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CT data and 3D models associated with: Palaeoneurology of the Early Cretaceous iguanodont Proa valdearinnoensis and its bearing on the parallel developments of cognitive abilities in theropod and ornithopod dinosaurs
<p><i>Proa valdearinnoensis </i>is a relatively large-headed and stocky iguanodontian dinosaur from the latest Early Cretaceous of Spain. Its braincase is known from three specimens. Similar to that of other dinosaurs, it shows a mosaic ossification pattern in which most of the bones seem to have fused together indistinguishably while a few bones (frontoparietal, basioccipital) might have remained loosely attached. The endocasts of the three specimens are described based on CT data and digital reconstructions. They show unmistakable morphological similarities with the endocast of closely related taxa, such as <i>Sirindhorna khoratensis </i>(which is close in age but from Thailand). This supports a high conservatism of the endocranial cavity. The issue of volumetric correspondence between endocranial cavity and brain in dinosaurs is analysed. Although a brain-to-endocranial cavity (BEC) index of 0.50 has been traditionally used, we employ instead 0.73. This is indeed the mid-value between the situation in adults of <i>Alligator mississippiensis</i> and <i>Gallus gallus</i>, which are members of the extant bracketing taxa of dinosaurs (Crocodilia and Aves). We thence gauge the level of encephalisation of <i>Proa valdearinnoensis</i> by the calculation of the Encephalisation Quotient (EQ), which remains valuable as a metric for assessing the degree of cognitive function in extinct taxa, especially those with fully ossified braincases like dinosaurs and other archosaurs. The EQ obtained for <i>Proa valdearinnoensis</i> (3.611) suggests that this species was significantly more encephalised than most if not all extant non-avian, non-mammalian amniotes. Our work adds to the growing body of data concerning theoretical cognitive capabilities in dinosaurs and supports the idea that increasing encephalisations were fostered not only once in theropods but also in parallel in the shorter-lived lineage of ornithopods. <i>Proa valdearinnoensis</i> was ill-equipped to respond to theropod dinosaurs and possibly lived in groups as a strategy to mitigate the risk of being predated upon. We hypothesize that group-living and protracted caring of juveniles in this and possibly many other iguanodontian ornithopods favoured a degree of encephalisation that was outstanding by reptile standards.</p>
Figure 6. The maximum-likelihood phylogram for cytochrome oxidase subunit I in A case of biodiversity overestimation in the Balkan Belgrandiella A. J. Wagner, 1927 (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae): molecular divergence not paralleled by high morphological variation
Figure 6. The maximum-likelihood phylogram for cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) haplotypes. Bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities are shown. Normal font indicates reference haplotypes, bold font indicates haplotypes obtained in present study.
Figure 3 in A case of biodiversity overestimation in the Balkan Belgrandiella A. J. Wagner, 1927 (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae): molecular divergence not paralleled by high morphological variation
Figure 3. Shells of Belgrandiella: (a–f) molecular clade A: (a–d) Belgrandiella cf. robusta, spring of river LipsenjŠČica, Cerknica; (e, f) Belgrandiella cf. robusta, Dvorce, Čatež ob Savi; (g) Boleana umbilicata, topotype, spring MoČilnik; (h, i) molecular clade B: Belgrandiella cf. kuesteri, PotoČe; (j–r) molecular clade C: (j) Belgrandiella cf. fontinalis, PotoČe; (k–r) Belgrandiella cf. fontinalis, Babja luknja; (s, t) molecular clade D: Belgrandiella cf. koprivnensis, Izvor Plive 1A, DraganiĆ. Scale bar represents 1 mm.
Figure 2 in A case of biodiversity overestimation in the Balkan Belgrandiella A. J. Wagner, 1927 (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae): molecular divergence not paralleled by high morphological variation
Figure 2. Shells of Belgrandiella (molecular clade A): (a–c) Belgrandiella kusceri, topotype, Rakek; (d, e) Belgrandiella zermanica, topotype, Zrmanja River; (f, g) Belgrandiella krupensis, topotype, Krupa River; (h–j) Belgrandiella cf. fontinalis, Krk Island; (k, l) Belgrandiella robusta, topotype, Veliki Obrh; (m, n) Belgrandiella cf. pageti, KrŠka jama, source of Krka River; (o) Belgrandiella cf. robusta, ŽerovniŠČica; (p–s) Belgrandiella cf. croatica, Rupa na Brodu. Scale bar represents 1 mm.
Figure 1 in A case of biodiversity overestimation in the Balkan Belgrandiella A. J. Wagner, 1927 (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae): molecular divergence not paralleled by high morphological variation
Figure 1. Localities of the studied Belgrandiella and geographic distribution of clades (see Figures 6 and 7).
Figure 5 in A case of biodiversity overestimation in the Balkan Belgrandiella A. J. Wagner, 1927 (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae): molecular divergence not paralleled by high morphological variation
Figure 5. Penes of Belgrandiella: (a) Belgrandiella cf. fontinalis, Babja luknja (molecular clade C); (b–d) Belgrandiella robusta, Obrh, type locality (molecular clade A). Scale bar represents 0.5 mm.
Figure 7. The maximum-likelihood phylogram for H3 in A case of biodiversity overestimation in the Balkan Belgrandiella A. J. Wagner, 1927 (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae): molecular divergence not paralleled by high morphological variation
Figure 7. The maximum-likelihood phylogram for H3 haplotypes. Bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities are shown.
Figure 4 in A case of biodiversity overestimation in the Balkan Belgrandiella A. J. Wagner, 1927 (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae): molecular divergence not paralleled by high morphological variation
Figure 4. Renal and pallial section of female reproductive organs of Belgrandiella: (a) Belgrandiella fontinalis, Babja luknja (molecular clade C); (b) Belgrandiella robusta, Obrh, type locality (molecular clade A) (bc, bursa copulatrix; cbc, duct of bursa copulatrix; ga, albuminoid gland; gn, nidamental gland; gp, gonoporus; ov, oviduct; ovl, loop of oviduct; rec, rectum; rs, receptaculum seminis). Scale bar represents 1 mm.
Parallel evolution of Varroa resistance in honey bees; a common mechanism across continents?
<p>The near-globally distributed ecto-parasitic mite of the Apis mellifera honey bee, Varroa destructor, has formed a lethal association with Deformed wing virus, a once rare and benign RNA virus. In concert the two have killed millions of wild and managed colonies, particularly across the northern hemisphere, forcing the need for regular acaricide application to ensure colony survival. However, despite the short association (in evolutionary terms), A. mellifera populations across the globe have been surviving many years without any mite control methods. This long-term survival, or Varroa resistance, is consistently associated with the same suite of traits, recapping, brood removal and reduced mite reproduction, irrespective of location. Here we conduct an analysis of data extracted from 60 papers to illustrate how these traits connect together to explain decades of mite resistance data. For the first time we have potentially a unified understanding of natural Varroa resistance that will help the global industry achieve widespread miticide free beekeeping and indicate how different honey bee populations across four continents have resolved a recent threat using the same suite of behaviours.</p>
Phylogenomics of piranhas and pacus (Serrasalmidae) uncovers how dietary convergence and parallelism obfuscate traditional morphological taxonomy
<p>The Amazon and neighboring South American river basins harbor the world's most diverse assemblages of freshwater fishes. One of the most prominent South American fish families is the Serrasalmidae (pacus and piranhas), found in nearly every continental basin. Serrasalmids are keystone ecological taxa, being some of the top riverine predators as well as the primary seed dispersers in the flooded forest. Despite their widespread occurrence and notable ecologies, serrasalmid evolutionary history and systematics are controversial. For example, the sister taxon to serrasalmids is contentious, the relationships of major clades within the family are inconsistent across different methodologies, and half of the extant serrasalmid genera are suggested to be non-monophyletic. We analyzed exon capture to reexamine the evolutionary relationships among 63 (of 99) species across all 16 serrasalmid genera and their nearest outgroups, including multiple individuals per species to account for cryptic lineages. To reconstruct the timeline of serrasalmid diversification, we time-calibrated this phylogeny using two different fossil-calibration schemes to account for uncertainty in taxonomy with respect to fossil teeth. Finally, we analyzed diet evolution across the family and comment on associated changes in dentition, highlighting the ecomorphological diversity within serrasalmids. We document widespread non-monophyly of genera within Myleinae, as well as between <em>Serrasalmus</em> and <em>Pristobrycon</em>, and propose that reliance on traits like teeth to distinguish among genera is confounded by ecological homoplasy, especially among herbivorous and omnivorous taxa. We clarify the relationships among all serrasalmid genera, propose new subfamily affiliations, and support hemiodontids as the sister taxon to Serrasalmidae.</p>
FIGURE 45. Skeletons with parallel endosternites and narrow sella turcica. A in Significance of the sexual openings and supplementary structures on the phylogeny of brachyuran crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura), with new nomina for higher-ranked podotreme taxa
FIGURE 45. Skeletons with parallel endosternites and narrow sella turcica. A, Pseudopalicus declivis Castro, 2000 (Palicidae), male, New Caledonia (MNHN-B30492): medially attenuated endosternites, remaining lateral portions covered by pleurites; marked median plate; B, Bathypluma spinifer Saint Laurent, 1980 (Retroplumidae), male, Philippines (MNHN-B37017): cx5, P5 coxa; m, median plate; p, pleurite; P5, pereopod 5; s, sella turcica; s.c., convexity of sterno-abdominal cavity; t, endosternite.
Figure 1. Shells.A–J in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 1. Shells.A–J, Pupilla alpicola (A–E, lowland populations"P.pratensis"; F–J, typical mountain populations).K–P, P.loessica. Q–T, P. muscorum. A, M_6001_3_1, Lake Galenbeck (Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany). B, SMNS-ZI0138340, type locality Dinkelscherben near Augsburg (Bavaria, Germany). C, M_846_1_2, Burgtonna (Thuringia, Germany), fossil from Early
Figure 6 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 6. Thin-plate splines illustrating (theoretical) transitions in shape, side view, exaggeration 5 times. A, fossil P. loessica → extant P. loessica. B, fossil P. pratensis (including P. m. densegyrata) → extant P. pratensis. C, fossil P. pratensis (including P. m. densegyrata) → extant P. alpicola. D, extant P. pratensis → P. alpicola. E, extant P. loessica→ P. alpicola. F, fossil P. muscorum → extant P. muscorum.
Figure 8 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 8. Phylogenetic tree based on COI. 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis with posterior probabilities/bootstrap support values (from maximum likelihood analysis). Sample abbreviations and groups of samples are given in Tables 1 and 3.
Figure 11 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 11. Pupa muscorum var. pratensis. Series of four shells from type locality Dinkelscherben near Augsburg (Germany) in frontal and lateral view. A, neotype SMNS-ZI0138339. B–D, SMNS-ZI0138341.
Figure 10 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 10. Pupilla loessica. Series of four shells from type locality Předmostí at Přerov (Czech Republic, fossil from Saalian loess) in frontal and lateral view. A is the designated neotype. All deposited at the National Museum of Prague.
Figure 7 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 7. Shell microsculpture (SEM micrographs). A–T, P. loessica. U–Z, P. alpicola. a–d, P. alpicola (morphogroup P. m. densegyrata). e–h, P. alpicola (lowland populations "P. pratensis"). i–j, P. muscorum. A–B, M_4559, Altai, Saylyugem (Russia). C–D, M_4575, Altai, Saylyugem (Russia). E–F, H_MC409, Altai, Dzhazator (Russia). G–H, M_3970, Khatgal, shore of Lake Khövsgöl Nuur (northern Mongolia). I–J, M_2523_2, Yelantsy near Lake Baikal (Russia). K–L, M_2523_1, Yelantsy near Lake Baikal (Russia). M–N, M_994, Karsdorf (Saxony Anhalt, Germany), fossil from Early Saalian. O–P, M_459, Zeuchfeld (Saxony
Figure 9 in Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)
Figure 9. Phylogenetic tree based on ITS2. 50% majority rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis with posterior probabilities/bootstrap support values (from maximum likelihood analysis). Sample abbreviations and groups of samples are given in Tables 1 and 3.
Data from: Parallel cognitive processing streams in human prefrontal cortex: parsing areal-level brain network for response inhibition
<p>Multiple cognitive processes are recruited to achieve adaptive behavior. However, it is poorly understood how such cognitive processes are implemented in temporal cascades of human cerebral cortical areas as processing streams to achieve behavior. In the present study, we identify cortical processing streams for response inhibition and examine relationships among the processing streams. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and time-resolved single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) reveal three distinct critical timings of transient disruption in the functionally essential cortical areas that belong to two distinct cerebrocortical networks. Furthermore, single-pulse TMS following suppression of the ventral posterior inferior frontal cortex (vpIFC) with repetitive TMS reveals information flow from the vpIFC to the presupplementary motor area (preSMA) within the same network but not to the dorsal posterior inferior frontal cortex (dpIFC) across different networks. These causal behavioral effects suggest two parallel processing streams (vpIFC-preSMA versus dpIFC-intraparietal sulcus) that act concurrently during response inhibition.</p>
Figure 7 in Parallel evolution of toepads in rock-dwelling lineages of a terrestrial gecko (Gekkota: Gekkonidae: Heteronotia binoei)
Figure 7. Micro-ornamentation on the terminal (FD) scales. Terrestrial lineages are displayed on the left (A, C), whereas saxicoline lineages are on the right (B, D). Magnification of each tile is shown in the lower left corner, with a scale bar in the lower right corner. A, fully developed setae of the terrestrial EA6 lineage with an average length of 14 µm (Supporting Information, Table S2). B, fully developed setae of the saxicoline CC lineage (av. length 28 µm, Supporting Information, Table S2). C, detail of the branched setae tips with spatulae of the terrestrial EA6 lineage. White arrows indicate branching points of a single seta. D, detail of the branched setae tips with spatulae of saxicoline Paluma-W lineage. White arrows again indicate branching points of a single seta, illustrating that setae of the saxicoline lineages branch more often. Note the different magnifications between C and D, and to a lesser extend between A and B.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.