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Fig. 2 in Demographic, environmental and physiological predictors of gastrointestinal parasites in urban raccoons

Fig. 2. Nematode and coccidia faecal egg/oocyst counts in raccoons are associated with raccoon age and the month (season) of sampling. (A) Baylisascaris nematodes; (B) strongyle type nematodes; (C) capillariid type nematodes; (D) coccidia.

Fig. 1 in Demographic, environmental and physiological predictors of gastrointestinal parasites in urban raccoons

Fig. 1. Photographs of nematode eggs and oocysts taken at 40× magnification. (A) Ascarid type nematodes (likely Baylisascaris procyonis); (B) strongyle type nematodes (Placoconis lotoris or Molineus barbatus); (C) capillariid type nematodes (Capillaria procyonis or Capillaria putorii); (D) "large" oocysts; (E) "small" oocysts; (F) "long" oocysts. Scale bar = 20 μm in all photographs.

Fig. 4 in Demographic, environmental and physiological predictors of gastrointestinal parasites in urban raccoons

Fig. 4. Distribution of coinfections in juvenile raccoons sampled in October and yearling raccoons sampled in July. Raccoons could be infected by 0–4 types of parasite. There was no significant difference between cross-sectionally (A) and longitudinally (B) sampled raccoons in the mean number of types of parasite harboured as juveniles in October, suggesting that parasite coinfections do not contribute to overwinter mortality. However, raccoons tended to clear parasite infections rather than gain them during this interval (C).

Fig. 3 in Demographic, environmental and physiological predictors of gastrointestinal parasites in urban raccoons

Fig. 3. Changes in gastrointestinal nematode and coccidia infection status and faecal egg or oocyst count for raccoons that were sampled in both July and October of the same year, stratified by age class. (A) Baylisascaris nematodes; (B) strongyle type nematodes; (C) capillariid type nematodes; (D) coccidia. Juvenile raccoons tended to gain nematode infections between July and October. Both adult and juvenile raccoons that were infected with coccidia in July tended to remain infected when resampled in October. Change in egg count = October egg count – July egg count. On average, the faecal egg count of juvenile raccoons increased more than the adult faecal egg count for Baylisascaris, strongyle, and capillariid nematodes (Welch's two sample t-test; pvalue <0.05), but there was no difference in the change in oocyst count for adults vs juveniles.

Figure S2 in Plant diversity and conservation value of wetlands along a rural-urban gradient

Figure S2. MDS ordination indicating the clear separation of the two land use groups based on the urbanisation measures.

Figure 6. A in Plant diversity and conservation value of wetlands along a rural-urban gradient

Figure 6. A, Percentage distribution of alien and indigenous species per site; B, the indigenous (ISR) and alien (ASR) species richness per site; C, the percentage of the total average cover of all alien species per site; D, the associated adjusted Floristic Quality Assessment Index values (adjFQAI) of each site; arranged along a gradient of increasing percentage urban landcover.

Figure S1 in Plant diversity and conservation value of wetlands along a rural-urban gradient

Figure S1. Cluster analysis results based on the urbanisation measures indicating clear grouping between the urban sites 1 and 2 and the rural sites.

Figure 3. A in Plant diversity and conservation value of wetlands along a rural-urban gradient

Figure 3. A, Total number of species per wetland site (alpha diversity); B, the average species richness per transect for each site; C, the size of each wetland; arranged along a gradient of increasing percentage urban landcover.

Figure 4. A in Plant diversity and conservation value of wetlands along a rural-urban gradient

Figure 4. A, Beta diversity between sites (calculated as the average between all the rural sites (R1–R12), the average between the two urban sites and all the rural sites (U1 and U2), and between the two urban sites (U)); B, the SIMPER analysis results of the average similarity of the transects in each wetland site; arranged along a gradient of increasing percentage urban landcover.

Figure 5. A in Plant diversity and conservation value of wetlands along a rural-urban gradient

Figure 5. A, Wetland index values (WIV) of each site; B, the average site cover descriptions; C, the percentage average growth form distribution at each site; D, the average functional diversity per site (upland (U), facultative upland (FU), facultative (F), facultative wetland (FW), obligate wetland (OB)); arranged along a gradient of increasing urban landcover.

Figure 1 in Plant diversity and conservation value of wetlands along a rural-urban gradient

Figure 1. Study area indicating the urban area of Potchefstroom, its rural surroundings and the 14 wetland study sites. Inset map shows the size and location of the urban area and Mooi River within the former Tlokwe Municipal area.

FIGURE 2 in Urban market amplifies strong species selectivity in Amazonian artisanal fisheries

FIGURE 2 | The most important 20 fish species by total biomass caught, in descending order, split by season. These species represent 90% of the total biomass caught.

FIGURE 5 in Urban market amplifies strong species selectivity in Amazonian artisanal fisheries

FIGURE 5 | Fish species diversity caught by rural artisanal fishers on the Rio Purus. Fishing catches to be sold were less diverse than those to be consumed. Trips were classified based on whether the stated intention by the fisher was to sell, for household consumption or both. The Shannon's diversity index, calculated per fishing trip, is shown.

FIGURE 4 in Urban market amplifies strong species selectivity in Amazonian artisanal fisheries

FIGURE 4 | Fish species rank curve (by percentage biomass), during the (A) high-water and (B) low-water seasons. (A) Mylossoma albiscopum and Colossoma macropomum dominate high water catches, both for sale only (red) and for both sale and consumption (black). These species are also both important in catches for consumption only (green), but Pimelodus blochii is the most important species in this category. (B) Arapaima gigas dominates low-water season commercial fish catches (red), Osteoglossum bicirrhosum in catches for both consumption and sale (black), and Mylossoma albiscopum (=M. duriventre) and Triportheus angulatus in catches for consumption only.

FIGURE 3 in Urban market amplifies strong species selectivity in Amazonian artisanal fisheries

FIGURE 3 | Fish assemblages vary markedly by (A) hydrological season and (B) geographical remoteness, shown by NMDS (Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling) graphs. Based on similarity analysis of seasonal fish assemblages. Less-remote communities are those <600 km fluvial travel distance from Manaus, which receive visits by Manaus-based boats that purchase fish and deposit ice at least weekly, while more-remote communities are those> 600 km fluvial travel distance from Manaus that do not.

FIGURE 3 in Functional responses of stream fish communities to rural and urban land uses

FIGURE 3 | Flowchart of analysis. Biomass and dummy traits matrices were combined to produce functional diversity (FD) indices (FRic = functional richness, FEve = functional evenness, FDiv = functional divergence and FDis = functional dispersion) and community weight mean traits (CWM) matrices. The influences of land use/occupation (Soil matrix) over FD indices were evaluated through Pearson's correlations and over CWM through redundance analysis (RDA) and Pearson's correlations.

FIGURE 4 in Functional responses of stream fish communities to rural and urban land uses

FIGURE 4 | Ordination scores of community-weighted means (CWMs) of traits (gray bars) and proportions of land use/occupation (arrows: biplot scores for constraining variables along of the first principal axis of the redundancy analysis – RDA1) applied to 24 streams sampled in the state of Paraná, Brazil.

FIGURE 2 in Functional responses of stream fish communities to rural and urban land uses

FIGURE 2 | Ternary diagram of land use/occupation in the 24 streams sampled in the state of Paraná, Brazil.

FIGURE 1 in Functional responses of stream fish communities to rural and urban land uses

FIGURE 1 | Location of the sampling sites in the 24 streams in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Codes and names of streams in S1.

FIGURE 6 in Effects of urbanization and environmental heterogeneity on fish assemblages in small streams

FIGURE 6 | Ordination of fish species composition by distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) in relation to environmental heterogeneity (EH; estimated from environmental data and transformed by loge(x) prior to dbRDA) and the proportion of impervious surfaces (ImpSurf). Species codes, 1: Poecilia reticulata; 2: Corydoras aeneus; 3: Phenacogaster jancupa; 4: Astyanax abramis; 5: Hoplias malabaricus; 6: Hypostomus khimaera; 7: Serrapinnus calliurus; 8: S. microdon; 9: Hemigrammus tridens; 10: A. lacustris.