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Fig. 11 in Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

Fig. 11. Opercle shape. (a) Rhamphichthys drepanium, UF 78066; (b) Gymnorhamphichthys rosamariae, MCP 24359; and (c) Hypopomus artedi, ANSP 177489. Lateral view of left side. Anterior to left. Scale bar is 5 mm.

Fig. 10 in Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

Fig. 10. Scale shape above the lateral line at about two thirds of body. (a) Iracema caiana, MZUSP 49205; (b) Rhamphichthys marmoratus, MZUSP 49205; (c) Gymnorhamphichthys rosamariae, MCP 24359; and (d) Hypopomus artedi, ANSP 177489. Lateral view of left side.Anterior to left. Scale bar is 1 mm.

Fig. 7 in Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

Fig. 7. Branchial basket and branchiostegals rays of left side of Iracema caiana (MZUSP 49205, 235 mm SL). (a) Lateral view; (b) Midsagittal view. Anterior to left. Scale bar is 5 mm. Abbreviations: bh+bb1 = basihyal +basibranchial 1; bb2 = basibranchial 2; bb3 = basibranchial 3; vhh = ventral hypohyal; dhh = dorsal hypohyal; ach = anterior ceratohyal; pch = posterior ceratohyal; uh = urohyal; br = branchiostegals; cb = ceratobranchial; eb = epibranchial; and tp = pharyngobranchial tooth plate.

Fig. 6 in Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

Fig. 6. Opercular series of the left side of Iracema caiana series in lateral view (except branchiostegals; MZUSP 49205, 235 mm SL). Abbreviations: pop = preopercle; iop = interopercle; sop = subopercle; and op = opercle.

Fig. 5 in Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

Fig. 5. Suspensorium and oral jaws of the left side of Iracema caiana (MZUSP 49205, 235 mm SL). (a) Lateral view; (b) Midsagittal view. Anterior to left. Scale bar is 5 mm. Abbreviations: p = premaxilla; m = maxilla; ant = antorbital; d = dentary; cm = coronomeckelian bone; ang = anguloarticular; rar = retroarticular; enp = endopterygoid; q = quadrate; ib = intermuscular bones of adductor mandibulae; sym = symplectic; mpt = metapterygoid; and h = hyomandibula.

Fig. 4 in Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

Fig. 4. Skull roof and brain case of the left side of Iracema caiana (MZUSP 49205, 235 mm SL). (a) Lateral view; (b) Midsagittal view. Anterior to left. Scale bar is 5 mm. Abbreviations: v = ventral ethmoid+vomer; met = mesethmoid; pas = parasphenoid; fr = frontals; obs = orbitosphenoid; pts = pterosphenoid; pro = prootic; spo = sphenotic; pto = pterotic; pa = parietal, bo = basioccipital; exo = exoccipital; epo = epioccipital; and soc = supraoccipital.

Fig. 8 in Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

Fig. 8. Weberian apparatus of right side (image reversed) of Iracema caiana (MZUSP 49205, 235 mm SL). Left side ribs and parapophysis removed. Anterior to left. Scale bar is 5 mm. Abbreviations: c1-c2 = centrum; s= scaphium; i = intercalarium; os = os suspensorium; t = tripus; bl = Baudelot's ligament; na3-na4 = neural arches; sn = supraneural; ns = neural spine; pp4 = parapophysis 4 and r5-r6 = ribs.

Fig. 3 in Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

Fig. 3. Lateral view of the skull and cleithral region of Iracema caiana, (a) MZUSP 49205, 235 mm SL, scale bar is 5 mm; (b) MZUSP 49205, 345 mm SL, snout bent upwards due to preservation artifact. Scale bar is 10 mm.

Fig. 1. Iracema caiana, MZUSP 49205 in Redescription and phylogenetic position of the enigmatic Neotropical electric fish Iracema caiana Triques (Gymnotiformes: Rhamphichthyidae) using x-ray computed tomography

Fig. 1. Iracema caiana, MZUSP 49205 (paratypes). Specimens used for the CT-scan images: above 235 mm SL, below 345 mm SL.

Fig. 48 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 48. Coronal CT images showing the dorsoventral extent of caudal portion of lateral recess (char. 23). (A) lateral recess does not extend to nasal cavity floor (char. 23.0), Monodelphis domestica, C158 (TMM M-7599), scale bar equals 1 mm; (B) lateral recess extends to the floor of the nasal cavity (ch. 23.1), Petauroides volans, C405 (AMNH 150055), scale bar equals 5 mm. Abbreviations: Endo, endoturbinal; ONS, ossified nasal septum.

Fig. 47. Character 18 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 47. Character 18 (number of endoturbinals) optimized on Meredith et al. (2009) topology. Character state 18.0 is the presence of two endoturbinals; 18.1 is the presence of three endoturbinals; 18.2 is the presence of four endoturbinals; 18.3 is the presence of five endoturbinals; 18.4 is the presence of six endoturbinals; 18.5 is the presence of seven endoturbinals; 18.6 is the presence of more than seven endoturbinals. States for this character are illustrated in figure 18.

Fig. 40 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 40. Coronal CT images showing the tube like morphology of the ectoturbinals (char. 21). (A) tube like morphology absent (char. 21.0), Didelphis virginiana, C464 (TMM M-2517); (B) ectoturbinals are tube like in shape (char. 21.1), Phascolarctos cinereus, C273 (TMM M-2946). Both scale bars equal 5 mm. Abbreviations: Ecto, ectoturbinal; Endo, endoturbinal; NPM, nasopharyngeal meatus; ONS, ossified nasal septum; SER, sphenethmoid recess.

Fig. 49 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 49. Coronal CT images showing the caudal extent of lateral recess (char. 24). (A) rostral in the snout, maxilloturbinal extends caudal to lateral recess (char. 24.0), Dromiciops gliroides, C230 (FMNH 127463), scale bar equals 1 mm; (B) lateral recess extends about even with the caudal terminus of the maxilloturbinal (char. 24.1), Dasyurus hallucatus, C286 (TMM M-6921), scale bar equals 5 mm; (C) lateral recess extends caudal to the maxilloturbinal (char. 24.2), Isoodon macrourus, C360 (TMM M-6922), scale bar equals 5 mm. Abbreviations: Ecto, ectoturbinal; Endo, endoturbinal; ONS, ossified nasal septum; PTL, posterior transverse lamina.

Fig. 39 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 39. Coronal CT images showing the presence or absence of the rostral portion of endoturbinal I (char. 16). (A) rostral portion present (char. 16.0), Didelphis virginiana, C270 (TMM M-2517); (B) rostral portion absent (char. 16.1), Phascolarctos cinereus, C129 (TMM M-2946). Both scale bars equal 5 mm. Abbreviations: Endo, endoturbinal; ONS, ossified nasal septum.

Fig. 38 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 38. Coronal CT images showing the morphology of the caudalmost portion of the maxilloturbinal in marsupials (char. 2). (A) caudal maxilloturbinal is simple in morphology and is attached to the nasal cavity wall or floor (char. 2.0), Isoodon macrourus, C314 (TMM M-6922); (B) caudalmost portion of maxilloturbinal becomes an enclosed tube that tapirs into a cone that is unattached to the nasal cavity (char. 2.1), Phascolarctos cinereus, C251 (TMM M-2946). Both scale bars equal 5 mm. Abbreviations: Endo, endoturbinal; ONS, ossified nasal septum.

Fig. 35 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 35. Coronal CT images showing the presence or absence of pneumaticity in the caudal nasoturbinal (char. 8). (A) pneumaticity is absent (char. 8.0), Caenolestes fuliginosus, C400 (KU 124015), scale bar equals 1 mm; (B) pneumaticity is present (char. 8.1), Potorous tridactylus, C386 (AMNH 65337), scale bar equals 5 mm. Abbreviations: Ecto, ectoturbinal; Endo, endoturbinal; ONS, ossified nasal septum.

Fig. 34 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 34. Coronal CT images showing the presence or absence of a paraseptal shelf of the vomer (char 28). (A) shelf present (char. 28.0), Caenolestes fuliginosus, C389 (KU 124015), scale bar equals 1 mm; (B) shelf absent (char. 28.1), Pseudocheirus occidentalis, C273 (TMM M-847), scale bar equals 5 mm. Abbreviations: Ecto, ectoturbinal; Endo, endoturbinal; ONS, ossified nasal septum; PSV, paraseptal shelf of vomer; SER, sphenethmoid recess.

Fig. 45. Character 19 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 45. Character 19 (number of ectoturbinals) optimized on Meredith et al. (2009) topology. Character state 19.0 is the presence of one ectoturbinal; 19.1 is the presence of two ectoturbinals; 19.2 is the presence of three ectoturbinals; 19.3 is the presence of four ectoturbinals (this state is not shown on this tree). States for this character are illustrated in figure 21. Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.

Fig. 36 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 36. Coronal CT images showing the morphology of the ventral portion of ossified nasal septum (char. 30). (A) ventral portion is straight or only with slight bends or convolutions (char. 30.0), Wallabia bicolor, C430 (TMM M-4169); (B) ventral portion is very convoluted (char. 30.1), Potorous tridactylus, C495 (AMNH 65337). Both scale bars equal 5 mm. Abbreviations: Ecto, ectoturbinal; Endo, endoturbinal; NPM, nasopharyngeal meatus; ONS, ossified nasal septum; SER, sphenethmoid recess.

Fig. 42. Character 26 in Comparative Morphology Of The Internal Nasal Skeleton Of Adult Marsupials Based On X-Ray Computed Tomography

Fig. 42. Character 26 (morphology of the maxillary recess) optimized on the Meredith et al. (2009) topology. For character state 26.0, the caudal portion of recess is medially enclosed by the posterior transverse lamina. For character state 26.1, the uncinate process of the caudal nasoturbinal also contributes to the medial wall of the recess. States for this character are illustrated in figure 27. Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.