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1,610 results for “economic”
The Caucasus-Economic and Social Analysis Journal of Southern Caucasus
<p>AGRICULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL & NATURAL SCIENCES</p> <p>SOCIAL, PEDAGOGY SCIENCES & HUMANITIES</p> <p>MEDICINE, VETERINARY MEDICINE, PHARMACY AND BIOLOGY SCIENCES</p> <p>TECHNICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES</p> <p>REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE</p> <p>ECONOMIC, MANAGEMENT & MARKETING SCIENCES</p> <p>LEGAL, LEGISLATION AND POLITICAL SCIENCES</p>
PROCEEDİNGS OF ENERGY ECONOMİC RESEARCH CENTER
<p>Economics and Management of Oil and Gas Enterprises</p> <p>Economy and Management of a National Economy</p> <p>Mathematical Methods, Models and Information Technologies in Economics</p> <p> </p>
The Caucasus-Economic and Social Analysis Journal of Southern Caucasus
<p>AGRICULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL & NATURAL SCIENCES</p> <p>SOCIAL, PEDAGOGY SCIENCES & HUMANITIES</p> <p>MEDICINE, VETERINARY MEDICINE, PHARMACY AND BIOLOGY SCIENCES</p> <p>TECHNICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES</p> <p>REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE</p> <p>ECONOMIC, MANAGEMENT & MARKETING SCIENCES</p> <p>LEGAL, LEGISLATION AND POLITICAL SCIENCES</p>
The Caucasus-Economic and Social Analysis Journal of Southern Caucasus
<p>AGRICULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL & NATURAL SCIENCES</p> <p>SOCIAL, PEDAGOGY SCIENCES & HUMANITIES</p> <p>MEDICINE, VETERINARY MEDICINE, PHARMACY AND BIOLOGY SCIENCES</p> <p>TECHNICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES</p> <p>REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE</p> <p>ECONOMIC, MANAGEMENT & MARKETING SCIENCES</p> <p>LEGAL, LEGISLATION AND POLITICAL SCIENCES</p>
The Caucasus-Economic and Social Analysis Journal of Southern Caucasus
<p>AGRICULTURAL, ENVIRONMENTAL & NATURAL SCIENCES</p> <p>SOCIAL, PEDAGOGY SCIENCES & HUMANITIES</p> <p>MEDICINE, VETERINARY MEDICINE, PHARMACY AND BIOLOGY SCIENCES</p> <p>TECHNICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES</p> <p>REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND INFRASTRUCTURE</p> <p>ECONOMIC, MANAGEMENT & MARKETING SCIENCES</p> <p>LEGAL, LEGISLATION AND POLITICAL SCIENCES</p>
Dataset: A structural topic model approach to scientific reorientation of economics and chemistry after German reunification
<p>Dataset to: A structural topic model approach to scientific reorientation of economics and chemistry after German reunification</p> <p> </p> <p>Please see readme.txt for details</p>
Global patterns of the leaf economics spectrum in wetlands
<p></p><p>The leaf economics spectrum (LES) describes consistent correlations among a variety of leaf traits that reflect a gradient from conservative to acquisitive plant strategies. So far, whether the LES holds in wetland plants at a global scale has been unclear. Using data on 365 wetland species from 151 studies, we find that wetland plants in general show a shift within trait space along the same common slope as observed in non-wetland plants, with lower leaf mass per area, higher leaf nitrogen and phosphorus, faster photosynthetic rates, and shorter leaf life span compared to non-wetland plants. We conclude that wetland plants tend to cluster at the acquisitive end of the LES. The presented global quantifications of the LES in wetland plants enhance our understanding of wetland plant strategies in terms of resources acquisition and allocation, and provide a stepping-stone to developing trait-based approaches for wetland ecology.</p><p></p>
Data from: Are ecophysiological adaptive traits decoupled from leaf economics traits in wetlands?
Wetland plants have developed a suite of traits, such as aerenchyma, radial oxygen loss, and leaf gas films, to adapt to wetland environment featured by e.g. a low redox potential and a lack of electron acceptors. These ecophysiological traits are critical for the survival and physiological functioning of wetland plants. Most studies on these traits typically focus on a single trait and a single or few species at the time. Next to these traits, traits of the leaf economics spectrum (LES) that reflect resources acquisition and allocation in plant species have also been frequently measured in wetlands. However, the performance of the LES has rarely been examined among wetland plants. Both suites of traits are critical for ‐but affect different aspects of‐ wetland plant functioning and survival. The interactions between them, potentially causing synergies or trade‐offs, reflect wetland plant strategies to simultaneously deal with stress tolerance and resources utilization, and have ramifications for the functioning of wetland ecosystems. Based on a literature review and quantitative analysis of available data, we provide evidence suggesting that LES and ecophysiological traits may be decoupled (e.g., for root porosity & radial oxygen loss vs. leaf nitrogen) or coupled (e.g., for iron tolerance vs. SLA) in wetlands, depending on the trait combination concerned. This rather complex relationship between wetland adaptation traits and LES traits indicates that there can be multiple mechanisms behind the strategies of wetland plants. We further illustrate how adaptation and LES traits together contribute to wetland ecosystem functions, such as denitrification and methane emission. We highlight that both suites of traits should be considered simultaneously when applying trait‐based methods to wetland ecology.
Dynamic evolution and scenario simulation of habitat quality under the impact of land-use change in the Huaihe River Economic Belt, China
<p>1. Land-use data</p> <p>Meaning of the value in the layers:<br> 11: Paddy field <br> 12: Dry land<br> 21: Forestland<br> 22: Shrubland<br> 23: Sparse woodland<br> 24: Other woodland<br> 31: High coverage grassland<br> 32: Medium coverage grassland<br> 33: Low coverage grassland<br> 41: River canal<br> 42: Lake<br> 43: Reservoir and pond<br> 44: Permanent glacial snow<br> 45: Coastal mud flat <br> 46: Inland tidal flat<br> 51: Urban land<br> 52: Rural residential land<br> 53: Industrial and traffic land<br> 61: Dene<br> 62: Gobi Desert<br> 63: Saline and alkaline land<br> 64: Marshland<br> 65: Bare land<br> 66: Bare rock<br> 67: Other unused land</p> <p>2. GDP data (Meaning of the value in the layer: yuan/km<sup>2</sup>)</p> <p>3. Population density data (Meaning of the value in the layer: person/km<sup>2</sup>)</p> <p>4. Meteorological data</p> <p>temperature data (unit: ℃)</p> <p>perception data(unit:mm)</p> <p>5. Terrain data including elevation, slope and aspect</p> <p>6. Vector data including railways, highways, national roads, provincial roads and county roads</p>
Data and statistical analysis scripts for manuscript on high-throughput phenotyping of root economics in wheat
<p>This repository contains the root data, GEMMA files, and R code for generating the statistics and figures used in a preprint describing high-throughput phenotyping of root respiration in winter wheat.</p> <p><strong>Functional phenomics and genetics of the root economics space in winter wheat using high-throughput phenotyping of respiration and architecture</strong></p> <p>Haichao Guo, Habtamu Ayalew, Anand Seethepalli, Kundan Dhakal, Marcus Griffiths, Xue-Feng Ma, Larry M. York</p> <p>bioRxiv 2020.11.12.380238; doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.12.380238">https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.12.380238</a></p> <p><strong>analysis.R - </strong>A script for processing the included 4 CSV<em> </em>files of collected data. It is intended to run directly in RStudio and will automatically set the working directory in that case. The GEMMA folder includes files as output from GEMMA for genetic analysis, as described in the methods section of the preprint. These files are required by the R code for making Manhattan plots and other output. It will automatically create an output folder and the output text and figure files.</p> <p>The protocol for the respiration measurements are available in a separate Zenodo repository: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4247873">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4247873</a></p> <p>Please cite this repository and the preprint if any data or R code is used in your work.</p>
Adaptive trait syndromes along multiple economic spectra define cold and warm adapted ecotypes in a widely distributed foundation tree species
<p>1. The coordination of traits from individual organs to whole plants is under strong selection because of environmental constraints on resource acquisition and use. However, the tight coordination of traits may provide underlying mechanisms of how locally adapted plant populations can become maladapted because of climate change. 2. To better understand local adaptation in intraspecific trait coordination, we studied trait variability in the widely distributed foundation tree species, Populus fremontii using a common garden near the mid-elevational point of this species distribution. We examined 28 traits encompassing four spectra: phenology, leaf economic spectrum (LES), whole-tree architecture (Corner's Rule), and wood economic spectrum (WES). 3. Based on adaptive syndrome theory, we hypothesized that trait expression would be coordinated among and within trait spectra, reflecting local adaptation to either exposure to freeze-thaw conditions in genotypes sourced from high-elevation populations or exposure to extreme thermal stress in genotypes sourced from low-elevation populations. 4. High-elevation genotypes expressed traits within the phenology and WES that limit frost exposure and tissue damage. Specifically, genotypes sourced from high elevations had later mean budburst, earlier mean budset, higher wood densities, higher bark fractions, and smaller xylem vessels than their low-elevation counterparts. Conversely, genotypes sourced from low elevations expressed traits within the LES that prioritized hydraulic efficiency and canopy thermal regulation to cope with extreme heat exposure, including 40% smaller leaf areas, 67% higher stomatal densities, and 34% higher mean theoretical maximum stomatal conductance. Low-elevation genotypes also expressed a lower stomatal control over leaf water potentials that subsequently dropped to pressures that could induce hydraulic failure. 5. Synthesis. Our results suggest that P. fremontii expresses a high degree of coordination across multiple trait spectra to adapt to local climate constraints on photosynthetic gas exchange, growth, and survival. These results, therefore, increase our mechanistic understanding of local adaptation and the potential effects of climate change that in turn, improves our capacity to identify genotypes that are best suited for future restoration efforts.</p>
Divergent responses of forest dominant trees species to the manipulated canopy and understory nitrogen additions in terms of foliage stoichiometric, economic and hydraulic traits
<p>Nitrogen (N) deposition effects on the stoichiometric balance and photosynthetic and hydraulic couplings in subtropical forests has drawn wide attentions. The previously adopted understory application of N fertilization is criticized because it might ignore foliar N retention for different species. This paper reports a fertilizing application from the canopy (CAN) and under the canopy (UAN) in a phosphorus (P) limited ecosystem. Foliage stoichiometric, photosynthetic and hydraulic traits of six dominant species were measured and analyzed. Both treatments equally enhanced foliage N and N/P, but not foliage P, who was highly species-specific depending on tree height, which implied enhanced P limitation. Decreased isotope abundance of <sup><span>15</span></sup>N (δ<sup><span>15</span></sup>N) that approaching to the level in the urea fertilizer under CAN suggested the existence of canopy retention of N. Besides, N response sensitivity of N, P and δ<sup><span>15</span></sup>N that positively related to tree height (H) under CAN indicated different exposure to the added N, which promoted stoichiometric imbalance among species. The photosynthetic traits represented by net photosynthesis (<i><span>A</span></i><sub><span>n</span></sub>) increased under both treatments. A divergent foliar photosynthetic and hydraulic traits varations was identified by signifcant decreased stomatal conductance (<i>g</i><sub><span>s</span></sub>) and <i><span>A</span></i><sub><span>n </span></sub>/<i><span>g</span></i><sub><span>s</span></sub> for CAN treatments, which induced the elevated isotope abundance of <sup><span>13</span></sup>C (δ<sup><span>13</span></sup>C). Correspondingly, foliage hydraulic traits that shifted to water use efficiency axis were identified only under CAN in principal component analysis. Overall, our results proved that the canopy obsorbtion and species heterogeneity should be considered regarding foliar safety vs efficiency trade-off in response to nitrogen additions in the future.</p>
Data from: Economics, life history and international trade data for seven turtle species in Malaysia and Indonesian farms
<p class="Body"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We collected data on the wildlife trade of seven turtle and tortoise species endemic to Indonesia and Malaysia (<i>Amyda cartilaginea</i>, <i>Batagur borneoensis</i>, <i>Cuora amboinensis</i>, <i>Carettochelys insculpta</i>, <i>Heosemys annandalii</i>, <i>Heosemys grandis</i>, and <i>Heosemys spinosa</i>). We collated data for: the operations and economics of three breeding farms and one ranching facility; species life-history traits; and species international legal trade and confiscation data. We collected data for the facilities (one in Malaysia and three in Indonesia) using field visits and a semi-structured questionnaire. We conducted a literature review to compile relevant information on species' life-history traits to estimate breeding viability. We downloaded species-specific data on international trade from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Trade Database for the exporting countries (Malaysia and Indonesia) for 2000–2015. We compared legal trade with confiscation data obtained from <span><span>CITES. </span></span>The data in this article can provide insights into the operations of turtle breeding farms in Southeast Asia. The data can be used as a reference for the inspection of breeding farms and for legislative bodies to determine whether captive breeding for select turtle species is feasible.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Novel health system strategies for tuberculin skin testing at primary care clinics: performance assessment and health economic evaluation.
<p>Datasets for journal paper.</p>
Variations in leaf economics spectrum traits for an evergreen coniferous species: Tree size dominates over environment factors
<ol> <li>Many leaf traits strongly vary with tree size and environmental factors, but the importance of these factors to intraspecific variations of leaf traits in forest trees have rarely been <a><span>simultaneously</span></a> evaluated.</li> <li>We measured needle longevity and specific leaf area (SLA) and nitrogen (N) content of every needle age (0 to 4 year old) for 65 individuals with 0.3-100 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) for an evergreen coniferous species, <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> Sieb. et Zucc., in Northeast China. We <a><span>simultaneously</span></a> evaluated effects of tree size (DBH or tree height) and environment factors (light intensity, soil N content and water availability) on the needle longevity, SLA, foliage N content as well as the slopes of regressions of SLA and foliage N content against needle age.</li> <li>All of the studied leaf traits and slopes of regressions of SLA and foliage N content against needle age were significantly related to tree size. Tree height had a greater impact on SLA and area-based leaf N content (N<sub>area</sub>), whereas DBH was more important for needle longevity and mass-based leaf N content (N<sub>mass</sub>). The environment variables, light intensity, soil N content and water availability, were rather minor factors for trait variations compared with tree size. Significant influences of light intensity were found only on needle longevity, and soil N and water availability had no effects on the leaf traits.</li> <li>Our study clearly showed that tree size is an important driver of intraspecific variations in the key leaf traits of <i>Pinus koraiensis</i> in a natural forest. We also emphasize the importance of DBH or tree height varies depending on leaf traits, suggesting various mechanisms of size effects on the intraspecific variations in leaf traits. We suggest that ecological significance of leaf trait variations needs reconsideration incorporating tree size effect.</li> </ol>
Data from: A global dataset for economic losses of extreme hydrological events during 1960-2014
A comprehensive dataset of extreme hydrological events (EHEs) – floods and droughts, consisting of 2,171 occurrences worldwide, during 1960‐2014 was compiled, and then their economic losses were normalized using a price index in U.S. dollar. The dataset showed a significant increasing trend of EHEs before 2000, while a slight post‐2000 decline. Correspondingly, the EHEs‐caused economic losses increased obviously before 2000 followed by a slight decrease; the post‐2000 decline could be partially attributed to the decreases in drought and flood‐prone area, or climate adaptation practices. Spatially, Asia experienced most EHEs (969), corresponding to the largest share of economic losses (approximately $868 billion for floods and $50 billion for droughts, respectively), while Oceania had the least EHEs (102) and the least economic losses (approximately $19 billion for floods and $45 billion for droughts). The five countries with the highest EHE‐caused economic losses were China, USA, Canada, Australia, and India. Countries that suffered the highest flood‐caused economic losses were China, USA, and Canada. This dataset provides a quantitative linkage between climate science and economic losses at a global scale; and it is beneficial for the regional climatic impact assessments and strategical development for mitigating climate change impacts.
Data from: The inverted U-shaped effect of urban hotspots spatial compactness on urban economic growth
The compact city, as a sustainable concept, is intended to augment the efficiency of urban function. However, previous studies have concentrated more on morphology than on structure. The present study focuses on urban structural elements, i.e., urban hotspots consisting of high-density and high-intensity socioeconomic zones, and explores the economic performance associated with their spatial structure. We use nighttime luminosity (NTL) data and the Loubar method to identify and extract the hotspot and ultimately draw two conclusions. First, with population increasing, the hotspot number scales sublinearly with an exponent of approximately 0.50~0.55, regardless of the location in China, the EU or the US, while the intersect values are totally different, which is mainly due to different economic developmental level. Secondly, we demonstrate that the compactness of hotspots imposes an inverted U-shaped influence on economic growth, which implies that an optimal compactness coefficient does exist. These findings are helpful for urban planning.
Data from: Rich do not rise early: spatio-temporal patterns in the mobility networks of different socio-economic classes
We analyse the urban mobility in the cities of Medellín and Manizales (Colombia). Each city is represented by six mobility networks, each one encoding the origin-destination trips performed by a subset of the population corresponding to a particular socio-economic status. The nodes of each network are the different urban locations whereas links account for the existence of a trip between two different areas of the city. We study the main structural properties of these mobility networks by focusing on their spatio-temporal patterns. Our goal is to relate these patterns with the partition into six socio-economic compartments of these two societies. Our results show that spatial and temporal patterns vary across these socio-economic groups. In particular, the two datasets show that as wealth increases the early-morning activity is delayed, the midday peak becomes smoother and the spatial distribution of trips becomes more localized.
Data from: Economic costs and health-related quality of life for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) patients in China
Background: Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common illness in China that mainly affects infants and children. The objective of this study is to assess the economic cost and health-related quality of life associated with HFMD in China. Method: A telephone survey of caregivers were conducted in 31 provinces across China. Caregivers of laboratory-confirmed HFMD patients who were registered in the national HFMD enhanced surveillance database during 2012-2013 were invited to participate in the survey. Total costs included direct medical costs (outpatient care, inpatient care and self-medication), direct non-medical costs (transportation, nutrition, accommodation and nursery), and indirect costs for lost income associated with caregiving. Health utility weights elicited using EuroQol EQ-5D-3L and EQ-Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were used to calculate associated loss in quality adjusted life years (QALYs). Results: The subjects comprised 1136 mild outpatients, 1124 mild inpatients, 1170 severe cases and 61 fatal cases. The mean total costs for mild outpatients, mild inpatients, severe cases and fatal cases were $201 (95%CI $187, $215), $1072 (95%CI $999, $1144), $3051 (95%CI $2905, $3197) and $2819 (95%CI $2068, $3571) respectively. The mean QALY losses per HFMD episode for mild outpatients, mild inpatients and severe cases were 3.6 (95%CI 3.4, 3,9), 6.9 (95%CI 6.4, 7.4) and 13.7 (95%CI 12.9, 14.5) per 1000 persons. Cases who were diagnosed with EV-A71 infection and had longer duration of illness were associated with higher total cost and QALY loss. Conclusion: HFMD poses a high economic and health burden in China. Our results provide economic and health utility data for cost-effectiveness analysis for HFMD vaccination in China.
Data from: Demographic plasticity facilitates ecological and economic resilience in a commercially important reef fish
1. Variation in life-history characteristics is evident within and across animal populations. Such variation is mediated by environmental gradients and reflects metabolic constraints or trade-offs that enhance reproductive outputs. While generalizations of life-history relationships across species provide a framework for predicting vulnerability to overexploitation, deciphering patterns of intraspecific variation may also enable recognition of peculiar features of populations that facilitate ecological resilience. 2. This study combines age-based biological data from geographically disparate populations of bluespine unicornfish (Naso unicornis)—the most commercially-valuable reef-associated species in the insular Indo-Pacific—to explore the magnitude and drivers of variation in life span and examine the mechanisms enabling peculiar mortality schedules. 3. Longevity and mortality schedules were investigated across eleven locations encompassing a range of latitudes and exploitation levels. The presence of different growth types was examined using back-calculated growth histories from otoliths. Growth-type dependent mortality (mortality rates associated with particular growth trajectories) was corroborated using population models that incorporated size-dependent competition. 4. We found a threefold geographic variation in life span that was strongly linked to temperature, but not to anthropogenic pressure or ocean productivity. All populations consistently displayed a two-phase mortality schedule, with higher than expected natural mortality rates in earlier stages of post-settlement life. Reconstructed growth histories and population models demonstrated that variable growth types within populations can yield this peculiar biphasic mortality schedule, where fast growers enjoy early reproductive outputs at the expense of greater mortality, and benefits for slow growers derive from extended reproductive outputs over a greater number of annual cycles. This promotes population resilience because individuals can take advantage of cycles of environmental change operating at both short and long-term scales. 5. Our results highlight a prevailing, fundamental misperception when comparing the life histories of long-lived tropical ectotherms: the seemingly incongruent combination of extended life spans with high mortality rates was enabled by coexistence of variable growth types in a population. Thus a demographic profile incorporating contrasting growth and mortality strategies obscures the demographic effects of harvest across space or time in N. unicornis and possibly other ectotherms with the combination of longevity and asymptotic growth.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.