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Figure 14 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 14. Ventral portion of the gill arches of Hypopygus hoedemani, MZUSP 81488, 47.7 mm TL; dorsal view, anterior to left. Abbreviations: bb, basibranchial; bh, basihyal; cb, ceratobranchial; eb, epibranchial; hb, hypobranchial; ib, infrapharyngobranchial; up, upper pharyngeal tooth-plate. Note the posterior portion of the dorsal surface of the basihyal does not bear a ridge and the lack of ossification of the second to fifth basibranchial. Note also the well-developed pharyngeal teeth on cb5. Right dorsal portion of the gill arches not illustrated.
Figure 18 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 18. Map of northern South America showing collection records of Hypopygus cryptogenes. Some symbols represent more than one nearby collecting locality.
Figure 3 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 3. Head of adult Hypopygus ortegai, UF 176879, 101 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left. Cephalic sensory canal elements, and the outline of an unidentified bone (located under the antorbital), are highlighted grey. Abbreviations: dpoc, dorsal branch of the preopercular canal; esc, extrascapular canal; io, infraorbital canal; mc, mandibular canal; nc, nasal laterosensory canal; pac, parietal canal; pocl, postotic canal of the lateral line; ptoc, pterotic canal; soc, supraorbital canal; uib, unidentified bone; vpoc, ventral branch of the preopercular canal.
Figure 9 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 9. Posterior portion of endopterygoid and quadrate, metapterygoid (with anterodorsally directed process), symplectic, and adjoining bones in Hypopygus neblinae UF 1480540 (WC12.130304), female, 75 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left; larger stippling represents cartilage.
Figure 4 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 4. Head of adult Hypopygus minissimus, UF 148533 (WC 41.120304), female, 43 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left. Cephalic sensory canal elements, and the outline of an unidentified bone (located under the antorbital), are highlighted grey. Abbreviations: esc, extrascapular canal; mc, mandibular canal; ptoc, pterotic canal; soc, supraorbital canal; uib, unidentified bone.
Figure 2 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 2. Cleared and stained head of juvenile Brachyhypopomus sp. indet, MCP uncatalogued, 74 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left. Upper image shows unmanipulated digital photograph. Lower image is presented as a 'negative', for contrast, with cephalic sensory canal elements highlighted (red) and labeled, and the outline of an unidentified bone, located underneath the antorbital, highlighted (yellow), with no labels. Some of the elements highlighted (red and yellow) are outside the focal plane of the upper image. Abbreviations: aoc, antorbital canal; esc, extrascapular; ioc, infraorbital canal; mc, mandibular canal; nc, nasal laterosensory canal; pac, parietal canal; pasoc, parietal branch of supraorbital canal; poc, preopercular canal; pocl, postotic canal of the lateral line; ptoc, pterotic canal; soc, supraorbital canal. See Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society online for the colour version of this Figure.
Figure 1 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 1. Single most parsimonious phylogenetic tree for Hypopygus, showing the distribution of unambiguous character state transformations. Black rectangles represent reductive characters, and grey rectangles nonreductive characters, with numbers corresponding to character descriptions in the text. Characters marked with the suffix 'R' indicate a reversal of character state. Characters 10–12, 20, 24, 27, 30, and 40 are excluded because they evolve outside clade A. The tree was generated in PAUP* based on the matrix in Appendix 1, rooted a posteriori in the proximate outgroup Steatogenys, and optimized with accelerated transformation optimization (ACCTRAN). Immediate outgroups correspond to Steatogenys (proximate outgroup) and Gymnorhamphichthys + Rhamphichthys (secondary outgroups). Characters 18 and 43 were defined as multistate. Tree length = 54, consistency index = 0.907, and retention index = 0.928, with all branches of zero maximum length collapsed and all characters unordered.
Figure 16 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 16. Hypopygus cryptogenes, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body, 150 mm, MZUSP 47985; Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Negro, Rio Cuieiras. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 19 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 19. Hypopygus hoedemani, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body, 52.9 mm, INPA 30375; Brazil, Igarapé Toari, Rio Preto da Eva drainage. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 30 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 30. Hypopygus ortegai, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body, 107 mm, MUSM 35305 (WC02.160104, female); Peru, Loreto, small unnamed stream, 2 km north of km 3.9 on road from Jenaro Herrera to Colonia Angamos, 04°53′01″S, 073°38′10″W, Loreto, Peru. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 12 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 12. Hyoid arch of Hypopygus minissimus UF 148533 (WC41.120304), female, 43 mm; left side, lateral view, anterior to left; larger stippling represents cartilage. Striations represent ligament. Note presence of first branchiostegal ray.
Figure 20 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 20. Map of northern South America showing collection records of Hypopygus hoedemani (circles), and Hypopygus isbruckeri (squares). Some symbols represent more than one nearby collecting locality.
Figure 7 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 7. Lower jaw of Hypopygus cryptogenes, MZUSP 30088, 147 mm; left side, medial view, anterior to left. Note the posterodorsal margin of the dentary is concave.
Figure 29 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 29. Hypopygus nijsseni, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body, 96 mm, MCP 44650, immature; Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Tefé, Lago Tefé, Igarapé Repartimento on road from Tefé to Agrovila, 03°24′28″S, 64°44′10″W. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Figure 24 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 24. Map of central and northern South America showing collection records of Hypopygus lepturus. Some symbols represent more than one nearby collecting locality.
Figure 25 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 25. Hypopygus minissimus, holotype, head, and lateral and dorsal views of body. UF 175389 (WC28.150304), male, 54 mm; Venezuela, Caño Viejita, on road from San Fernando de Atabapo to Santa Bárbara, 16.5 km and 142° from San Fernando de Atabapo, Río Orinoco drainage. Scale bars = 5 mm. Tissue removed from right flank.
Figure 26 in Phylogenetic interrelationships, taxonomy, and reductive evolution in the Neotropical electric fish genus Hypopygus (Teleostei, Ostariophysi, Gymnotiformes)
Figure 26. Map of northern South America showing collection records of Hypopygus minissimus. Some symbols represent more than one nearby collecting locality.
Figure 1 in A new taxonomist-curated reference library of DNA barcodes for Neotropical electric fish (Teleostei: Gymnotiformes)
Figure 1. Percentages of 934 BOLD systems CO1 sequences (A) and 1015 GenBank CO1 sequences (B) categorized with respect to comparisons with reference library sequences. Minimum interspecific pairwise genetic divergence thresholds of 1.0% and 2.0% distinguish conspecifics (≤1.0/2.0%) and heterospecifics (>1.0/2.0%).
Data from: Selection is stronger in early-versus-late stages of divergence in a Neotropical livebearing fish
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Data from: Testing for ancient adaptive radiations in Neotropical cichlid fishes
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