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Fig. 2 in Constraints on the lamina density of laminar bone architecture of large-bodied dinosaurs and mammals

Fig. 2. Laminar bone tissue in a Brachiosaurus humerus (MFN t7). One lamina is defined as the distance from the center of a vascular canal to the center of the following vascular canal, as indicated by the arrows (cf. Sander and Tückmantel 2003).

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Fig. 1. Static and dynamic osteogenesis. A in Constraints on the lamina density of laminar bone architecture of large-bodied dinosaurs and mammals

Fig. 1. Static and dynamic osteogenesis. A. Static osteogenesis by static osteoblasts proliferating in situ from mesenchymal tissue. The random orientation of the osteoblasts creates a random local fibre orientation of the produced matrix. B. Static osteoblasts turn into static osteocytes as they become entrapped in the mineralizing woven bone matrix. C. Dynamic osteoblasts arrange themselves on the woven bone and start producing highly organized primary bone, occasionally trapping a dynamic osteoblast, which will then become a dynamic osteocyte. D. Static and dynamic osteocyte lacunae in a longitudinal section of a humerus of the titanosaur Alamosaurus. A–C modified from Marotti (2010), D modified from Stein and Prondvai (2014).

Fig. 3 in The caudal vertebral series in abelisaurid dinosaurs

Fig. 3. Middle caudal vertebrae of abelisaurids. A. Majungasaurus crenatissimus Déperet, 1896 (FMNH PR 2100) from Maastrichtian; Madagascar. B. Ekrixinatosaurus novasi Calvo, Rubilar-Roger, and Moreno, 2004 (MUCPv 294) from Cenomanian; Patagonia. C. Aucasaurus garridoi Coria, Chiappe, and Dingus, 2002 (MCF-PVPH 236) from Campanian; Patagonia, in lateral (A 1 –C 1) and dorsal (A 2 –C 2) views. Scale bars 5 cm.

Fig. 2 in The caudal vertebral series in abelisaurid dinosaurs

Fig. 2. Detail of several features of abelisaurid caudal vertebrae. A. Centrodiapophyseal lamina of Ekrixinatosaurus novasi Calvo, Rubilar-Roger, and Moreno, 2004 (MUCPv 294) from Cenomanian; Patagonia. B. Bony ridge in ventrodistal end of transverse process of MACN-PV-RN-1012 from Santonian; Patagonia. C. Expanded distal end of transverse process with anterior projection of Aucasaurus garridoi Coria, Chiappe, and Dingus, 2002 (MCF-PVPH 236) from Campanian; Patagonia. Hyposphene (D) and hypantrum (E) of Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, 1985 (MACNCH 894) from Maastrichtian; Patagonia. Scale bars 5 cm.

Fig. 5 in The caudal vertebral series in abelisaurid dinosaurs

Fig. 5. Distribution of selected caudal vertebral characters in recent phylogenetic analysis (Modified from Canale et al. 2009).

Fig. 4 in The caudal vertebral series in abelisaurid dinosaurs

Fig. 4. Posterior caudal vertebra of Majungasaurus crenatissimus Déperet, 1896 (FMNH PR 2100) from Maastrichtian; Madagascar, in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and anterior (C) views. Scale bar 5 cm.

Fig. 1 in The caudal vertebral series in abelisaurid dinosaurs

Fig. 1. Anterior caudal vertebrae of abelisaurids. A. Majungasaurus crenatissimus Déperet, 1896 (UA 8678) from Maastrichtian; Madagascar. B. Abelisauridae indet. (MPM-99) from Turonian; Patagonia. C. Abelisauridae indet. (MPEF-V 1699) from Hauterivian–Barremian; Patagonia. D. Ekrixinatosaurus novasi Calvo, Rubilar-Roger, and Moreno, 2004 MUCPv 294) from Cenomanian; Patagonia. E. Abelisauridae indet. MACN-PV-RN 1012) from Santonian; Patagonia. F. Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, 1985 (MACN-CH 894) from Maastrichtian; Patagonia. G. Aucasaurus garridoi Coria, Chiappe, and Dingus, 2002 (MCF-PVPH 236) from Campanian; Patagonia, in anterior (A 1 –G 1) and lateral (A 2 –G 2) views. Scale bars 5 cm.

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Fig. 3 in First Record of a Basal Neoceratopsian Dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Kazakhstan

Fig. 3. Outlines of the frontal and postorbital ZIN PH 1/111 and 2/111 (shown in dark grey) superimposed on the skull of Bagaceratops rozhdestvenskyi in dorsal view (after Maryańska and Osmólska 1975: fig. 6A).

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Fig. 2 in First Record of a Basal Neoceratopsian Dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Kazakhstan

Fig. 2. Neoceratopsia indet., from the Zhirkindek Formation (Late Cretaceous: Turonian), Tyul'kili hill, northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan. ZIN PH 2/111, right postorbital in lateral (A,) dorsal (B), and medial (C) views.

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Fig. 1 in First Record of a Basal Neoceratopsian Dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Kazakhstan

Fig. 1. Neoceratopsia indet., from the Zhirkindek Formation (Late Cretaceous: Turonian), Tyul'kili hill, northeastern Aral Sea region, Kazakhstan. ZIN PH 1/111, right frontal in ventral (A), medial (B), and dorsal (C) views.

Fig. 4 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 4. Range of possible habitual head angles in the basal sauropodomorph Massospondylus (A) and the sauropods: Camarasaurus (B) and Diplodocus (C). Heads shown with HSSC oriented horizontally, and tilted 30° upwards and 20° downwards, the range of habitual orientations found for birds by Duijm (1951). Black bars indicate the angles of the anterior necks in neutral position relative to heads with HSCCs held horizontal. Massospondylus BP/1/4376 after Sues et al. (2004: fig. 1A), Camarasaurus CM 11338 after Gilmore (1925: pl. 16), Diplodocus USNM 2672 after Hatcher (1901: pl. 2).

Fig. 1. Recent Cape hare Lepus capensis Linnaeus, 1758 RAM R2 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 1. Recent Cape hare Lepus capensis Linnaeus, 1758 RAM R2 in right lateral view, illustrating maximally extended pose (A) and ONP (B): skull, cervical vertebrae 1–7 and dorsal vertebrae 1–2. Note the very weak dorsal deflection of the base of the neck in ONP, contrasting with the much stronger deflection illustrated in a live rabbit by Vidal et al. (1986: fig. 4).

Fig. 3 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 3. Phylogeny indicating high−level relationships between tetrapod groups, habitual neck posture in extant groups, and inferred posture in sauropods. Cervical vertebrae shaded dark grey. Lissamphibia: Ambystoma tigrinum, after Simons et al. (2000: fig. 4); Mammalia: domestic cat Felis catus Linnaeus, 1758, after Vidal et al. (1986: fig. 3B); Testudines: box turtle Terrapene carolina (Linnaeus, 1758), after Landberg et al. (2003: fig. 8); Squamata: Savannah monitor Varanus exanthematicus (Bosc, 1792), after Owerkowicz et al. (1999: fig. 2A); Crocodylia: alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Daudin 1801), after unpublished photograph; Aves: chicken Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758), after Vidal et al. (1986: fig. 7); Sauropoda: Diplodocus carnegii, modelled after vertebrae in Hatcher (1901: fig. 4, pl. 3).

Fig. 5 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 5. Sauropod Brachiosaurus brancai reconstructions with low and high torso positions. Neck in ONP, in a drinking posture (A), and in a browsing posture (B) attained by deflecting the neck dorsally by the same amount as it is deflected ventrally to reach the ground. Torso, appendicular skeleton and ONP neck from Stevens and Parrish (2005b: fig. 6.8). Cervical joints deflected by 8° from ONP. See text for full details.

Fig. 2. Recent chicken Gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 RAM R1 in Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals

Fig. 2. Recent chicken Gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 RAM R1 in right lateral view, illustrating maximally extended pose (A) and ONP (B): last four cervical and first four dorsal vertebrae. Note the strong ventral deflection of the base of the neck in ONP, contrasting with the very strong dorsal deflection illustrated in a live chicken by Vidal et al. (1986: fig. 7).

Fig. 2 in Mud-trapped herd captures evidence of distinctive dinosaur sociality

Fig. 2. Sedimentary profile of the Suhongtu quarry. A. Laminated to very thinly bedded, red and blue−gray unit with a total thickness of 1.3 m. More massive mudstones (not shown) under− and overlie this unit. Main boneproducing horizon located near base (marked by> <) at top of mottled interval. Scale bar 10 cm. B. Close−up sedimentary profile of the Suhongtu quarry. The principal bone horizon lies at the midway point of the hammer handle. This unit consists of abundant convoluted bedding and is marked by blue−gray mottling near its top. A thin, light−colored sandstone immediately overlies this unit. Hammer length equals 27.6 cm. C. Close−up of main bone−bearing unit with partially collapsed, infilled footprint structures in laminated claystone. Ripple−scale cross−stratification (R) in thin (1 to 2 cm) very fine sandstone that lies immediately above the main bone horizon. A great abundance of mottling occurs near the top of this bone−bearing unit. Asterisks mark the lower ends of V−shaped disruption structures, where footfalls and digits have bisected underlying laminated units. The down curved lamina and uniform fills of these structures suggest the original substrate was soft and only partially consolidated. Scale bar 10 cm.

Fig. 4 in Mud-trapped herd captures evidence of distinctive dinosaur sociality

Fig. 4. Histologic cross−sections and age profile of skeletons. A. Cross−section of tibial mid shaft from small individual (LH PV5, femur length = 21.6 cm) showing a single band of laminar bone (marked by <) but no LAGs (lines of arrested growth). B. Histologic cross−section of tibial mid shaft of the large individual (LH PV7, femur length = 36.4 cm) showing four LAGs (marked by <). C. Histologic cross−section showing the exterior of the tibial mid−shaft cortex for the large individual (LH PV7). Note row of developing osteons at the exterior (top of photograph). One LAG visible near bottom of photograph. Scale bar is 2 mm for A, B and 0.25 mm for C.

Fig. 5 in Mud-trapped herd captures evidence of distinctive dinosaur sociality

Fig. 5. Size distribution of individuals from the Suhongtu quarry representing a juvenile to subadult herd. Missing hatchling and adult sizes shown in gray. Colors in plot differentiate skeletons from this study (rust) from those excavated previously (orange) (Kobayashi and Lü 2001).

Fig. 1 in Mud-trapped herd captures evidence of distinctive dinosaur sociality

Fig. 1. Suhongtu site, partial quarry map, locality map, and orientation data. A. Map of the central and northern portions of site showing the position of 12 of 13 skeletons. Skeletons 3 and 4 enlarged in Fig. 3. B. Fossil locality (41°17' 10"N, 103°52'38"E) located 90 km northwest of Bayan Mod, Inner Mongolia, China. C. Rose−diagram showing trends for skeletons (black, numbers denote skeleton count) and ripples (white). D. Mirror rose−diagram of elongated, isolated elements (n = 13). Trends of skeletons have a strong, non−random (p <0.002) alignment to southeast. Flow direction of ripples is roughly perpendicular to that of elongate elements.