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Figure 1 in The morphology, ontogeny, and inferred behaviour of the deep-sea echinoid Calymne relicta (Holasteroida)
Figure 1. Map of northern Atlantic Ocean showing localities and depths from which Calymne relicta has been collected. A, type locality of specimen in Natural History Museum, London. B, R/V 'Atlantis II' cruise 24, station 122. C, R/V 'Akademik Mstislav Keldysh', cruise 23, station 2462. D, R/V 'Akademik Kurchatov', cruise 37, station 3787.
Figure 2. Specimen from R in The morphology, ontogeny, and inferred behaviour of the deep-sea echinoid Calymne relicta (Holasteroida)
Figure 2. Specimen from R/V 'Akademik Kurchatov' cruise 37, station 3787. A, aboral surface. B, oral surface. C, anterior surface. D, posterior surface. E, right side.
Figure 7 in Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabretoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)
Figure 7. Drawing of the skull and anterior cervicals of Panthera tigris (top) and Homotherium latidens (bottom) with fibres of selected muscles. Muscle numbering as in Figs 1–5. A black circle in the condylar area represents the position of the rotation centre of the atlanto-occipital articulation. Notice how, in Homotherium, most fibres of the obliquus capitis cranialis extend well below that centre of rotation, and would therefore have a stronger head-flexing action. Notice also how the greater distance between the posterior tip of the atlas wings and the tip of the mastoid process in Homotherium makes for longer inferior fibres of the obliquus capitis cranialis muscle.
Figure 6 in Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabretoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)
Figure 6. Photographs of the mastoid region of skull in female lion, Panthera leo (top) and scimitar-toothed cat, Homotherium latidens (bottom) from Incarcal, Spain (IN-I 929). Note that the back of the skull is broken in the fossil. Muscle insertion areas are marked; muscle numbering as in Figs 1–5. M, mastoid process; P, paroccipital process.
Figure 5 in Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabretoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)
Figure 5. (A) Photograph and schematic representation of deep muscles of the neck in a lioness. The posterior portion of the temporalis muscle has been removed to make visible the nuchal region of skull and neck muscles attaching to it. 7, deep extensors of the neck, including rectus capitis dorsalis major and minor; Am, auditory meatus; Mp, mastoid process; Nc, nuchal crest. (B) Photograph and schematic representation of deep muscles of the neck of a male puma in ventral view. 9, m. rectus capitis lateralis.
Figure 4 in Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabretoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)
Figure 4. (A) Photograph and schematic representation of deep muscles of the neck in male tiger. 5, m. obliquus capitis caudalis; 6, m. obliquus capitis cranialis; 8, m. digastricus; At, lateral border of the atlas wings; Ax, dorsal border of axis. (B) Photograph and schematic representation of deep muscles in a male puma. f, additional superficial fibres of m. obliquus capitis cranialis, dorsal to the atlas wing.
Figure 2 in Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabretoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)
Figure 2. Photograph and schematic representation of superficial layer of head and neck muscles of male puma. 1, m. brachiocephalicus.
Figure 1 in Implications of the mastoid anatomy of larger extant felids for the evolution and predatory behaviour of sabretoothed cats (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae)
Figure 1. Schematic drawing of the skull and cervical vertebrae of the scimitar-toothed cat Homotherium latidens showing the hypothetical motions of the stabbing bite (top) and the canine shear bite (bottom). In the first case the main rotation is around a point behind the thoraco-cervical joint (white circle) and the posterior cervicals, whereas in the second case, the main rotation occurs at the atlantooccipital joint (white circle). In the stabbing model (top), the pull of the brachiocephalic muscles (single headed arrow) and of the scalenes (two headed arrow) provides the main force for the strike. In the canine shear-bite model (bottom), the pull of the atlanto-mastoid muscles (short two-headed arrow) is the most important force for the penetration of the upper canines.
Figure 7 in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 7. Mandibular force profiles of scimitar-toothed nimravids. Values are presented for the canine, P3P4, and post-M1 interdental gaps. Zx/L-values at the canine are lower than those at post-M1, suggesting shallower bites than dirk-toothed nimravids. No increase in dorsoventral buttressing occurs in the vicinity of the cheek teeth, indicating that the mandibular ramus is adapted for slicing meat exclusively. The Zx/Zycanine values of scimitar-toothed nimravids, to the exception of Nimravus brachyops, are much higher than those of extant felids, suggesting that prey was restrained prior to the sabre bite. The Zx/Zycanine values of N. brachyops are relatively lower, being similar to those of the extant felid Neofelis nebulosa.
Figure 12 in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 12. Summary diagram of dirk-toothed ecomorphs. Zx/L-values at the canine are generally higher than those behind the carnassial, while Zy/L-values at the canine are higher than at P3P4 but lower than at the carnassial. The Zx/Zycanine values are much higher than those of extant felids and generally higher than those of scimitar-toothed ecomorphs. These results indicate that dirk-toothed ecomorphs delivered powerful sabre bites on well-restrained prey.
Figure 2 in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 2. Cross-section of a hypothetical mandible demonstrating dimensions measured and orientation of crosssectional properties evaluated.
Figure 5. A in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 5. A, mandibular force profiles of machaeroidines. Values are presented for the canine, P3P4, and M1M2 interdental gaps. Zx/L-values at the canine are higher than those at M 1M2, suggesting a powerful canine killing bite. B, comparison of bending strengths (section moduli Zx and Zy) in Machaeroides eothen and M. simpsoni. The missing segments of M. eothen (USNM 361372) and M. simpsoni are reconstructed on the basis of M. eothen (USNM 17059). The symphyseal region of all specimens is much stronger than the ramus. The Zx/Zycanine values of machaeroidines are similar to those of felids with special killing techniques.
Figure 3 in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 3. Measurements taken on sabretooth mandibles. Mandibular depth, width, and distance from the articulation were measured at the following interdental gaps: canine and P3P4 through post-M1 in all taxa, and additional measurements were made at P2P3 and M2M3 through post- M4 in Thylacosmilus. Measurements were made perpendicular to the central axis of the mandible. In this research, the term 'ramus' refers to the portion of the hemimandible posterior to the symphysis.
Figure 13. A in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 13. A, summary diagram of scimitar-toothed ecomorphs. Zx/L and Zy/L-values at the canine are higher than at P3P4 but lower than at the carnassial. The Zx/Zycanine values are much higher than those of extant felids but generally lower than those of dirk-toothed ecomorphs. These results indicate that scimitar-toothed ecomorphs delivered shallow bites while pursuing prey and delivered sabre bites once prey had fallen and had been restrained. B, comparison of Neofelis nebulosa with 'intermediate' sabretooths Nimravus brachyops, Machaeroides eothen and Apataelurus kayi. Despite differences in dorsoventral and labiolingual force profiles, these taxa are characterized by Zx/Zycanine values lower than full-fledged sabretooths but similar to those of extant felids with specialized killing techniques. These results indicate that the 'intermediate' sabretooths delivered sabre bites on restrained prey, but one that was not as well restrained as in full-fledged sabretooths.
Figure 1 in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 1. Phylogeny and temporal range of sabretooth genera studied. Ischyrosmilus gracilis (sensu Churcher, 1984) is included in the Smilodon lineage (probably equivalent to S. gracilis). Although this taxon was not studied, Megantereon is presented to complete the Smilodontini tribe. Based on Goin & Pascual (1987), Bryant (1996b), Turner & Antón (1997), Gunnell (1998), Peigné (2003), and Morlo et al. (2004).
Figure 11 in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 11. Mandibular force profiles of thylacosmilines. Values are presented for the canine, P3P4, M1M2, and post-M4 interdental gaps. Zx/L-values at the canine are higher than those at post-M4, suggesting a powerful canine killing bite. No increase in dorsoventral buttressing occurs in the vicinity of the cheek teeth, indicating that the mandibular ramus is adapted for slicing meat exclusively. The Zx/Zycanine values are much higher than those of extant felids, suggesting that prey was restrained prior to the sabre bite. The higher Zx/Zycanine values of the juvenile relative to the adult are reminiscent of the situation observed in juvenile Panthera leo. Consequently, it is possible that young thylacosmilines underwent an extended period of parental care.
Figure 8 in Feeding behaviour and bite force of sabretoothed predators
Figure 8. Mandibular force profiles of barbourofelids. Values are presented for the canine, P3P4, and post-M1 interdental gaps. Zx/L-values at the canine are subequal or only slightly higher than those at post-M 1, due to the labial rotation of the ramus. No increase in dorsoventral buttressing occurs in the vicinity of the cheek teeth, indicating that the mandibular ramus is adapted for slicing meat exclusively. The Zx/Zycanine values are much higher than those of extant felids, suggesting that prey was restrained prior to the sabre bite.
Figure 14. A in Metamorphosis and evolution of feeding behaviour in salamanders of the family Plethodontidae
Figure 14. A, Kinematic profiles of aquatic tongue protraction in adult D. marmoratus showing a pattern very similar to Fig. 13B (terrestrial capture in D. quadramaculatus). Peak tongue protraction occurs before peak gape, and a four-part gape cycle is evident. Hyobranchial depression follows tongue retraction as the tongue is pulled to the rear of the buccal cavity. Head dipping is prominent in this feeding during and after mouth closing as the jaws close on the prey. B, Aquatic jaw prehension in adult D. quadramaculatus. The gape profile shows a nearly symmetrical shape, and hyobranchial depression occurs at the end of the gape cycle as the tongue is drawn posteriorly from its position in the floor of the mouth. The head profile mirrors the gape profile.
Figure 12 in Metamorphosis and evolution of feeding behaviour in salamanders of the family Plethodontidae
Figure 12. Bar graphs of gape cycle duration and lunge distance for four species of adult plethodontids feeding aquatically. G. porphyriticus shows the longest gape cycle and S. marginatus the shortest, while D. quadramaculatus and D. marmoratus lunge the farthest. Number of feedings (n) is given for each species.
Figure 13. A in Metamorphosis and evolution of feeding behaviour in salamanders of the family Plethodontidae
Figure 13. A, Kinematic profiles of terrestrial prey capture of adult P. ruber. The gape profile is asymmetrical, with mouth closing occurring more rapidly than opening, and lacks a plateau before the second phase of mouth opening. Maximum tongue reach occurs before maximum gape, showing the typical pattern for tongue protraction. Hyobranchial depression is slight, and follows tongue retraction, and head lifting and dipping mirror mouth opening and closing. B, Terrestrial prey capture in adult D. quadramaculatus. The gape profile shows a plateau during tongue protraction and before the second period of mouth opening. The standard features of terrestrial tongue protraction are shown, including peak tongue reach occurring before peak gape, and head movements reflecting jaw movements.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.