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Fig. 25. Canonical variate analysis summarizing craniodental differences between G. g in The Cross River Gorillas: A Distinct Subspecies, Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie 1904

Fig. 25. Canonical variate analysis summarizing craniodental differences between G. g. diehli males (n = 20), G. g. diehli females (n = 13), G. g. gorilla males (n = 35) and G. g. gorilla females (n = 17) based on 11 measurements: (1)incisor row diameter, (2) bimastoid diameter, (3) bizygomatic diameter, (4) biglenoid diameter, (5) interparietal diameter, (6) M1 mesiodistal length, (7) biorbital diameter, (8) skull vault length, (9) cheek tooth row length, (10) P3 mesiodistal length, and (11) maximum palate width listed in decreasing order of discriminating ability. According to a stepwise discrimination analysis these measurements best summarize the measured differences between groups. Mahalanobis generalized squared distances (D2) are 15.52 between the two male means; 6.85 between the two female means; 29.61 between the male and female means for G.g. diehli, 39.09 between male and female means of G. g. gorilla, 47.94 between G. g. diehli females and G. g. gorilla males, and 39.44 between G. g. gorilla females and G. g. diehli males.

Fig. 8 in The Cross River Gorillas: A Distinct Subspecies, Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie 1904

Fig. 8. Dorsal and ventral views of right foot and hand segments respectively showing measurements taken: A = calcaneal length, B = calcaneal outlever length, C = cuboid length, D = fourth metatarsal length, E = fourth proximal pedal phalanx length, F = fourth middle pedal phalanx length, G = third metacarpal length, H = third proximal phalanx length, I = third middle phalanx length. Calcaneal outlever length (B) was calculated from linear measures of the calcaneus as reported in Sarmiento (1994). A+C+D+E+F and B+C+D+E+F were taken as approximations of foot length and foot outlever

Fig. 9 in The Cross River Gorillas: A Distinct Subspecies, Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie 1904

Fig. 9. Lateral, ventral, and dorsal views of an adult female gorilla skull showing the craniodental measures taken in this study. A = skull length, from prosthion to inion, B = vault height, from bregma to basion, C = vault length from glabella to inion, D = facial height from prosthion to glabella, E = postfacial height, from palatal spine to glabella, F= Maximum biglenoid width, G= biC1 diameter, H= maximum biP3 diameter, I= maximum incisor row length, J= premolar row length, K=cheek tooth row

Fig. 3 in The Cross River Gorillas: A Distinct Subspecies, Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie 1904

Fig. 3. The skull of ZMUB 12789, the male holotype of G. diehli (Matschie, 1904) in A dorsal, B ventral, C anterior and D posterior views. Note the large wide and flat zygoma, the superoinferiorly wide zygomatic arch with only a mild mediolateral curvature, the perpendicular set of the zygoma relative to the zygomatic arch, the pronounced malar tubercles, and the inferomedial concavity of the zygoma circumscribing the infraorbital foramen (see also male paratypes in fig. 6).

Fig. 7 in The Cross River Gorillas: A Distinct Subspecies, Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie 1904

Fig. 7. Dorsal and ventral views of the calvaria of ZMBU 12799 from Basho, assigned by Matschie (1904) to G. g. gorilla. Note many of the characters typical of G. g. diehli (table 10). Multivariate analyses showed this specimen to group with the Cross River female gorillas.

Fig. 5 in The Cross River Gorillas: A Distinct Subspecies, Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie 1904

Fig. 5. The calvarium of ZMUB 12794: A dorsal, B ventral, C anterior, D posterior views. Note the welldeveloped torus along the midnasal suture, the perpendicular set of the zygomatic arch relative to the zygoma, the strong development of the postglenoid and entoglenoid processes, and the waisting of the nuchal crest.

Fig. 2 in The Cross River Gorillas: A Distinct Subspecies, Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie 1904

Fig. 2. Distribution map of western gorillas showing the western equatorial forest and the allopatry of G. g. diehli and G. g. gorilla. Bounded area represents CrossRiver watershed mapped in fig. 1. All collecting localities for nonCrossRiver western gorillas considered are marked by dots with the exception of Bamba Mayombe, which yielded a single specimen and is not marked. G. g. gorilla is

Fig. 1 in The Cross River Gorillas: A Distinct Subspecies, Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie 1904

Fig. 1. Map of Cross River watershed showing national parks or forest reserves and the four separate areas inhabited by the Cross River gorillas.

Fig. 4 in The Cross River Gorillas: A Distinct Subspecies, Gorilla gorilla diehli Matschie 1904

Fig. 4. Lateral views of ZMUB 12789 (A) and of the lone female paratype of G. diehli (Matschie 1904) ZMUB 12794 (B). The photograph shows the left side of ZMUB 12794 reversed for comparison. Note the strong concavity at the nasal bridge (especially in the female) and the inferior position of the mastoid relative to the external acoustic meatus. In the male the mastoid inflation is within the suboccipital plane, with only a very slight inferior protrusion. The development of the sagittal crest in the holotype is not characteristic of G. g. diehli males.

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Fig. 60 in New species and subspecies of Octavius from South Africa, with a key and additional distribution records (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Euaesthetinae)

Fig. 60. Distribution of Octavius sarkae sp. nov., O. sarkae ntsubane subsp. nov. and O. sarkae xhosa subsp. nov.

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Fig. 8 in Description of a new species and a new subspecies of Odontorrhina Burmeister, 1842 (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), with ecological notes on the genus

Fig. 8. Aerial web (approximately 3 m long × 1.5 m high) of social spider Stegodyphus dumicola, capturing Odontorrhina maraisi sp. n. and other insect prey (Witwater, October 2010).

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Figs 3, 4. Odontorrhina pubescens hantam ssp. n in Description of a new species and a new subspecies of Odontorrhina Burmeister, 1842 (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), with ecological notes on the genus

Figs 3, 4. Odontorrhina pubescens hantam ssp. n.: (3) male dorsal (a) and ventral (b) side; (4) frontal (a) and side (b) view of male aedeagus.

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Fig. 6 in Description of a new species and a new subspecies of Odontorrhina Burmeister, 1842 (Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae), with ecological notes on the genus

Fig. 6. Known distribution of Odontorrhina species. O. maraisi sp. n. (*); O. p. pubescens (○); O. p. hantam ssp. n. (●); O. hispida (■); O. krigei (□).

Figures 12–17 in A New Subspecies of Philiris diana Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from the Wet Tropics of Northern Australia

Figures 12–17. Adults of Philiris diana fortuna ssp. nov.: (12, 13) holotype male, showing dorsal and ventral views (ANIC); (14) paratype male, dorsal view showing variation (BHC); (15, 16) paratype female, showing dorsal and ventral views (ANIC); (17) paratype female, dorsal view showing variation (BHC). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figures 18–29 in A New Subspecies of Philiris diana Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from the Wet Tropics of Northern Australia

Figures 18–29. Male genitalia of the Philiris diana species-group in Australia and Papua New Guinea: (18–20) P. diana fortuna ssp. nov. showing posterior, left lateral and right lateral views; (21–23) P. diana diana showing posterior, left lateral and right lateral views; (24–26) P. papuanus kerri showing posterior, left lateral and right lateral views; (27–29) P. papuanus papuanus showing posterior, left lateral and right lateral views. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figures 4–11 in A New Subspecies of Philiris diana Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from the Wet Tropics of Northern Australia

Figures 4–11. Adults of Philiris diana diana: (4, 5, 7) lectotype male in AMS, showing dorsal and ventral views and label data; (8, 9, 11) paralectotype female in AMS, showing dorsal and ventral views and label data; (6) male, dorsal view, reared from larva from near Kuranda (BHC); (10) female, dorsal view, reared from larva from near Cairns (EPC). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Figure 3 in A New Subspecies of Philiris diana Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from the Wet Tropics of Northern Australia

Figure 3. Neighbor Joining phylogenetic tree of Philiris diana based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (658 bp "barcode" region). Outgroups are not shown. Scale bar represents number of substitutions/site.

Figures 30–37 in A New Subspecies of Philiris diana Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from the Wet Tropics of Northern Australia

Figures 30–37. Life history and habitus of Philiris diana fortuna ssp. nov.: (30, 31) larva instar III, showing examples of variation in colour pattern, with lightly-marked and heavily-marked forms; (32, 33) larva instar VI, showing examples of variation in colour pattern, with yellow-brown striped and red-brown striped forms; (34, 35) pupa, showing examples of variation in colour pattern, with lightly marked and heavily marked forms; (36) adult female, newly-emerged at rest on foliage of Litsea leefeana; (37) adult pair in copula, with male on left and female on right.

Figures 1–2 in A New Subspecies of Philiris diana Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from the Wet Tropics of Northern Australia

Figures 1–2. Right fore- and hindwings of Philiris diana diana, showing measurements of quantitative characters for traits 1–5 (see Materials and Methods): (1) female; (2) male. Letters denote the following characters: A = area of forewing; B = area of forewing white central patch; C = curved area of forewing enclosed between termen and line between end of veins R5 and 1A+2A; D = width of black terminal band of forewing at vein M3; E = length of forewing from base to end of vein M3; F = width of black terminal band of hindwing at vein M3; G = length of hindwing from base to end of vein M3.