Find research datasets worth reusing

Fig. 8 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 8. Time-calibrated phylogeny of the tribe Attini inferred from an MCMCTREE analysis (Yang and Rannala 1997). Red star indicates the origin of fungusfarming ants. Blue dots indicate fossil calibrations (see text). Colored boxes indicate the five agricultural systems: (i) lower agriculture (yellow); (ii) coral-fungus (Pterulaceae) agriculture (red); (iii) yeast agriculture (green); (iv) higher agriculture (blue); and (v) leaf-cutter agriculture (orange).Taxa in red correspond to anthead images on right:Cyphomyrmex costatus (top),Paramycetophylax bruchi (middle), and C. rimosus (bottom). Light blue bars indicate 95% highest probability density (HPD). K-Pg Event = Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary; EECO = Early Eocence Climatic Optimum;TEE = Terminal Eocene Event; MMCO = Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum.

Fig. 6 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 6. Fungus gardens. (A) Subterranean garden chamber at Reserva Biósfera Ñacuñan (RBÑ), Mendoza, Argentina; (B) fungus garden and ants in field nest boxes at Parque Nacional Sierra de las Quijadas, San Luis, Argentina; (C–D) fungus garden and ants in field nest boxes at RBÑ.

Fig. 7 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 7. Phylogeny of the Myrmicinae based on a SWSC-EN partitioned maximum-likelihood analysis in IQTREE (Chernomor et al. 2016, Minh et al. 2020). Support values on branches indicate the SH-like approximation likelihood-ratio test (alrt) and ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoots) proportions, respectively. Red branches indicate the position of Paramycetophylax bruchi. Inset: Automontage image of the head of a P. bruchi worker.

Fig. 5 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 5. Illustration of Paramycetophylax bruchi nests at (A) Parque Nacional Sierra de las Quijadas, San Luis, Argentina; and (B) Reserva Biósfera Ñacuñan, Mendoza, Argentina.

Fig. 4 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 4. Nest entrances of Paramycetophylax bruchi at (A) El Borbollón, Mendoza,Argentina; (B) Parque Nacional Sierra de las Quijadas, San Luis, Argentina; and (C) Reserva Biósfera Ñacuñan, Mendoza, Argentina. (D and inset) Nest entrance from Reserva Nacional Pizarro (Salta) of Kalathomyrmex emeryi shown here for comparison.

Fig. 3 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 3. Habitat of Paramycetophylax bruchi. (A) El Borbollón, Mendoza, Argentina; (B) Parque Nacional Sierra de las Quijadas, San Luis, Argentina; and (C) Reserva Biósfera Ñacuñan, Mendoza, Argentina. (D) A forager of P. bruchi carrying a Prosopis flexuosa leaflet. Red arrows indicate the location of the nest of Paramycetophylax bruchi.

Fig. 2 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 2. Known distribution of Paramycetophylax bruchi.Type locality (black star) and type localities of three synonymized subspecies and varieties (white stars); our study sites (black dots); and additional sites from examined material (white dots).

Fig. 1 in The Last Piece of the Puzzle? Phylogenetic Position and Natural History of the Monotypic Fungus-Farming Ant Genus Paramycetophylax (Formicidae: Attini)

Fig. 1. Automontage images of the worker (left and center columns) and the queen (left column) of Paramycetophylax bruchi. (A–C) Lateral view; (D–F) dorsal view; (G–I) full-face view; and (J–L) label information.

FIGURE 52 in Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén's cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden

FIGURE 52. Sphaerulobryozoon ovum (Smitt, 1873) n. comb. North Atlantic Ocean, off Tennessee Reef, Florida, United States. A–G. Paralectotypes SMNH-Type-1799b-e. H, I. Lectotype (designated here) SMNH-Type-1799a. A, C, F–H. Lateral views of the four paralectotypes and the lectotype. B. Close-up of two zooids showing the terminal, cormidial orifice and interzooidal avicularia along the zooidal margins. D, E. Close-up of orifices and avicularia. I. Ovicellate zooid. Scale bars: A, C, F, H = 500 µm; B, D = 200 µm; E = 100 µm; G = 1 mm; I = 300 µm.

FIGURE 49 in Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén's cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden

FIGURE 49. Anoteropora latirostris Silén, 1947a. Indian Ocean, Bab-el-Mandeb, Aden Island. A, B. Paralectotype SMNH- Type-8746b. C, D. Paralectotype SMNH-Type-8746c. E, F. Paralectotype SMNH-Type-8746d. A, C. General view of two young, subcircular colonies with ancestrulae. B, D. Close-up of the ancestrula and periancestrular zooids. E. View of the dorsal side of a colony fragment. F. Close-up of the dorsal side showing the large, distal pore chamber window and part of the ovicells at the colony growing edge. Scale bars: A, C, E = 1 mm; B, D = 500 µm; F = 400 µm.

FIGURE 47 in Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén's cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden

FIGURE 47. Flabellopora lingua Silén, 1947a. Holotype UPSZTY 2221, Japan. A. General view of the colony fragment subsampled from the holotype. B–D. Autozooids and avicularia of different sizes at colony edge. E. Close-up of an autozooid surrounded by avicularia. Scale bars: A = 200 µm; B, D, E = 100 µm; C = 50 µm.

FIGURE 51. Fedora edwardsi Jullien, 1882. North Atlantic Ocean, Josephine Bank. A–D. SMNH-128030. A, C in Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén's cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden

FIGURE 51. Fedora edwardsi Jullien, 1882. North Atlantic Ocean, Josephine Bank. A–D. SMNH-128030. A, C. Lateral views of two colonies. B. Group of zooids with operculum, some also with an adventitious avicularium. D. Close-up of two zooids showing the orifice. E–G. SMNH-128029. E, G. Proximal view of two colonies with emanation point of zooidal rows. F. Closeup of the proximal end with?ancestrula. H, I. SMNH-127677. H. Proximal view of a colony with?ancestrula. I. Group of autozooids with adventitious avicularia. Scale bars: A, C = 1 mm; B, E = 400 µm; D, F = 200 µm; G, I = 300 µm; H = 500 µm.

FIGURE 48 in Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén's cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden

FIGURE 48. Anoteropora latirostris Silén, 1947a. Lectotype (designated here) SMNH-Type-8746a, Indian Ocean, Bab-elMandeb, Aden Island. A, B. General view of two fragments of the same colony figured in Silén (1947a, pl. 5, figs 25–27). C. Close-up of two zooids, one ovicellate, and associated interzooidal avicularia. D. Close-up of two zooids, one ovicellate, at the colony edge. E. General view of another colony fragment. F. Close-up of an autozooid showing the robust orifice condyles. Scale bars: A, B, E = 3 mm; C, D = 400 µm; F = 200 µm.

FIGURE 50 in Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén's cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden

FIGURE 50. Fedora nodosa Silén, 1947a. Gulf of Mexico, Florida, United States. A, B. Lectotype (designated here) SMNH- Type-8735a. C–E. Paralectotype SMNH-Type-8735b. F, G. Paralectotype SMNH-Type-8735c. H, I. Paralectotype SMNH-Type- 8735d. A. Lateral view of the colony. The nature of the chitinous tubes here and in (C) is unclear. It can either be interpreted as a kenozooidal attachment rootlet or as the polypide tubes of a coronate scyphozoan. B. Close-up of autozooids with operculum or closure plate. C. General view of the colony. D. Close-up of autozooids with adventitious avicularia. E. Close-up of two orifices with and without operculum, and additional orifice rims due to subsequent intramural budding. F. General view of the proximal end of the colony (i.e. ancestrular region). G. Close-up of the proximal end of colony with emanation point of zooidal rows. H. General view of the distal end of the colony. I. Close-up of the distal end of colony with kenozooids. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B = 400 µm; C, F, H = 1 mm; D, G, I = 500 µm; E = 200 µm.

FIGURE 46 in Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén's cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden

FIGURE 46. Crucescharellina japonica Silén, 1947a. Holotype UPSZTY 2483, Japan. A, B. General frontal view of three fragments. C. Group of autozooids. D, E. Close-up of avicularia. F. General dorsal view of two additional fragments. G. Closeup of dorsal avicularia. Scale bars: A, B, F = 500 µm; C = 200 µm; D, E = 50 µm; G = 60 µm.

FIGURE 45. A–E in Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén's cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden

FIGURE 45. A–E. Conescharellina sp. SMNH-220511, Java Sea, Malay Archipelago. A. Lateral view of the colony. B. Group autozooids and interzooidal avicularia. C. Close-up of an orifice. D. Close-up of avicularia. E. Close-up of the apical cone with kenozooids and avicularia. F–H. Conescharellina longirostris Silén, 1947a SMNH-Type-4605, Java Sea, Malay Archipelago. F. Apical view of a colony. G. Apical view of some zooids showing a well-developed proximolateral peristome. H. Antapical view of a colony. Scale bars: A, F, H = 500 µm; B, E, G = 200 µm; C, D = 100 µm.

FIGURE 44 in Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén's cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden

FIGURE 44. Conescharellina laevis Silén, 1947a. Java Sea, Malay Archipelago. A–C. Lectotype (designated here) SMNH- Type-4606a. D, E. Paralectotype SMNH-Type-4606b. F. Paralectotype SMNH-Type-4606c. G. Paralectotype SMNH-Type- 4606d. A, D. Lateral views of two colonies. B. Group of zooids. C. Close-up of orifices and avicularia. E. Close-up of two rows of autozooids and avicularia. F. Apical view of a colony with the zone of kenozooids. G. Antapical view of a colony with radial rows of avicularia between autozooids. Scale bars: A, D, F, G = 500 µm; B, E = 300 µm; C = 100 µm.

FIGURE 43 in Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén's cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden

FIGURE 43. Conescharellina brevirostris Silén, 1947. Daidokutsu submarine cave, Ie Island, Okinawa, Japan. A. Lateral view of the colony. Arrows indicate adventitious avicularia placed distolaterally to the orifice in some zooids. B. Close-up of a zooid with surrounding interzooidal avicularia. The arrow indicates the adventitious avicularium distolaterally to the orifice. C. Antapical view of a colony. D. Close-ups of the central antapical surface with avicularia. Scale bars: A, C = 200 µm; B = 100 µm; D = 100 µm.

FIGURE 42 in Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén's cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden

FIGURE 42. Conescharellina brevirostris Silén, 1947a. SMNH-Type-4604, Java Sea, Malay Archipelago. A, E. Lateral views of two colonies. Arrows indicate adventitious avicularia placed distolaterally to the orifice in some zooids. B. Close-up of a zooid with surrounding interzooidal avicularia. C. Close-up of an orifice showing the proximolaterally developed peristome. D. Close-up of an avicularium. F. Apical view of a colony. G. Close-up of the apical kenozooids. H. Antapical view of a colony. I, J. Close-ups of the antapical surface and avicularia. Scale bars: A, E, F, H = 500 µm; B, C = 100 µm; D = 200 µm; G, I = 300 µm; J = 50 µm.

FIGURE 40 in Scanning electron microscopy study of Lars Silén's cheilostome bryozoan type specimens in the historical collections of natural history museums in Sweden

FIGURE 40. Triphyllozoon microstigmatum Silén, 1954. Holotype LUZM 53, Western Australia. A. View of the tubular colony. B. Labels accompanying the specimen. C. Group of autozooids. D, E. Close up of autozooids with frontal avicularia, some with open or closed mandibles. Arrows indicate the two varieties, round with raised, finely denticulate rostrum (white arrows), and elliptical flat (black arrows). F. Large avicularium with bicuspid rostrum located at the fenestra. G. Close-up of the avicularium in (F) showing the bicuspid rostrum and the triangular, hooked mandible. H. Group of zooids, two of which ovicellate. I. Close-up of an ooecium. J. General view of the dorsal side. Arrows point to circular avicularia protruding from the edge of some fenestrae. K. Close-up of circular avicularia protruding from the dorsal edge of the fenestrae. L, M. Close-ups of dorsal avicularia. Given the tubular shape of the colony exposing the dorsal side of the autozooids towards the exterior and the frontal side towards the interior, SEM micrographs were taken from two fragments subsampled from the tips of the holotype colony. Scale bars: A = 2 cm; C, F, H = 500 µm; D = 400 µm; E = 300 µm; G, I = 100 µm; J = 1 mm; K = 45 µm; L, M = 50 µm.