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642 results for “ornaments”
Data from: Intrasexual selection favours an immune-correlated colour ornament in a dragonfly
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Habitat complexity and complex signal function – exploring the role of ornamentation
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Data from: Fecundity selection on ornamental plumage colour differs between ages and sexes and varies over small spatial scales
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Data from: Competition for access to mates predicts female-specific ornamentation and male investment in relative testis size
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Data from: Handicap principle implies emergence of dimorphic ornaments
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Data from: Oxidative stress is related to both melanin- and carotenoid-based ornaments in the common yellowthroat
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Data from: The middle Smithian (Early Triassic) ammonoid Arctoceras blomstrandi: Conch morphology and ornamentation in relation to stratigraphy
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Fig. 3 in A new Myxobolus (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) infecting the ornamental catfish Corydoras schwartzi from the Purus River in Brazil
Fig. 3. Schematic representation of the mature myxospore Myxobolus adrianoi sp. nov., parasite of intestine of the Corydoras schwartzi Rössel, 1963. Scale bar: 10 μm.
Fig. 2 in A new Myxobolus (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) infecting the ornamental catfish Corydoras schwartzi from the Purus River in Brazil
Fig. 2. Light photomicrograph of mature myxospores of Myxobolus adrianoi sp. nov., parasite of the intestine of Corydoras schwartzi Rössel, 1963. A. Wet-mount mature myxospores (white arrows). B–C. Frontal view of mature myxospores stained in May-Grünwald-Giemsa, showing two equal polar aubergine-like capsules, occupying more than half the length of the myxospore. D. Mature myxospore stained, in frontal view, with the polar filament extruded (black arrow).
Fig. 4 in A new Myxobolus (Cnidaria: Myxosporea) infecting the ornamental catfish Corydoras schwartzi from the Purus River in Brazil
Fig. 4 (next page). Electron micrographs of myxospores of Myxobolus adrianoi sp. nov., parasite of the intestine of Corydoras schwartzi Rössel, 1963. A. Young sporoblast showing polar filament still out of the polar capsules, abundant valve-forming material, conspicuous sutural line (large white arrow), some sporoplasmosomes (small white arrows), mitochondria and presence of pinocytic channels (white arrowheads) in the ectoplasm. B–C. Sporoblast in advanced developmental stage with polar filament (white arrows) inside the polar capsule. In B note several sporoplasmosomes (white arrows) and two nuclei at sporoplasms. In C observe presence of valve-forming material (short white arrows), capsulogenic cell, nuclei at sporoplasm and nucleus of capsulogenic cell. D. Immature myxospore showing valvogenic cells abutting each other to form a sutural ridge and showing the two cells are separated by a thin layer of homogenous material (white arrow). E–F. Almost mature myxospores showing sutural lines (black arrows), valve-forming material (*), valves, two nuclei and sporoplasmosomes (white arrows) at sporoplasms. Abbreviations: cp = capsulogenic cell; ec = ectoplasm; mt = mitochondrion; nc = nucleus of capsulogenic cell; Nu = nucleus; pc = polar capsule; PF = polar filament; sp = sporoplasm; v = valvogenic cell/valve; vm = valve-forming material. Scale bars: 2 μm.
The genome assembly and annotation of Magnolia biondii Pamp., a phylogenetically, economically, and medicinally important ornamental tree species
<p><em>Magnolia biondii</em> Pamp. (Magnoliaceae, magnoliids) is a phylogenetically, economically, and medicinally important ornamental tree species widely grown and cultivated in the north-temperate regions of China. Contributing a genome sequence for <i>M</i>. <i>biondii</i> will help resolve phylogenetic uncertainty of magnoliids and further understand individual trait evolution in <i>Magnolia</i>. We assembled a chromosome-level reference genome of<i> M. biondii</i> using ~67, ~175, and ~154 Gb of raw DNA sequences generated by Pacific Biosciences Single-molecule Real-time sequencing, 10X genomics Chromium, and Hi-C scaffolding strategies, respectively. The final genome assembly was ∼2.22 Gb with a contig N50 of 269.11 Kb and a BUSCO complete gene ratio of 91.90%. About 89.17% of the genome length was organized to 19 chromosomes, resulting in a scaffold N50 of 92.86 Mb. The genome contained 48,319 protein-coding genes, accounting for 22.97% of the genome length, in contrast to 66.48% of the genome length for the repetitive elements. We confirmed a Magnoliaceae specific WGD event that might have probably occurred shortly after the split of Magnoliaceae and Annonaceae. Functional enrichment of the <i>Magnolia</i> specific and expanded gene families highlighted genes involved in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, plant-pathogen interaction, and response to stimulus, which may improve ecological fitness and biological adaptability of the lineage. Phylogenomic analyses recovered a sister relationship of magnoliids and Chloranthaceae, which are sister to a clade comprising monocots and eudicots. The genome sequence of <i>M. biondii</i> could empower trait improvement, germplasm conservation, and evolutionary studies on rapid radiation of early angiosperms.</p>
Data from: The sexual selection paradigm: have we overlooked other mechanisms in the evolution of male ornaments?
Extravagant male ornaments expressed during reproduction are almost invariably assumed to be sexually selected and evolve through competition for mating opportunities. Yet in species where male reproductive success depends on the defence of offspring, male ornaments could also evolve through social competition for offspring survival. However, in contrast to female ornaments, this possibility has received little attention in males. We show that a male ornament that is traditionally assumed to be sexually selected—the red nuptial coloration of the three-spined stickleback—is under stronger selection for offspring survival than for mating success. Males express most coloration during parenting, when they no longer attract females, and the colour correlates with nest retention and hatching success but not with attractiveness to females. This contradicts earlier assumptions and suggests that social selection for offspring survival rather than for sexual selection for mating success is the main mechanism maintaining the ornament in the population. These results suggest that we should consider other forms of social selection beyond sexual selection when seeking to explain the function and evolution of male ornaments. An incorrect assignment of selection pressures could hamper our understanding of evolution.
Data from: Ornament complexity is correlated with sexual selection: (a comment on Raia et al., "Cope's rule and the universal scaling law of ornament complexity")
Raia et al. propose that the evolution of the shape and complexity of animal ornaments (e.g., deer antlers) can be explained by interspecific variation in body size and is not influenced by sexual selection. They claim to show that ornament complexity is related to body size by an 0.25-power law and argue that this finding precludes a role for sexual selection in the evolution of ornament complexity. However, their study does not test alternative hypotheses and mismeasures antler shape allometry by omitting much of the published data. We show that an index of sexual selection (sexual size dimorphism) is positively correlated with size-corrected antler complexity and that the allometric slope of complexity is substantially greater than 0.25, contra Raia et al. We conclude that sexual selection and physical constraints both affect the evolution of antler shape.
Data from: Assortative mating by colored ornaments in blue tits: space and time matter
Assortative mating is a potential outcome of sexual selection and estimating its level is important to better understand local adaptation and underlying trait evolution. However, assortative mating studies frequently base their conclusions on small numbers of individuals sampled over short periods of time and limited spatial scales even though spatiotemporal variation is common. Here, we characterized assortative mating patterns over 10 years in four populations of the blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), a passerine bird. We focused on two plumage ornaments—the blue crown and the yellow breast patch. Based on data for 1,657 pairs of birds, we found large interannual variation: assortative mating varied from positive to negative. To determine whether there was nonetheless a general trend in the data, we ran a within-study meta-analysis. It revealed that assortative mating was moderately positive for both ornaments. It also showed that mating patterns differed among populations, and especially between two neighboring populations that displayed phenotypic divergence. Our results therefore underscore that long-term studies are needed to draw broad conclusions about mating patterns in natural populations. They also call for studying the potential role of assortative mating in local adaptation and evolution of ornaments in both sexes in blue tits.
Data from: Age, condition and dominance-related sexual ornament size before and during the breeding season in the black grouse Lyrurus tetrix
Male ornaments function as honest cues of male quality in many species and are subject to intra- and intersexual selection. These ornaments are generally studied during peak expression, however their size outside the breeding season may determine ultimate ornament size and costliness, and as such reproductive success. We investigated whether male black grouse Lyrurus tetrix eye comb size was related to age, condition and measures of male dominance before and during the breeding season. Total combined eye comb size began to increase ~70 days before the start of the breeding season. Adult males (aged ≥ 2 years old) had consistently larger eye combs than younger males (1 year old) both before and during the breeding season. Heavier and more dominant adult males (attending the lek more frequently and successfully reproducing) had larger eye combs. For younger males, those that were heavier had larger eye combs. Additionally, males that spent more time on the lek showed increased eye comb size as the breeding season approached. Overall we find that ornament size is positively related to dominance and condition before and during the breeding season. Since dominance is accrued through year-round interactions in many species, the ability to maintain larger signals over prolonged periods,
Data from: Socially selected ornaments and fitness: signals of fighting ability in paper wasps are positively associated with survival, reproductive success, and rank
Many animals have ornaments that mediate choice and competition in social and sexual contexts. Individuals with elaborate sexual ornaments typically have higher fitness than those with less elaborate ornaments, but less is known about whether socially selected ornaments are associated with fitness. Here, we test the relationship between fitness and facial patterns that are a socially-selected signal of fighting ability in Polistes dominula wasps. We found wasps that signal higher fighting ability have larger nests, are more likely to survive harsh winters, and obtain higher dominance rank than wasps that signal lower fighting ability. In comparison, body weight was not associated with fitness. Larger wasps were dominant over smaller wasps, but showed no difference nest size or survival. Overall, the positive relationship between wasp facial patterns and fitness indicates that receivers can obtain diverse information about a signaler's phenotypic quality by paying attention to socially selected ornaments. Therefore, there are surprisingly strong parallels between the information conveyed by socially and sexually selected signals. Similar fitness relationships in social and sexually selected signals may be one reason it can be difficult to distinguish the role of social versus sexual selection in ornament evolution.
Data from: I'm sexy and I glow it: female ornamentation in a nocturnal capital breeder
In many species, males rely on sexual ornaments to attract females. Females, by contrast, rarely produce ornaments. The glow-worm (Lampyris noctiluca) is an exception where wingless females glow to attract males that fly in search of females. However, little is known about the factors that promote the evolution of female ornaments in a sexual selection context. Here, we investigated if the female ornament of the glow-worm is a signal of fecundity used in male mate choice. In support of this, we found brightness to correlate with female fecundity, and males to prefer brighter dummy females. Thus, the glow emitted by females is a reliable sexual signal of female fecundity. It is likely that male preference for the fecundity-indicating ornament has evolved because of large variation among females in fecundity, and because nocturnal males cannot directly assess female size and fecundity. These results indicate that female ornamentation may evolve in capital breeders (i.e. those in which stored resources are invested in reproduction) when females vary significantly in fecundity and this variation cannot be assessed directly by males.
Data from: Ornament size and colour as alternative strategies for effective communication in gliding lizards
Sexual ornamentation needs to be conspicuous to be effective in attracting potential mates and defending territories and indeed, a multitude of ways exists to achieve this. Two principal mechanisms for increasing conspicuousness are to increase the ornament's colour or brightness contrast against the background and to increase the size of the ornament. We assessed the relationship between the colour and size of the dewlap, a large extendible throat-fan, across a range of species of gliding lizards (Agamidae; genus Draco) from Malaysia and the Philippines. We found a negative relationship across species between colour contrast against the background and dewlap size in males, but not in females, suggesting that males of different species use increasing colour contrast and dewlap size as alternative strategies for effective communication. Male dewlap size also increases with increasing sexual size dimorphism, and dewlap colour and brightness contrast increase with increasing sexual dichromatism in colour and brightness, respectively, suggesting that sexual selection may act on both dewlap size and colour. We further found evidence that relative predation intensity, as measured from predator attacks on models placed in the field, may play a role in the choice of strategy (high chromatic contrast or large dewlap area) a species employs. More broadly, these results highlight that each component in a signal (such as colour or size) may be influenced by different selection pressures and that by assessing components individually, we can gain a greater understanding of the evolution of signal diversity.
Data from: Contrasting patterns of selection on the size and coloration of a female plumage ornament in common yellowthroats
Females often possess ornaments that appear smaller and duller than homologous traits in males. These ornaments may arise as nonfunctional by-products of sexual selection in males and cause negative viability or fecundity selection in females in proportion to the cost of their production and maintenance. Alternatively, female ornaments may function as signals of quality that are maintained by sexual or social selection. In a 4-year study of 83 female common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas) and their 222 young, we found strong viability and fecundity selection on the yellow bib, a carotenoid-based plumage ornament that is a target of sexual selection in males. Females with larger bibs were older, larger and more fecund than females with smaller bibs. However, bib size positively covaried with bib total brightness and carotenoid chroma, aspects of bib coloration that were under negative viability and fecundity selection. Females with more colourful bibs laid fewer eggs in their first clutch, were more likely to suffer total brood loss due to predation and were less likely to return to the study area. Selection against bib coloration limits the value of bib size as a quality indicator in females and may constrain the elaboration of bib attributes in males.
Data from: From ornament to armament or loss of function? Breeding plumage acquisition in a genetically monogamous bird
1. The evolution of conspicuous male traits is thought to be driven by female mate choice or male-male competition. These two mechanisms are often viewed as distinct processes, with most studies focusing on female choice. 2. However, both mechanisms of sexual selection can act simultaneously on the same trait (i.e. dual function) and/or interact in a synergistic or conflicting way. Dual function-traits are commonly assumed to originate through male-male competition before being used in female choice; yet, most studies focusing on such traits could not determine the direction of change, lacking phylogenetic information. 3. We investigated the role of conspicuous male seasonal plumage in male-male competitive interactions in the purple-crowned fairy-wren Malurus coronatus, a cooperatively breeding bird. Male breeding plumage in most Malurus species is selected by female choice through extra-pair mate choice, but unlike its congeners, M. coronatus is genetically monogamous, and females do not seem to choose males based on breeding plumage acquisition. 4. Our study shows that, within groups, subordinate males that were older, and therefore higher-ranked in the queue for breeder position inheritance, produced a more complete breeding plumage. In line with this, subordinate males that were older and/or displayed a more complete breeding plumage were more successful in competitively acquiring a breeder position. 5. A role as a signal of competitive ability was experimentally confirmed by presenting models of males: in breeding colours, these received more aggression from resident breeder males than in non-breeding colours, but elicited limited response from females, consistent with competitors in breeding plumage being perceived as a bigger threat to the breeder male. 6. The role of the conspicuous breeding plumage in mediating male-male interactions might account for its presence in this genetically monogamous species. Since phylogenetic reconstructions suggest a past female choice function in M. coronatus, this could represent a sexual trait that shifted functions, or a dual function-trait that lost one function. These evolutionary scenarios imply that intra- and inter-sexual functions of ornaments may be gained or lost independently, and offer new perspectives in understanding the complex dynamics of sexual selection.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.