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Fig. 8 in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 8. 'Boreale' principal coordinate analysis of 4637 single-nucleotide polymorphism loci representing some species and putative entities of Xerochrysum. Each dot represents an individual sample, coloured by population. (a) Axes 1 and 2; (b) Axes 1 and 3.

Fig. 7 in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 7. Principal coordinate analysis of 5637 single-nucleotide polymorphism loci representing species and putative entities of Xerochrysum in the 'Bracteatum' group. Each dot represents an individual sample, coloured by population. (a) Axes 1 and 2; (b) Axes 1 and 3.

Fig. 6 in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 6. Comparative morphology of phyllary colour, cotyledon size and cauline leaf abaxial indumentum for Xerochrysum sp. Barrington Tops populations. (a, c, e) White phyllaries T.L.Collins 1043; (b, d, f) yellow phyllaries T.L.Collins 1046. Scale bars: 1 cm (d, for c and d); 100 μm (f, for e and f).

Fig. 5 in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 5. Semi-strong hybrid multi-dimensional scaling ordinations of morphological characters on subsets of species and putative entities of Xerochrysum representing broad distribution patterns across Australia (Table 4). (a) Northern; (b) southern; (c) eastern; (d) western. Each ball represents an individual sample, coloured by species or putative entity.

Fig. 3 in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 3. Indumentum variation among species of Xerochrysum. White arrows indicate stipitate glands in a–g. Leaf surface: (a–c) adaxial; (d–g) abaxial. (a) Hispidulous and with glands (X. bracteatum sens. str., T.L.Collins 1005); (b) hispid and with glands (X. sp. Barrington Tops, T.L.Collins 1046); (c) hirsute to pilose, and with glands (X. sp. Point Lookout, T.L.Collins 958); (d) with glands (X. bracteatum sens. str., T.L.Collins 1005); (e) hirsute and with glands (X. sp. Barrington Tops, T.L.Collins 1046); (f) pilose and with glands (X. sp. Point Lookout, T.L.Collins 958); (g) stipitate glands on abaxial leaf surface (X. bracteatum sens. str., T.L.Collins 1005). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (a–f); 100 μm (g).

Fig. 2. Principal coordinate analysis Axes 1 and 2 in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 2. Principal coordinate analysis Axes 1 and 2 of 2486 singlenucleotide polymorphism loci representing all species of Xerochrysum (except X. collierianum) and putative entities. Each dot represents an individual sample, coloured by population. Groups are numbered as in Table 9.

Fig. 4 in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 4. Flagelliform trichomes and stipitate glands found on some species of Xerochrysum. Arrow with tail indicates stipitate gland; arrow without tail indicates septate trichome with flagelliform apex (cauline leaf adaxial surface, X. macsweeneyorum, T.L.Collins 957). Scale bar: 100 μm.

Fig. 1 in There's gold in them thar hills! Morphology and molecules delimit species in Xerochrysum (Asteraceae; Gnaphalieae) and reveal many new taxa

Fig. 1. Sample locations for Xerochrysum. Labelled ellipses indicate the distribution of samples included in X. bracteatum sens. lat., X. viscosum, X. macranthum, X. interiore and X. boreale. Clockwise, starting at Cape York Peninsula (the north-eastern tip of Australia): X. bracteatum sens. lat. (red circles), X. sp. North Kennedy (pale green circles), X. sp. Mount Elliot (pale green star), X. sp. North Stradbroke Island (dark blue circles), X. sp. Mount Merino (dark green circles), X. sp. Northern Tablelands (grey circles), X. sp. New England (yellow circles), X. sp. Point Lookout (pink star), X. sp. Glencoe (brown circles), X. sp. Barrington Tops (purple circles), X. aff. palustre (pink triangles), X. sp. Flinders Range (orange circles), X. subundulatum (gold triangles), X. palustre (green triangles), X. collierianum (blue triangles), X. milliganii (yellow triangle), X. alpinum (white triangle obscured by X. milliganii).

Figure 8 in Phylogeny, species delimitation and population structure of the steppe-inhabiting land snail genus Helicopsis in Eastern Europe

Figure 8. Distribution of Helicopsis species in Central and Eastern Europe and localities from which 16S rDNA sequences are available (symbols). The geographical boundaries of H. striata, H. hungarica and H. lunulata are not yet clear because of the lack of reliable morphological characteristics.

Figure 6 in Phylogeny, species delimitation and population structure of the steppe-inhabiting land snail genus Helicopsis in Eastern Europe

Figure 6. Distribution of clusters obtained from the admixture analysis of AFLP data of Helicopsis from Ukraine with STRUCTURE. A, solution for K = 2. B, solution for K = 5. C, solution for K = 7. Population numbers are given next to the bar plots (Supporting Information, Table S1). The bar plots show the proportional assignment of an individual to a cluster (see also Fig. 5).

Figure 7 in Phylogeny, species delimitation and population structure of the steppe-inhabiting land snail genus Helicopsis in Eastern Europe

Figure 7. Relationships between Jaccard distances between individuals of Helicopsis filimargo and H. lunulata based on AFLP data and logarithmized geographical distances. Black circles and red triangles: distances between individuals belonging to H. filimargo and H. lunulata, respectively; green crosses: distances between individuals belonging to different species; black and red broken lines: regression lines fitted within species; green broken line: regression line fitted on the within-group distances only (i.e. the black circles and red triangles taken together); green solid line: regression line fitted on all distances together; blue lines: centres of the betweengroups geographical distances.

Figure 4 in Phylogeny, species delimitation and population structure of the steppe-inhabiting land snail genus Helicopsis in Eastern Europe

Figure 4. Neighbour-net network of Helicopsis from Ukraine based on Jaccard distances obtained from AFLP data. Coloration of clusters corresponds to the STRUCTURE solution for K = 2. Red corresponds to H. filimargo, yellow to H. lunulata. DNA voucher numbers for specimens are given at the tips of the network. Coloured dots at the tips of the network correspond to cluster assignments (on majority-rule basis) of specimens in the STRUCTURE solutions for K = 5 (inner) and K = 7 (outer). For locality data and the distribution of clusters, see also Supporting Information, Table S1 and Figure 6, respectively.

Figure 1 in Phylogeny, species delimitation and population structure of the steppe-inhabiting land snail genus Helicopsis in Eastern Europe

Figure 1. Sampled Helicopsis populations in Ukraine, the adjacent Central Russian Upland and Romania and distribution of mitochondrial haplotype clades: H. lunulata (yellow dots), H. hungarica (magenta triangles) and H. filimargo (clade A, red diamonds, clade B, green diamonds and mixed population of clades Aand B, blue diamonds).

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Data from: Historical mitochondrial genome introgression confounds species delimitation—evidence from phylogenetic inference in the Odorrana grahami species complex

Species delimitation is essential to informing conservation policy and understanding ecological and evolutionary processes. Most of our recent gains in knowledge on animal diversity rely on morphological characteristics and mitochondrial (mt) DNA variation. Concordant results based on both have led to an unprecedented acceleration in the identification of new species and enriched the field of taxonomy. However, discordances are also found commonly between morphological and mtDNA evidence. This confounds species delimitation, especially when gene flow or mitochondrial genome introgression has occurred. Here we illustrate how mitochondrial genome introgression among species of the Odorrana grahami complex confounds species delimitation using the combined evidence of morphological characters, mitochondrial variation, and thousands of nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). Fifty-eight samples across the distribution of the O. grahami complex were included. The mtDNA matrilineal genealogy indicated two clades, with O. grahami and O. junlianensis clustered together. In contrast, all nuclear evidence including gene trees, species trees, and genetic structure analyses based on GBS data support three species with distinct genetic clusters. These three distinct genetic clusters also correspond to distinct morphological characters. They affirm the distinct taxonomic entities of both O. grahami and O. junlianensis, as well as a third clade distinct from either. Which species the third clade belongs to remains unclear and will require further testing. The nuclear genomic loci contradict the COI evidence, with indications of rampant historical mitochondrial genome introgression among the species of the O. grahami complex. These discordant signals previously confused species delimitation efforts in this group. Based on these findings, we recommend the integration of independent data, especially nuclear genomic evidence, in species delimitation so as to be robust against the pitfalls of mitochondrial introgression.

FIGURE 7 in The damselfly genus Megaloprepus (Odonata: Pseudostigmatidae): Revalidation and delimitation of species-level taxa including the description of one new species

FIGURE 7. Ventral and lateral views of the genital ligula of the four Megaloprepus species. M. caerulatus, M. latipennis and M. brevistigma show significant differences in the inner process of the third segment (s3), M. diaboli sp. nov. constitutes an intermediate position. The scale bar indicates 100 μm.

FIGURE 6 in The damselfly genus Megaloprepus (Odonata: Pseudostigmatidae): Revalidation and delimitation of species-level taxa including the description of one new species

FIGURE 6. Left hindwings of the four Megaloprepus species. The metallic blue wing band proximal of the pseudostigma was integrated to visualize its variation, whereas the additional matte white band of M. caerulatus could not be pictured (but see Fig. 9). The scale bar indicates 1 cm.

FIGURE 10 in The damselfly genus Megaloprepus (Odonata: Pseudostigmatidae): Revalidation and delimitation of species-level taxa including the description of one new species

FIGURE 10. Phylogenetic relationships and the character-based barcodes for the mitochondrial CO1 sequence marker gene for the four species of the genus Megaloprepus (M. diaboli, M. latipennis, M. brevistigma and M. caerulatus) from several populations*, the close sister species Mecistogaster linearis, and Coryphagrion grandis as outgroup. A) The phylogeny reconstructed using maximum likelihood in RaxML (1,000 bootstrap replicates), places Megaloprepus brevistigma as a sister clade to the three mostly Central American species: M. diaboli spec. nov, M. latipennis and M. caerulatus. The present tree reconstruction further identifies M. caerulatus and M. latipennis as the closest relatives. B) Selection of single pure character attributes for the investigated species. Hereby a red line stands for A (adenine), blue for T (thymine), green for G (guanine) and yellow for a C (cytosine). Please see File S1 for the complete barcode. *Abbreviations of sample sites are as follows: RBLT = Biosphere Reserve Los Tuxtlas, Mexico; GuLL = National Park Laguna Lachua, Guatemala; GuCSG = Natural Reserve Cerro San Gil, Guatemala; GuRB = Rio Bravo, Guatemala; HnPb = Pico Bonito National Park, Honduras; NiBa = Biological Reserve Indio Maíz, Nicaragua; LS = Biological Research Station La Selva, Costa Rica; CNP = Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica; BCI = Barro Colorado Island, Panama; CO = Pacific Region and West Cariban, Colombia; PhPE = Pampa Hermosa Lodge, Peru.

FIGURE 2 in The damselfly genus Megaloprepus (Odonata: Pseudostigmatidae): Revalidation and delimitation of species-level taxa including the description of one new species

FIGURE 2. Megaloprepus diaboli sp. nov. color patterns: (a) lateral view of prothorax, pterothorax including mesostigmal plates, wing base and coxa; (b) dorsal view of prothorax. al: prothorax anterior lobe. pl: prothorax posterior lobe. mp: mesostigmal plates. cx1–3: coxae.

FIGURE 3 in The damselfly genus Megaloprepus (Odonata: Pseudostigmatidae): Revalidation and delimitation of species-level taxa including the description of one new species

FIGURE 3. Megaloprepus latipennis color patterns: (a) lateral view of prothorax, pterothorax including mesostigmal plates, wing base and coxa; (b) dorsal view of prothorax. al: prothorax anterior lobe. pl: prothorax posterior lobe. mp: mesostigmal plates. cx1–3: coxae.

FIGURE 1 in The damselfly genus Megaloprepus (Odonata: Pseudostigmatidae): Revalidation and delimitation of species-level taxa including the description of one new species

FIGURE 1. Geographic origin of the material included in this study. Each species is displayed using different colorations.