. duckensis6H. ecuatoriana sp. nov. (holotype) 7H. kleini8H. longilobus sp. nov. (holotype) 9H. manauara10H. neotropica11H. pucallpina sp. nov. (holotype) 12H. rafaelmartinezi sp. nov. (holotype) 13H. ribeiroi14H. tedfordi15H. uberensis.
Figure 4 from: Rakhshani E, Saval JM, Pérez Hidalgo N, Pons X, Kavallieratos NG, Starý P (2020) Trioxys liui Chou & Chou, 1993 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae): an invasive aphid parasitoid attacking invasive Takecallis species (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in the Iberian Peninsula. ZooKeys 944: 99-114. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.944.51395
Figure 4 Neighbor-Joining tree based on the partial mtCOI sequences from Trioxys and Binodoxys spp., including Trioxys liui, with Praon volucre and Ephedrus persicae as outgroups (NCBI accession no). Numbers next to nodes are the bootstrap values.
Figure 2 from: Rakhshani E, Saval JM, Pérez Hidalgo N, Pons X, Kavallieratos NG, Starý P (2020) Trioxys liui Chou & Chou, 1993 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae): an invasive aphid parasitoid attacking invasive Takecallis species (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in the Iberian Peninsula. ZooKeys 944: 99-114. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.944.51395
Figure 2 Trioxys liui – female A head, frontal view B maxillary and labial palps C antenna D mesonotum and scutellum, dorsal view E forewing F propodeum G petiole, dorsal view H genitalia, lateral aspect.
Figure 1 from: Rakhshani E, Saval JM, Pérez Hidalgo N, Pons X, Kavallieratos NG, Starý P (2020) Trioxys liui Chou & Chou, 1993 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Aphidiinae): an invasive aphid parasitoid attacking invasive Takecallis species (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in the Iberian Peninsula. ZooKeys 944: 99-114. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.944.51395
Figure 1 General scheme of the sampling localities in the Iberian Peninsula A patch of Phyllostachys aurea in the Arboretum of Lleida B street garden with rows of bamboo (Phyllostachis sp.) in Barcelona.
An amplicon sequencing protocol for attacker identification from DNA traces left on artificial prey
<ol> <li>Clay model studies are a popular tool to identify predator-prey interactions that are challenging to observe directly in the field. But despite its wide use, the method's applicability is limited by its low taxonomic resolution. Attack marks on clay models are usually identified visually, which only allows classification into higher taxonomic levels of predators. Thus, the method is often biased, lacks proof and, above all, standardization.</li> <li>Here, we tested whether precise identification of attackers can be provided by amplification and sequencing of mitochondrial DNA left in bite marks on clay models. We validated our approach in a controlled laboratory study as well as in a field experiment using clay models of a common European amphibian, the European fire salamander (<i>Salamandra salamandra</i>). DNA based taxonomic assignments were additionally compared to visual assessments of bite marks.</li> <li>We show that trace DNA of attackers can be routinely isolated and sequenced from bite marks, providing accurate species level classification. In contrast, visual identification alone yielded a high number of unassigned predator taxa. We also highlight the sensitivity of the method and show likely sources of contamination as well as probable cases of secondary and indirect predation.</li> <li>Our standardized approach for species level attacker identification opens up new possibilities far beyond the standard use of clay models to date, including food web studies at unprecedented detail, invasive species monitoring as well as biodiversity inventories.</li> </ol>
FIG. 7. — Monstrous whale attacking a in Monstrosities from the Sea. Taxonomy and tradition in Conrad Gessner's (1516-1565) discussion of cetaceans and sea-monsters
FIG. 7. — Monstrous whale attacking a ship. Conrad Gessner (1558: 138). Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München, Rar. 2234.
Caterpillar survival in the city: Attack rates on model lepidopteran larvae along an urban-rural gradient show no increase in predation with increasing urban intensity (Raw Data)
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Growing native plants in urban gardens is often promoted as a possible means of increasing lepidopteran populations. However, the efficacy of such efforts has not been well studied. Lepidopterans vary widely in their ability to survive in cities, and the few previous studies of caterpillar abundance or biomass across an urban-rural gradient have yielded mixed results. We placed clay caterpillar models in native plant gardens to assess whether the attack rate on these models varied with degree of urbanization (percent impervious surface within 1 km radius of each garden), and whether responses differed across predator taxa. We also examined how garden characteristics (plant biovolume density, plant species richness) affected probability of attack. Overall, attack rates on these models decreased with increasing impervious surface, although predator taxa varied in their sometimes complex responses. For parasitoid wasps, which accounted for 47% of all attacks, increasing biovolume density increased attack probability at impervious surface levels below 35%, but decreased the probability of attack at higher levels of impervious surface. In contrast, probabilities of attack by both predatory wasps and vertebrates decreased with increasing percent impervious surface, but did not vary with impervious surface for ants and spiders. Predation on caterpillars in urban gardens may be lower than in rural ones; however, this potential increase in survival may be a result of declines in some predator taxa, such as predatory wasps and insectivorous birds. More studies across an urban gradient are needed to measure factors other than predation that influence caterpillar survival in gardens.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Attack behaviour in naive Gyrfalcons is modelled by the same guidance law as in Peregrines, but at a lower guidance gain
<p>The aerial hunting behaviours of birds are strongly influenced by flight morphology and ecology, but little is known of how this relates to the behavioural algorithms guiding flight. Here we use GPS loggers to record the attack trajectories of captive-bred Gyrfalcons (<i>Falco rusticolus</i>) during their maiden flights against robotic aerial targets, which we compare to existing flight data from Peregrines (<i>Falco peregrinus</i>). The attack trajectories of both species are well modelled by a proportional navigation (PN) guidance law, which commands turning in proportion to the angular rate of the line-of-sight to target, at a guidance gain <i>N</i><span><span></span></span>. However, naïve Gyrfalcons operate at significantly lower values of <i>N</i><span><span></span></span> than Peregrines, producing slower turning and a longer path to intercept. Gyrfalcons are less manoeuvrable than Peregrines, but physical constraint is insufficient to explain the lower values of <i>N</i><span><span></span></span> we found, which may reflect either the inexperience of the individual birds or ecological adaptation at the species level. For example, low values of <i>N</i><span><span></span></span> promote the tail-chasing behaviour that is typical of wild Gyrfalcons and which apparently serves to tire their prey in a prolonged high-speed pursuit. Likewise, during close pursuit of typical fast evasive prey, PN will be less prone to being thrown off by erratic target manoeuvres at low guidance gain. The fact that low-gain PN successfully models the maiden attack flights of Gyrfalcons suggests that this behavioural algorithm is embedded in a guidance pathway ancestral to the clade containing Gyrfalcons and Peregrines, though perhaps with much deeper evolutionary origins.</p>
Data from: When resistance is futile, tolerate instead: silicon promotes plant compensatory growth when attacked by above- and belowground herbivores
Plants have evolved numerous herbivore defences which are resistance- or tolerance-based. Resistance involves physical and chemical traits that deter and/or harm herbivores whereas tolerance minimises fitness costs of herbivory, often via compensatory growth. The Poaceae frequently accumulate large amounts of silicon (Si) which can be used for herbivore resistance, including biomechanical and (indirectly) biochemical defences. To date, it is unclear whether Si improves tolerance of herbivory. Here we report how Si enabled a cereal (Triticum aestivum) to tolerate damage inflicted by above- and belowground herbivores. Leaf herbivory increased Si concentrations in the leaves by >50% relative to herbivore-free plants, indicating it was an inducible defensive response. In plants without Si supplementation, leaf herbivory reduced shoot biomass by 52% and root herbivory reduced root biomass by 68%. Si supplementation, however, facilitated compensatory growth such that shoot losses were more than compensated for (+14% greater than herbivore-free plants) and root losses were minimised to -16%. Si supplementation did not improve plant resistance since Si did not enhance biomechanical resistance (i.e. force of fracture) or reduce leaf consumption and herbivore relative growth rates. We propose that Si-based defence operates in wheat via tolerance either in addition, or as an alternative, to resistance-based defence.
Data from: Colonization of weakened trees by mass-attacking bark beetles: no penalty for pioneers, scattered initial distributions and final regular patterns
Bark beetles use aggregation pheromones to promote group foraging, thus increasing the chances of an individual to find a host and, when relevant, to overwhelm the defences of healthy trees. When a male beetle finds a suitable host, it releases pheromones that attract potential mates as well as other "spying" males, which results in aggregations on the new host. To date, most studies have been concerned with the use of aggregation pheromones by bark beetles to overcome the defences of living, well-protected trees. How insects behave when facing undefended or poorly defended hosts remains largely unknown. The spatio-temporal pattern of resource colonization by the European eight-toothed spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, was quantified when weakly defended hosts (fallen trees) were attacked. In many of the replicates, colonization began with the insects rapidly scattering over the available surface and then randomly filling the gaps until a regular distribution was established, which resulted in a constant decrease in nearest-neighbour distances to a minimum below which attacks were not initiated. The scattered distribution of the first attacks suggested that the trees were only weakly defended. A minimal theoretical distance of 2.5 cm to the earlier settlers (corresponding to a density of 3.13 attacks/dm²) was calculated, but the attack density always remained lower, between 0.4 and 1.2 holes/dm², according to our observations.
Data from: Pathogen dynamics under both bottom-up host resistance and top-down hyperparasite attack
1. The relative importance of bottom-up versus top-down control of population dynamics has been the focus of much debate. In infectious disease biology, research is typically focused on the bottom-up process of host resistance, wherein the direction of control flows from the lower to the higher trophic level to impact on pathogen population size and epidemiology. However, the importance of top-down control by a pathogen's natural enemies has been mostly overlooked. 2. Here, we explore the effects of, and interaction between, host genotype (i.e. genetic susceptibility to pathogen infection) and infection by a hyperparasitic fungus, (Ampelomyces spp.) on the establishment and early-epidemic growth and transmission of a powdery mildew plant pathogen (Podosphaera plantaginis). We used a semi-natural field experiment to contrast the impacts of hyperparasite infection, host-plant resistance and spatial structure to reveal the key factors that determine pathogen spread. We then used a laboratory-based inoculation approach to test whether the field experiment results hold across multiple pathogen-host genetic combinations, and to explore hyperparasite effects on the pathogen's later life-history stages. 3. We found that hyperparasite infection had a negligible effect on within-host infection development and between-host spread of the pathogen during the onset of epidemics. In contrast, host-plant resistance was the major determinant of whether plants became infected, and host genotype and proximity to an infection source determined infection severity. 4. Our laboratory study showed that, while the interaction between host and pathogen genotypes was the key determinant of infection outcome, hyperparasitism did, on average, reduce the severity of infection. Moreover, hyperparasite infection negatively influenced the production of the pathogen's overwintering structures. 5. Synthesis and applications: Our results suggest that while host resistance affects pathogen spread, efficient top-down control of powdery mildew pathogens is dependent on which pathogen life history stage is targeted. Further, while hyperparasitism in this system can reduce early pathogen growth under stable laboratory conditions, this effect is not detectable in a semi-natural environment. Considering the effects of hyperparasites at multiple points in pathogen's life history will be important when considering hyperparasite-derived biocontrol measures in other natural and agricultural systems.
Data from: Bark beetles attacking conifer seedlings: picking on the weakest or feasting upon the fittest?
1. Plant stress from causes such as drought is thought to increase the susceptibility of plants to herbivore attack and damage. Although this forms the basis of the widely cited plant stress hypothesis, there are few cases where this has been tested thoroughly. 2. We compared the frequency of attack and damage of an invasive pine bark beetle Hylates ater, on seedlings of Pinus radiata, using a 2×2 factorial design with artificially induced stress and insecticide application to distinguish effects of beetle attack and direct effects of stress. 3. Contrary to expectations based on the plant stress hypothesis, twice as many unstressed seedlings (22%) were attacked than stressed seedlings (11%). However, stressed seedlings were twice as likely to experience sustained bark beetle feeding resulting in girdling, than unstressed seedlings (31% and 15%, respectively). 4. In response to beetle attack, unstressed seedlings showed much stronger resin production than stressed seedlings, which is likely to explain the greater survival of unstressed seedlings after attack. 5. Experimental drought stress caused a 50% reduction in shoot growth. 6. Synthesis and applications. Maximising seedling vigour and minimising (pre-)planting stress are key for the resilience of planted forests. Managers should emphasise a stress-free transition of seedlings from nursery to field as well as correct planting techniques, in order to safeguard this vulnerable stage. This is particularly crucial since drought stress and insect invasions are likely to increase as a result of global change.
Data from: Attacked ravens flexibly adjust signalling behaviour according to audience composition
A fundamental attribute of social intelligence is the ability to monitor third party relationships, which has been repeatedly demonstrated in primates, and recently also in captive ravens. It is yet unknown how ravens make use of this ability when dealing with different types of social relationships simultaneously during complex real-life situations. Free-ranging non-breeder ravens live in societies characterized by high fission-fusion dynamics and structured by age, pair-bond status, and kinship. Here, we show that free-ranging ravens modify communication during conflicts according to audience composition. When being attacked by dominant conspecifics, victims of aggression signal their distress via defensive calls. Victims increased call rates when their kin were in the bystander audience, but reduced call rates when the bystanders were bonding partners of their aggressors. Hence, ravens utilize social knowledge flexibly and likely based on their own need, i.e. alert nearby allies, and avoid alerting nearby rivals.
Data from: Committing to quantum resistance: a slow defence for Bitcoin against a fast quantum computing attack
Quantum computers are expected to have a dramatic impact on numerous fields, due to their anticipated ability to solve classes of mathematical problems much more efficiently than their classical counterparts. This particularly applies to domains involving integer factorisation and discrete logarithms, such as public key cryptography. In this paper we consider the threats a quantum-capable adversary could impose on Bitcoin, which currently uses the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) to sign transactions. We then propose a simple but slow commit--delay--reveal protocol, which allows users to securely move their funds from old (non-quantum-resistant) outputs to those adhering to a quantum-resistant digital signature scheme. The transition protocol functions even if ECDSA has already been compromised. While our scheme requires modifications to the Bitcoin protocol, these can be implemented as a soft fork.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.