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2,721 results for “Connectivity”
PAsCAL WP6 Pilot 4 Shared Connected Transport Video
<p>A summary video documenting and introducing the activities of pilot 4 of the PAsCAL real-world pilots. The part of the pilot which is documented in the video took place at the Contern Business Centre in Contern, Luxembourg between April 2022 and June 2022. The participants tested an autonomous bus shuttle in the area, which connects the Business Centre to a nearby train station. The purpose of the pilot was to evaluate the adequacy of the shuttle bus to bridge the last-mile gap of a commuting trip.</p>
Data from: Population connectivity patterns of genetic diversity, immune responses and exposure to infectious pneumonia in a metapopulation of desert bighorn sheep
<p>Habitat fragmentation is an important driver of biodiversity loss and can be remediated through management actions aimed at maintenance of natural connectivity in metapopulations. Connectivity may protect populations from infectious diseases by preserving immunogenetic diversity and disease resistance. However, connectivity could exacerbate the risk of infectious disease spread across vulnerable populations.</p> <p>We tracked the spread of a novel strain of <em>Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae</em> in a metapopulation of desert bighorn sheep (<em>Ovis canadensis nelsoni</em>) in the Mojave desert to investigate how variation in connectivity among populations influenced disease outcomes.</p> <p><em>M. ovipneumoniae</em> was detected throughout the metapopulation, indicating that the relative isolation of many of these populations did not protect them from pathogen invasion. However, we show that connectivity among bighorn sheep populations was correlated with higher immunogenetic diversity, a protective immune response and lower disease prevalence. Variation in protective immunity predicted infection risk in individual bighorn sheep and was associated with heterozygosity at genetic loci linked to adaptive and innate immune signalling.</p> <p>Together, these findings may indicate that population connectivity maintains immunogenetic diversity in bighorn sheep populations in this system and has direct effects on immune responses in individual bighorn sheep and their susceptibility to infection by a deadly pathogen.</p> <p>Our study suggests that the genetic benefits of population connectivity could outweigh the risk of infectious disease spread and supports conservation management that maintains natural connectivity in metapopulations.</p>
Agricultural margins could enhance landscape connectivity for pollinating insects across the Central Valley of California, U.S.A.
<p>One of the defining features of the Anthropocene is eroding ecosystem services as a function of decreases in biodiversity and overall reductions in the abundance of once-common organisms, including many insects that play innumerable roles in natural communities and agricultural systems that support human society. It is now clear that the preservation of insects cannot rely solely on the legal protection of natural areas far removed from the densest areas of human habitation. Instead, a critical challenge moving forward is to intelligently manage areas that include intensively farmed landscapes, such as the Central Valley of California. Here we attempt to meet this challenge with a tool for modeling landscape connectivity for insects (with pollinators in particular in mind) that builds on available information including lethality of pesticides and expert opinion on insect movement. Despite the massive fragmentation of the Central Valley, we find that connectivity is possible, especially utilizing the restoration or improvement of agricultural margins which (in their summed-area) exceed natural areas. Finally, we highlight steps moving forward and the great many knowledge gaps that could be addressed in the field to improve future iterations of our modeling approach.</p>
A new, disjunct species of Bahiana (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae): Phytogeographic connections between the seasonally dry tropical forests of Peru and Brazil, and a review of spinescence in the family
<p><em>Bahiana</em> is expanded from 1 to 2 species with the description of <em>B. occidentalis</em> K. Wurdack, <strong>sp. nov.</strong> as a new endemic of the seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) of Peru. The disjunct distribution of Bahiana with populations of <em>B. occidentalis</em> on opposite sides of the Andes in northwestern Peru (Tumbes, San Martín) and B. pyriformis in eastern Brazil (Bahia) adds to the phytogeographic links among the widely scattered New World SDTFs. Although <em>B. occidentalis</em> remains imperfectly known due to lack of flowering collections, molecular phylogenetic results from four loci (plastid <em>matK</em>, <em>rbcL</em>, and <em>trnL-F</em>; and nuclear ITS) unite the two species as does gross vegetative morphology, notably their spinose stipules, and androecial structure. Spinescence in Euphorbiaceae was surveyed and found on vegetative organs in 25 genera, which mostly have modified sharp branch tips. Among New World taxa, spines that originate from stipule modifications only occur in <em>Bahiana</em> and <em>Acidocroton</em>, while the intrastipular spines of <em>Philyra</em> are of uncertain homologies.</p>
Bridging the gap: Optimising connectivity solutions for an arboreal gliding mammal
<p>Connectivity modelling tools are important for developing mitigation strategies to alleviate negative impacts on animal movement caused by road networks. Arboreal gliding mammals are especially vulnerable to road widening as they are unable to cross gaps beyond their gliding capacity. However, there are limitations of conventional raster-based modelling techniques when applied on this group. We developed and applied a new model that quantifies the changes in connectivity for an arboreal gliding species, the Sunda colugo, in Singapore using information on species-specific glide performance through a vector-based GIS approach. We also incorporated a genetic algorithm to determine optimal locations for sets of glide poles that could be installed to improve connectivity. Expectedly, connectivity was heavily impacted by the road widening works, with a 93.3% decrease in the total number of feasible glide paths connecting roadside trees. Nine glide poles installed during the construction phase of the project were initially uninformed by the connectivity model and they provided 26 additional connections only. Comparatively, the top nine pole locations identified through the genetic algorithm provided 247 additional connections, almost 10 times more than the amount supplied by the initial nine glide pole locations determined through qualitative methods. The multi-objective capacity of the genetic algorithm also reduced large connectivity gaps post-development, with simulated glide poles increasing the percentage of pixels covered with connectivity from 16.1% to 27.7%. </p> <p>Synthesis and applications: Our model fills a knowledge gap in connectivity modelling for arboreal gliding mammals whose movements are affected by varying habitat alterations. We demonstrated that locations of mitigation structures greatly influence the success of mitigation efforts and the locations can be optimized by incorporating the glide performance of the species into the genetic algorithm. Given limited conservation resources, this approach would benefit managers in formulating cost-effective efforts for arboreal gliding mammals.</p>
Extremely stochastic connectivity of island mangroves
Studies of mangrove population connectivity have focused primarily on global to regional scales and have suggested potential for long-distance connectivity, with archipelagos serving as stepping stones for trans-oceanic dispersal. However, the contribution of propagule dispersal to connectivity is still largely unknown, especially at local-scale. Identifying fine-scale propagule dispersal patterns unique to individual island systems is important to understand their contribution to global species distributions, and to select appropriate sizes and locations for mangrove conservation in archipelagos. Using population genetic methods and a release-recapture method employing GPS drifting buoys, we investigated the spatiotemporal scale of propagule dispersal of Rhizophora stylosa, one of the widely distributed mangrove species in the Indo-West Pacific. This study sought to quantify intra- and inter-island connectivity and to assess their contributions to oceanic scale dispersal of R. stylosa from the Ryukyu Archipelago, which spans over 545 km in southwestern Japan. Using 7 microsatellite markers, we tested 354 samples collected from 16 fringing populations on 4 islands. We identified 3 genetic populations, indicating distinct genetic structures comprising 3 distinguishable bioregions (genetic clusters). The western end of the archipelago receives relatively frequent migration (m &gt; 0.1), but is genetically isolated from other sites. Based on genetic migration rates, we found that the central area of the archipelago serves as a stepping stone for southwestward, but not northeastward dispersal. On the other hand, with in-situ drifting buoys, we did not confirm prevailing dispersal directionality within the archipelago, instead confirming local eddies. Some buoys trapped in those eddies demonstrated potential for successful beaching from another island. A large portion of buoys were carried predominantly northeastward by the Kuroshio Current and drifted away from the coastal areas into the Pacific, contrary to local migrations. We found that the spatiotemporal scale of propagule dispersal is limited by the distance between islands (&lt; 200km), propagule viability duration, and fecundity. Over all, recruitment does not occur frequently enough to unify the genetic structure in the archipelago, and the Ryukyu Archipelago is isolated in the center of the global mangrove distribution.
Data for: Connecting hemispheric asymmetries of planetary albedo and surface temperature
<p>Satellite measurements show that the Northern and Southern hemispheres reflect equal amounts of short-wave radiation ("albedo symmetry"), but no theory exists on if, how, and why the symmetry is established and maintained. Ambiguously, climate models are strongly biased in albedo symmetry but agree in the sign of the response to CO<sub>2</sub>. We find that mean-state biases in albedo symmetry and surface temperature asymmetry correlate negatively. Similarly, the response of albedo asymmetry to CO<sub>2</sub> forcing correlates negatively with the magnitude of the asymmetry in surface warming. This is true across many and within single climate model simulations: a too warm or stronger warming hemisphere is darker or darkens more than its counterpart. In the 21 years of observations we find the same tendency and hypothesize a) albedo symmetry is a function of the current climate state and b) we will observe an evolution towards albedo asymmetry in coming decades.</p>
Recent Deoxygenation of Patagonian Fjord Subsurface Waters Connected to the Peru–Chile Undercurrent and Equatorial Subsurface Water Variability
<p>The dataset included the time series of Conservative Temperature, Absolute Salinity, Dissolved oxygen, and marine current published in this manuscript.</p>
Ex vivo 100 μm isotropic diffusion MRI‐based tractography of connectivity changes in the end‐stage R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease
<div> <div> <div> <div> <p><strong>Background</strong>: Huntington's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Brain atrophy, as measured by volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is a downstream consequence of neurodegeneration, but microstructural changes within brain tissue are expected to precede this volumetric decline. The tissue microstructure can be assayed non-invasively using diffusion MRI, which also allows a tractographic analysis of brain connectivity.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We here used ex vivo diffusion MRI (11.7T) to measure microstructural changes in different brain regions of end‐stage (14 weeks of age) wild type and R6/2 mice (male and female) modeling Huntington's disease. To probe the microstructure of different brain regions, reduce partial volume effects and measure connectivity between different regions, a 100 μm isotropic voxel resolution was acquired.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Although fractional anisotropy did not reveal any difference between wild‐type controls and R6/2 mice, mean, axial, and radial diffusivity were increased in female R6/2 mice and decreased in male R6/2 mice. Whole brain streamlines were only reduced in male R6/2 mice, but streamline density was increased. Region‐to‐region tractography indicated reductions in connectivity between the cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus with the striatum, as well as within the basal ganglia (striatum—globus pallidus—subthalamic nucleus—substantia nigra—thalamus).</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Biological sex and left/right hemisphere affected tractographic results, potentially reflecting different stages of disease progression. This proof‐of‐principle study indicates that diffusion MRI and tractography potentially provide novel biomarkers that connect volumetric changes across different brain regions. In a translation setting, these measurements constitute a novel tool to assess the therapeutic impact of interventions such as neuroprotective agents in transgenic models, as well as patients with Huntington's disease.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Biodiversity, biogeography, and connectivity of polychaetes in the world's largest marine minerals exploration frontier
<p>The abyssal Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), Pacific Ocean, is an area of commercial importance owing to the growing interest in mining high-grade polymetallic nodules at the seafloor for battery metals. Research into the spatial patterns of faunal diversity, composition, and population connectivity is needed to better understand the ecological impacts of potential resource extraction. Here, a DNA taxonomy approach is used to investigate regional-scale patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic alpha and beta diversity, and genetic connectivity, of the dominant macrofaunal group (annelids) across a 6 million km<sup>2</sup> region of the abyssal seafloor. We used a combination of new and published barcode data to study 1866 polychaete specimens using molecular species delimitation. Both phylogenetic and taxonomic alpha and beta diversity metrics were used to analyse spatial patterns of biodiversity. Connectivity analyses were based on haplotype distributions for a subset of the studied taxa. DNA taxonomy identified 291–314 polychaete species from the COI and 16S datasets respectively. Taxonomic and phylogenetic beta diversity between sites were relatively high and mostly explained by lineage turnover. Over half of pairwise comparisons were more phylogenetically distinct than expected based on their taxonomic diversity. Connectivity analyses in abundant, broadly distributed taxa suggest an absence of genetic structuring driven by geographical location. Species diversity in abyssal Pacific polychaetes is high relative to other deep-sea regions. Results suggest that environmental filtering, where the environment selects against certain species, may play a significant role in regulating spatial patterns of biodiversity in the CCZ. A core group of widespread species have diverse haplotypes but are well connected over broad distances. Our data suggest that the high environmental and faunal heterogeneity of the CCZ should be considered in policy decisions such as designating protected areas.</p>
Identifying the environmental drivers of corridors and predicting connectivity between seasonal ranges in multiple populations of Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) as tools for conserving migration
<p># GPS locations of Alpine ibex</p> <p>This dataset contains migratory tracks of Alpine ibex identified using the application Migration Mapper (https://migrationinitiative.org/content/migration-mapper) and used in the work <strong>Identifying the environmental drivers of corridors and predicting connectivity between seasonal ranges in multiple populations of Alpine ibex (<em>Capra ibex</em>) as tools for conserving migration</strong></p> <p># Dataset structure</p> <p>Each row of the dataset represents a GPS location with its coordinates contained in the x (longitude) and y(latitude) columns. Coordinates are given in wgs84 (epsg 4326).<br> The column t1_ informs on the date and time the location was recorded.<br> The id and pop columns provide information about the identity of the animal and the population to which it belongs.</p> <p> </p>
Examining drivers' behaviors to connected and automated vehicles
<p>It is envisioned that Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) are the future of transportation as they can assist in minimizing some inefficiencies with the current transport systems. However, it is not clear how drivers of conventional vehicles would interact with CAVs in a mixed traffic environment containing both CAVs and human driven vehicles (HDVs). Thus, this study aims to investigate drivers’ behaviors towards CAVs through driving simulation experiment and national survey study. Two on-ramp and two off-ramp driving simulation scenarios were designed where drivers were asked to merge with two-lane highway in presence of HDVs and CAVs truck platoon in the on-ramp scenarios. In the two off-ramp scenarios, they were asked to take exit in presence of HDVs and CAVs truck platoon in the lane to their right. A before-after survey was conducted among the participant of the driving simulation experiment and an online survey was conducted to investigate their opinion in different traffic, road and environmental condition in presence of CAVs. Furthermore, two driving simulation scenarios were designed to test drivers’ behaviors during automated driving mode and their reaction when the control was shifted to the manual driving mode. Results from the on-ramp scenarios and off-ramp scenarios indicate that more than half of the drivers preferred to merge in front of CAV truck platoon and around two-third of the drivers chose to diverge behind the platoon. The online survey revealed that around two-third of the respondents would not overtake CAV platoon in two-lane two-way road, whereas around 60% would do so in case of three lane highway. During automation failure, drivers demonstrated lower take-over reaction time (TORt), lower deceleration and higher TTC in scenarios with non-driving related tasks (NDRT) compared to the scenarios with no NDRT (manual mode). The before-after survey results suggest that most of the drivers found the navigation with CAV easier after participating in the experiment.</p>
Data of "Multilayer spintronic neural networks with radio-frequency connections"
<p>This dataset corresponds to the open data of the publication <strong>"Multilayer spintronic neural networks with radio-frequency connections"</strong>.</p>
Data from: Integrating ecological niche and hydrological connectivity models to assess the impacts of hydropower plants on an endemic and imperiled freshwater turtle
<p>We built this dataset to assess the impacts of hydropower plants on the distribution of an endemic and imperiled freshwater turtle with very unique ecological requirements, the Williams' side-necked turtle (<em>Phrynops</em> <em>williamsi</em>). To prevent and mitigate impacts, we prioritized sites for species conservation by classifying planned HPP locations according to their predicted adverse effects on species distribution. The dataset has two files: i) species occurrence records and ii) hydropower plant data. The first dataset was fully built by the authors and the second was modified from the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL) georeferenced data system.</p>
Coasts for Kids - Episode 3 - Our coasts are connected
<p>[For more information and resources please visit www.coastsforkids.com] This is the 3rd episode of the Coasts for Kids Series. Episode 3 focuses on coastal processes operating over large areas and connecting distant coastal environments such as cliffs, estuaries, beaches, and coastal dunes. [The Coasts for Kids Series is currently available for free downloading from the Southport Eco Centre (UK) and the Coast and Ocean Collective (NZ). Check out the Coasts for Kids YouTube Channel for updates]</p>
Brightness vs t of a LED connected to a RC circuit measured using a smartphone light meter
<p>Brightness vs t of a LED connected to a RC circuit measured using the light meter of a "Xiaomi Redmi Note 8T" smartphone.</p>
Data from: Experimentally simulating the evolution-to-ecology connection: Divergent predator morphologies alter natural food webs
<p class="MsoNormal">The idea that changing environmental conditions drive adaptive evolution is a pillar of evolutionary ecology. But, the opposite—that adaptive evolution alters ecological processes—has received far less attention yet is critical for eco-evolutionary dynamics. We assessed the ecological impact of divergent values in a key adaptive trait using 16 populations of the brown anole lizard (<em class="i">Anolis sagrei</em>). Mirroring natural variation, we established islands with short- or long-limbed lizards at both low and high densities. We then monitored changes in lower trophic levels, finding that on islands with short-limbed lizards at high-density<span class="inserted">,</span> web spider<span class="inserted">s</span> decreased and plants grew more via an indirect positive effect, likely through an herbivore-mediated trophic cascade. Our experiment provides strong support for evolution-to-ecology connections in nature, likely closing an otherwise well-characterized eco-evolutionary feedback loop.</p>
Biophysical data for: Dispersive currents explain patterns of population connectivity in an ecologically and economically important fish
<p><span>How to identify the drivers of population connectivity remains a fundamental question in ecology and evolution. Answering this question can be challenging in aquatic environments where dynamic lake and ocean currents coupled with high levels of dispersal and gene flow can decrease the utility of modern population genetic tools. To address this challenge, we used RAD-Seq to genotype 959 yellow perch (<em>Perca flavescens</em>), a species with an ~40-day pelagic larval duration (PLD), collected from 20 sites circumscribing Lake Michigan. We also developed a novel, integrative approach that couples detailed biophysical models with eco-genetic agent-based models to generate 'predictive' values of genetic differentiation. By comparing predictive and empirical values of genetic differentiation, we estimated the relative contributions for known drivers of population connectivity (<em>e.g</em>., currents, behavior, PLD). For the main basin populations (<em>i.e</em>., the largest contiguous portion of the lake), we found that high gene flow led to low overall levels of genetic differentiation among populations (<em>F<sub>ST</sub></em> = 0.003). By far the best predictors of genetic differentiation were connectivity matrices that were derived from periods of time when there were strong and highly dispersive currents. Thus, these highly dispersive currents are driving the patterns of population connectivity in the main basin. We also found that populations from the northern and southern main basin are slightly divergent from one another, while those from Green Bay and the main basin are highly divergent (<em>F<sub>ST</sub></em> = 0.11). By integrating biophysical and eco-genetic models with genome-wide data, we illustrate that the drivers of population connectivity can be identified in high gene flow systems.</span></p>
almost 3000 Networks (unweighted, undirected, simple, connected) from Network Repository
<p><strong>Data</strong></p> <p>All networks from <a href="https://networkrepository.com"><code>networkrepository.com</code></a> [1] with at most 1M edges (fall 2020) with the following modifications:</p> <ul> <li>weights and edge directions have been ignored</li> <li>multi-edges and self loops have been removed, i.e., the graphs are simple</li> <li>each graph has been reduced to its largest connected component</li> <li>for isomorphic graphs, only one copy has been kept</li> </ul> <p>[1] Ryan A. Rossi and Nesreen K. Ahmed, <em>The Network Data Repository with Interactive Graph Analytics and Visualization</em> (AAAI 2015)</p> <p><strong>Format</strong></p> <p>The data format is a simple edge list:</p> <ul> <li>each row contains two numbers <em>u</em> and <em>v </em>separated by a space representing an edge <em>{u, v}</em></li> <li>for a graph with <em>n</em> vertices, the numbers range from <em>0 </em>to <em>n - 1</em></li> <li>for each edge <em>{u, v} </em>only one of the pairs <em>u v</em> or <em>v u</em> is present, i.e., if the graph has <em>m</em> edges, the file contains <em>m</em> rows</li> </ul>
Mapping of aridity and its connections with climate classes and climate desertification in future scenarios – Brazilian semi-arid region
<p>This database comes from the article entitled ''Mapping of aridity and its connections with climate classes and climate desertification in future scenarios –Brazilian semi-arid region'' (https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/sociedadenatureza /article/view/67666/36193). We provide data on aridity and desertification index for the current scenario and future projections considering changes in climate.</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.