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Fig. 11 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 11. Ring-canal of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. The transverse section of the organelle shows its position between the anterior furrow (asterisk) and the stripe of extrusome attachment sites (arrow denotes the electron-dense cap of an empty "extrusome chamber"). Vesicles are adjacent to the irregular anterior membrane portion of the canal, while the posterior portion is underlain by two layers of perpendicularly orientated microtubules. ML, two layers of microtubules; PE, perilemma; RC, lumen of ringcanal; V, vesicles of unknown function. Scale bar: 1 µm.

Fig. 10 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 10. Extrusome attachment sites (A) and immature extrusomes (B, C) of L. viride in the TEM. (A) Freeze-fracture replica showing the extrusome attachment rosettes. (B, C) Transverse and longitudinal sections; white lines mark corresponding section planes. The extrusome shows in longitudinal section an electron-dense fusiform wall and an electron-light lumen with indistinct transverse stripes. The apical portion of the extrusome is surrounded by an electron-dense structure; both are enclosed by a membrane (arrowheads). The transverse section shows the extrusome to be composed of six electron-dense trapeziums arranged around a bright lumen. 1, attachment rosette with one central and eight peripheral particles; 2, first ring; 3, second ring; ED, electron-dense structure; EX, extrusomes. Scale bars: 1 µm.

Fig. 3 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 3. Oral ciliature of Limnostrombidium viride in the scanning (A) and transmission electron microscopes (B–D). (A) Proximal portion of the adoral zone of membranelles. The endoral membrane is usually covered by a cytoplasmic fold and a membranous sheet (probably perilemma). (B) Longitudinal section of the buccal lip and endoral membrane in ventral view. Note the numerous vesicles with fluffy content of unknown nature in the anterior cell half and especially in the buccal lip. The perilemma forms stacks in the buccal cavity, while it otherwise covers the cell only with a single layer. (C) Longitudinal section of the buccal vertex near the cytostome. The distal ends of the endoral cilia have modified axonemes (arrowhead), i.e., they have a reduced number of peripheral microtubular doublets. Some cilia of the buccal membranelles and the multiple membranes are also recognisable. (D) Transverse section of the basal bodies of the endoral membrane (seen from inside the buccal cavity). BL, buccal lip; BM, buccal membranelles; CM, collar membranelles; E, endoral membrane; ED, electron-dense bodies; LM, bifurcated left microtubular ribbons; NE, possibly nematodesmata; PE, perilemma; RM, right microtubular ribbons. Scale bars: 10 µm (A), 1 µm (B–D).

Fig. 9 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 9. Extrusomes of Limnostrombidium viride in the SEM (A, B) and TEM (C, D). (A) Lateral view of a cell. Arrowheads mark just ejected extrusomes. (B) Extrusome cluster. (C) Cross section of extrusome stripe. (D) Longitudinal section. One extrusome is just ejected (arrow), four are in the resting state, and three "empty chambers" (asterisks) are the remains of previously ejected extrusomes. CSL, concentric sheet layers; CT, curved tubules; EC, extrusome cores; ED, electron-dense bodies; EM, extrusome membranes; EX, extrusomes; GK, girdle kinety; MT, separating microtubules; PE, perilemma. Scale bars: 20 µm (A), 1 µm (B–D).

Fig. 7 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 7. Hemitheca of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. (A) Tangential section showing the seams (arrow) between the polygonal cortical platelets, which are covered by the layer of longitudinal microtubules. (B) Freeze-fracture replica showing the seams between the polygonal platelets, the layer of longitudinally orientated microtubules, the alveoli, and remnants of the cell membrane with its densely arranged particles (arrows). (C) Transverse section showing the perilemma with its electron-dense bodies, the alveoli, the layer of longitudinal microtubules, and the polygonal cortical platelets. The arrowhead marks the cell membrane. AL, alveoli; CP, cortical platelets; MT, cortical microtubular layer; PE, perilemma. Scale bars: 1 µm.

Fig. 8 in Centrohelid Heliozoans (Centroplasthelida Febvre-Chevalier et Febvre, 1984) from Different Types of Freshwater Bodies in the Middle Russian Forest-steppe

Fig. 8. Dendrogram showing the Bray-Curtis similarity (%) of studied microbiotopes by species diversity of centrohelids. Abbreviations: p.d.s – plant debris and silt; pt – peat from mire's lakes; sn – sand; sph – Sphagnum from hollows; wt – water column.

Fig. 1 in Centrohelid Heliozoans (Centroplasthelida Febvre-Chevalier et Febvre, 1984) from Different Types of Freshwater Bodies in the Middle Russian Forest-steppe

Fig. 1. Morphology of living cells of some observed centrohelid species (DIC): A – Acanthocystis nichollsi; B – A. pectinata (from plant debris and silt of Usman' River); C – A. turfacea (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); D – Raphidocystis symmetrica (from plant debris and silt of Lake Chistoye); E – Choanocystis aculeata (from sand of Lake Maklok); F – Raphidiophrys capitata (from sand of Lake Maklok). Abbreviations: ax – axopodia; pr – protoplast; sc – scales. Scale bar: 20 µm.

Fig. 7 in Centrohelid Heliozoans (Centroplasthelida Febvre-Chevalier et Febvre, 1984) from Different Types of Freshwater Bodies in the Middle Russian Forest-steppe

Fig. 7. Morphology of observed scales of unidentified species (TEM): A–C – Heterophrys-like organism (A – from plant debris and silt of Usman' River; B, C – from plant debris and silt of Lake Krugloye; A – whole cell; B, C – spicules), D–F – unidentified Centrohelea sp. (from water column of Lake Vosmerka; D – scales of the single cell; E, F – plate scales). Abbreviations: sp – spicules. Other abbreviation as in Fig. 1. Scale bars: A, D – 10 µm; B, C, E, F – 1 µm.

Fig. 2 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 2. Transmission electron micrographs of collar membranelles in Limnostrombidium viride. Their anterior ends are directed to the left. (A–C) Transverse sections at different planes showing the various connections between the basal bodies of an individual membranelle and the microtubules extending into the cytoplasm. (D) The axonemes of the individual cilia are enclosed by the cell membrane, while all cilia of a membranelle are additionally surrounded by the perilemma. (E) Transverse sections of two polykinetids at the level of the basal bodies. The last file of the upper adoral membrane has associated short ciliary stubs only (arrowhead). 1–3, rows 1–3; ED, electron-dense bodies; IMF, intermembranellar fibre; M1, microtubular ribbons at row 1; M3, microtubular ribbons at row 3; PE, perilemma. Scale bars: 1 µm (A–C), 0.5 µm (D, E).

Fig. 6 in Centrohelid Heliozoans (Centroplasthelida Febvre-Chevalier et Febvre, 1984) from Different Types of Freshwater Bodies in the Middle Russian Forest-steppe

Fig. 6. Morphology of observed scales of Raineriophrys genera (A–C, E, F, I–L – TEM; D, G, H – SEM): A–D – R. echinata (A–C – from peat of Sphagnum bog Klukvennoye-2; D – from Sphagnum of Sphagnum bog Klukvennoye-3), E–H – R. erinaceoides (E, F – from water column of Lake Vosmerka; G, H – from plant debris and silt of Lake Cherepashye), I–L – R. fortesca (I – Vosmerka, J–L – Cherepashye). E, I – scales of the single cell; A–D, F–H, J–L – spine and plate scales. Abbreviations as in Fig. 2, 5. Scale bars: A, E, I – 10 µm; B–D, F – 5 µm; G, H, J–L – 1 µm.

Fig. 6 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 6. Ventral kinety of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. (A) Longitudinal section of a dikinetid showing the diverging basal bodies. A perilemma covers the cell surface. (B) Transverse section showing a dikinetid in the longitudinal furrow later- ally bordered by the cortical platelets of the hemitheca. CP, cortical platelets; ED, electron-dense bodies; ML, cortical microtubular layer; PE, perilemma; SC1, anterior dikinetidal cilium; SC2, posterior dikinetidal cilium. Scale bars: 1 µm.

Fig. 1 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 1. Limnostrombidium viride (A, schematic line drawing combining data from scanning and transmission electron microscopy; B, C, scanning electron micrographs). (A) General morphology. Note that the polygonal platelets of the hemitheca are only depicted in the cell periphery to show the more centrally located organelles. For the sake of clarity, the course of the neoformation organelle is somewhat stretched. (B, C) Ventral view and detail of ventral side. The arrowhead (C) marks the opening of the neoformation organelle in the stripe of extrusome attachment sites. BL, buccal lip; BM, buccal membranelles; CM, collar membranelles; EX, stripe of extrusome attachment sites; GK, girdle kinety; HT, hemitheca; MA, macronucleus; MI, micronucleus; NF, neoformation organelle; VK, ventral kinety. Scale bars: 30 µm (A), 20 µm (B), 10 µm (C).

Fig. 9 in Centrohelid Heliozoans (Centroplasthelida Febvre-Chevalier et Febvre, 1984) from Different Types of Freshwater Bodies in the Middle Russian Forest-steppe

Fig. 9. Dendrogram showing the Bray-Curtis similarity (%) of studied water bodies by species diversity of centrohelids.

Fig. 8 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 8. Nuclear apparatus of Limnostrombidium viride in the transmission electron microscope. (A) Interphase state showing the micronucleus in an indentation of the macronucleus, which has an irregular surface and contains numerous electron-dense inclusions, probably nucleoli. (B) A macronucleus showing the replication band. The arrow indicates the migration direction of the replication band. 1, zone of typical macronuclear structure; 2, zone characterised by protein and RNA production; 3, bright zone with beginning biosynthesis and DNA replication; MA, macronucleus; MI, micronucleus. Scale bars: 2 µm.

Fig. 4 in Some Ultrastructural Features of the Planktonic Freshwater Ciliate Limnostrombidium viride (Alveolata, Ciliophora, Oligotrichida) and Improved Diagnoses of Oligotrich Taxa

Fig. 4. Girdle kinety of Limnostrombidium viride (A, scanning electron micrograph; B, scheme of dikinetid). (A) Detail of kinety showing the two alternating types of girdle cilia. (B) Dikinetid with the associated structures; the presence of a transverse ribbon is uncertain. Numbering of the triplets (1–9) follows the "Grain convention", but is somewhat uncertain, as the triplets are difficult to identify. The scheme bases on numerous transmission electron micrographs (not shown). DS, desmose; KD, kinetodesmal fibril; PC, postciliary microtubular ribbon; SC1, club-shaped cilia of left dikinetidal basal bodies (originally anterior ones); SC2, condylocilia of right dikinetidal basal bodies (originally posterior ones). Scale bar: 2 µm.

Fig. 4 in Distributions and phylogeographic data of rheophilic freshwater fishes provide evidences on the geographic extension of a central-brazilian amazonian palaeoplateau in the area of the present day Pantanal Wetland

Fig. 4. Haplotype network showing the occurrence of three groups (upper rio Xingu, upper rio Paraguay and upper rio Tapajós). Traces show the number of mutational steps from two adjacent haplotypes. Circle diameters are proportional to the number of individuals, which each haplotype and the colors represent the locality were those haplotypes were found. Upper rio Xingu= Pink (1: dark pink); upper rio Paraguay = Blue (2: light blue; 3: navy blue; 4: dark blue; 5: light pink; 6: orange; 7: light purple; 8: dark purple; 9: white; 10: yellow; 11: light green; 12: dark green); and upper rio Tapajós= Gray (13: light gray and 14: dark gray).

Fig. 3 in Distributions and phylogeographic data of rheophilic freshwater fishes provide evidences on the geographic extension of a central-brazilian amazonian palaeoplateau in the area of the present day Pantanal Wetland

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic tree showing relationships among major lineages of Jupiaba acanthogaster from the upper rio Paraguay, upper rio Tapajós and upper rio Xingu, obtained by a maximum likelihood partitioned analysis. Numbers at each of the main nodes represents percentage of bootstrap support obtained by maximum parsimony analysis (1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates).

Fig. 2 in Distributions and phylogeographic data of rheophilic freshwater fishes provide evidences on the geographic extension of a central-brazilian amazonian palaeoplateau in the area of the present day Pantanal Wetland

Fig. 2. Distribution of sampled localities for Jupiaba acanthogaster in the upper rio Paraguay, rio Tapajós and rio Xingú basins. The drainages of the rio Tocantins, rio Araguaia and upper rio Paraná are also illustrated. Drainage boundaries delimited by a continuous black line.

Fig. 1 in Distributions and phylogeographic data of rheophilic freshwater fishes provide evidences on the geographic extension of a central-brazilian amazonian palaeoplateau in the area of the present day Pantanal Wetland

Fig. 1. Map of the upper rio Paraguay basin and adjoining areas showing the distribution of Leporinus octomatulatus, Jubiaba acanthogaster, Oligosarcus perdido, Moenkhausia cosmops, and Hypostomus cochliodon, exemplifying distributional pattern discussed in this paper.

Fig. 1 in Invasion risks posed by ornamental freshwater fish trade to southeastern Brazilian rivers

Fig. 1. Cities and watersheds within the Minas Gerais State, Brazil, where the 39 ornamental fish stores were visited.