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Fig. 9 in Concentrations of juvenile and small adult cephalopods in the Hirnantian cherts (Late Ordovician) of Porkuni, Estonia
Fig. 9. Polished median section of Parvihebetoceras wahli sp. nov., TUG 1227/41, from the Siuge Member, Porkuni, Estonia showing the truncated part of the shell with septum of truncation and fractured outer shell. Note also the siphuncular diaphragm, 0.6 mm adoral of the septum of truncation.
Fig. 5 in Brachiopods from the uppermost Lower Ordovician of Peru and their palaeogeographical significance
Fig. 5. Orthid brachiopod Paralenorthis immitatrix Havlíček and Branisa, 1980. A. MGM 5987X−2 internal mould (A1) and latex cast of interior (A2) of dorsal valve. B. MGM 5989X, internal mould (B1) and latex cast of interior (B2) of dorsal valve. C. MGM 5991X, internal mould of ventral valve. D. MGM 5988X, internal mould of ventral valve. E. MGM 5987X−1, internal mould (E1) and latex cast of interior (E2) of ventral valve. F. MGM 5992X, internal mould of ventral valve. G. MGM 5987X−2, latex cast of exterior of dorsal valve. H. MGM 5990X, latex cast of exterior of dorsal valve. I. MGM 5986X, internal mould of ventral valve. Scale bars 5 mm.
Fig. 8 in Concentrations of juvenile and small adult cephalopods in the Hirnantian cherts (Late Ordovician) of Porkuni, Estonia
Fig. 8. Polished median section of the apex of Eriditidae gen. et sp. indet., TUG 1227/44 from the Siuge Member, Porkuni, Estonia. Note the blunt apex, the eccentric septal perforations and the achoanitic septal necks.
Fig. 7 in Concentrations of juvenile and small adult cephalopods in the Hirnantian cherts (Late Ordovician) of Porkuni, Estonia
Fig. 7. Cephalopods of the Siuge Member of Porkuni, Estonia. A. Strandoceras orvikui sp. nov., TUG 1227/ 27, holotype, dorsal view (A1), lateral view (A2), ventral view (A3). B. Strandoceras orvikui sp. nov., TUG 1227/28. C. Parvihebetoceras wahli sp. nov., TUG 1227/13, holotype, in lateral view, left (C1) and right (C2), note the convex outline of the body chamber. D. Piersaloceras gageli Teichert, 1930, TUG 1227/32, in lateral (D1) and ventral (D2) views. E. Eriditidae gen. et sp. indet., TUG 101/66a, in lateral view, see also Fig. 4A. F. Porkunioceras tuba sp. nov., TUG 1227/24, holotype, complete specimen, in dorsal (F1), lateral (F2), and ventral (F3) views. G. Pomerantsoceras tibia sp. nov., TUG 1227/14, holotype, in ventral (G1), lateral (G2), and dorsal (G3) views. Scale bars 5 mm.
Fig. 6 in Concentrations of juvenile and small adult cephalopods in the Hirnantian cherts (Late Ordovician) of Porkuni, Estonia
Fig. 6. Apices of cephalopods of the Siuge Member of Porkuni, Estonia. A.?Pomerantsoceras tibia sp. nov., TUG 1227/40, internal mould of the apex. B. Porkunioceras tuba sp. nov., TUG 1227/26, apical view (B1), lateral view (B2). C. Pomerantsoceras tibia sp. nov., TUG 1227/43, lateral view (C1), and apical view C2), note the cicatrix. D. Eriditidae gen. et sp. indet., TUG 1227/44, apical view (D1), note the lack of the cicatrix, lateral view (D2). E. Oncoceratidae gen. et sp. indet., TUG 1227/37, lateral view (E1), apical view (E2).
Fig. 5 in Concentrations of juvenile and small adult cephalopods in the Hirnantian cherts (Late Ordovician) of Porkuni, Estonia
Fig. 5. Camera lucida drawings of median sections of A. Orthoceratidae gen. et sp. indet. A, TUG 1227/1. B. Eriditidae gen. et sp. indet., TUG 1227/44. C. Orthoceratidae gen. et sp. indet. B, TUG 1227/2.
Fig. 3 in Concentrations of juvenile and small adult cephalopods in the Hirnantian cherts (Late Ordovician) of Porkuni, Estonia
Fig. 3. Detail of the Siuge Member of Porkuni, Estonia. Line drawing outlines the bedding surfaces in the bioclastic limestone. Shaded areas emphasize the fossiliferous chert nodule beds. The chert nodules occur occasionally at the bottom of small scaled channels and other topographic depressions.
Fig. 3 in Brachiopods from the uppermost Lower Ordovician of Peru and their palaeogeographical significance
Fig. 3. Taffiid brachiopod Ahtiella sp. A. MGM 5965X, internal mould (A1) and latex cast of interior (A2) of dorsal valve. B. MGM 5966X, latex cast of exterior in ventral view (B1) and postero−ventral view (B2) of shell with conjoined valves. C–F. Plectambonitoidea gen. et sp. indet. C. MGM 5967X, internal mould (C1) and latex cast of exterior (C2) of ventral valve. D. MGM 5969X, latex cast of exterior in postero−ventral view (D1) and ventral view (D2) of shell with conjoined valves. E. MGM 5972X, latex cast of exterior in postero−ventral view (E1) and ventral view (E2) of shell with conjoined valves. F. MGM 5968X, latex cast of interior (F1) and internal mould (F2) of ventral valve. Scale bars 5 mm.
Fig. 6 in Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimens from Baltica
Fig. 6. Original illustration of Urasterella thraivensis; figures 83–85 from Spencer (1918) reproduced courtesy Palaeontographical Society illustrating ambulacral details. A. Ambulacrals and adambulacrals. B. Diagram of adambulacrals in lateral view. Spencer (1918) thought adambulacral orientation changed along the length of the arm. C. Spencer (1918) reconstructed inclined muscle strands between adambulacrals, see text. Abbreviations: Ad, adambulacrals; Ap, apical (dorsal in usage here) surface; D (on A), depression for muscle between ambulacral and adambulacral; D (on B and C), distal; P, proximal; Or, oral surface; Ri, transverse ridge separating successive podial basins.
Fig. 8 in Brachiopods from the uppermost Lower Ordovician of Peru and their palaeogeographical significance
Fig. 8. Palaeogeographical reconstruction of the southern hemisphere for the Early−Mid Ordovician transition, based on Terra Mobilis (Scotese and Denham 1988), with the distribution of the studied brachiopod genera. Dark grey area indicates distribution of Ahtiella during Arenig times; light grey area indicates regions invaded by Ahtiella during Llanvirn times. Gondwana: AF, Africa; ANT, Antarctica; AR, Arabia; ARM, Armorica; AUS, Australia; AVAL, Proto−Avalonia; BALT, Baltica; BU−MA, Burma−Malaisia; CU, Cuyania (Precordillera); IB, Iberia; IN, India; KAZ, Kazakhstania; LAU, Laurentia; MN, Montagne Noire; PER, Perunica (Bohemia); S, Sardinia; SAM, South America (1, Peru; 2, Bolivia; 3, Eastern Cordillera Argentina; 4, Puna−Famatina); SCH, South China; SIB, Siberia; T, Turkey.
Fig. 5 in Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimens from Baltica
Fig. 5. Ambulacral series details in Ordovician and extant asteroids, see text for further discussion. A. Family Echinasteridae, Echinaster sp., extant, Florida (USA), scale bars A1, A2, 1 mm; A3–A5, 0.5 mm. A1, furrow view of ambulacrals and adambulacrals, proximal right; adambulacrals are angled (arrow) in the distal direction; cross−furrow tissue grooves (at top) overlie vertical articular plates and grooves, which in turn overlie flattened, ovate, lower cross−furrow tissue grooves; A2, inclined dorsal view of ambulacrals and adambulacrals, proximal left, longitudinal tissue groove (upper arrow) and angled adambulacrals (lower arrow); A3, proximal view of a right adambulacral, furrow right (see A1); view direction approximately corresponding to C1, except the latter is rotated to the horizontal; black arrow identifies corresponding horizontal U−shaped contact bars in A3, A5, C1, C3, C4; A4, ventral−distal view, white arrow identifies corresponding interadambulacral contact facets above muscle depression in A4, C2, C5; A5, dorsal−proximal view of adambulacral. B. Family Goniasteridae, Peltaster placenta Verrill, 1899, Atlantic Ocean, extant, scale bars, 1 mm. B1, inclined ventral−distal furrow view of adambulacrals and adjacent actinal ossicles showing closely abutted adambulacrals with broad, flat interadambulacral contact surfaces in an extant asteroid; B2, inclined proximal−dorsal view of ambulacral series with vaulted ambulacrals, compare A1, A4, C1; B3, proximal view, adambulacral to left, compare to B4, with tightly abutted actinal ossicles to right; B4, distal view of adambulacral, furrow left; large, flat abutment surface encloses tissue depression. C. Family Urasterellidae, Urasterella? sp., Ordovician, Russia, PIN 4125/770, scale bars, 1 mm; C1, proximal view, ventral right, of adambulacral series with interadambulacral bar (arrow), approximately corresponding to that of Echinaster sp., A; C, C, distal views corresponding to A; C, C, proximal views Ą 3 2 5 4 3 4
Fig. 3 in Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimens from Baltica
Fig. 3. Urasterellid asteroid Cnemidactis sp., PIN 4125/769, Middle Ordovician, Volkov, Russia. A. Entire specimen, ventral view. B. Lower right portion of A, rotated; adambulacral series at top with nose directed upward and overlapping ambulacrals; taphonomically displaced marginal series in middle showing lateral facets (below), central waist (upper arrow), and crown. Adambulacrals of the second fragment are below, scale is to right of an adambulacral nose, lower arrow points to nose of rotated adambulacral; robust interadambulacral articular surfaces at lower left. C. Right portion of A; ambulacrals medial, series of spine pustules on nose of adambulacrals (upper arrow), two spines have fallen into the basin below the arrow; triangular articular surface of ambulacral (lower arrow) is equivalent to that illustrated by Spencer (1918; Fig. 6A herein), articular flanges also visible on adjacent ambulacrals. D. Displaced ambulacrals medially, with adambulacrals; triangular articular surface on ambulacral (arrow). E. Marginal in lateral view (upper arrow), and adambulacral series, the lower arrow at inter−adambulacral articular surfaces. F. Adambulacral series above, marginal series below, these fitted between successive adambulacrals, the relationship indicating Cnemidactis. G. Ossicles from second fragment, lower center of A; series of disrupted marginals (arrows), abactinals below right marginal. Adambulacrals are above marginals; edge of adambulacral series of primary fragment is below. Scale bars: A, 3 mm; all others, 1 mm.
Fig. 4 in The earliest known Kinnella, an orthide brachiopod from the Upper Ordovician of Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada
Fig. 4. Plot of measurements of 50 conjoined shells of Kinnella laurentiana sp. nov.; Kagawong Submember, upper Georgian Bay Formation, Richmondian (mid−Ashgill), Manitoulin Island. Note the largely isometric shell outline (consistent length/width ratio) and convexity (thickness/width ratio) with ontogeny.
Fig. 2 in Aspects of life mode among Ordovician asteroids: Implications of new specimens from Baltica
Fig. 2. Palastericid asteroid Estoniaster maennili gen. et sp. nov. from Keila (Upper Ordovician) of northern Estonia. A. PIN 4125/766; A1, entire specimen, dorsal view; large transverse paired ossicles are ambulacrals in life orientation (i.e., vaulted); left arrow identifies position of A2; lower right arrow indicates the madreporite; A2, four superomarginals above, medial two with apparent spine remnants (arrow); paxilliform ossicles below SMs are intermarginals; A3, ambulacral series located top center of A1, left arrow points to transverse canal with the radial canal beyond, base of arrow rests in podial basin of next−distal ambulacrum; gracile cross−furrow articular structures (upper right arrow); A4, slightly disrupted ambulacrals; contact between subsequent ambulacrals is sinuous, with transverse interambulacral articular structures (arrow); A5, madreporite (upper right) with two superomarginals (lower left) and paxillae (lower right); A6, paxillae, arrow points to basal flange that separates papulary? re−entrants; to the left of the arrow is a paxilla with pustules for accessory spinelets; madreporite partially illustrated below; A7, upper surface, distal right, arrow points to right branch of ambulacrals of buccal slit. B. PIN 4125/767; B1, ambulacrals (above) and adambulacrals (below), the latter pushed against the ambulacrals and offset from the paired life position; left arrow points to nose of adambulacral and adambulacral−ambulacral facet; a skeletal gap is lateral to the nose. Re−entrants of two left ambulacrals suggest podial pores, these re−entrants lacking from ambulacrals at right; right arrow points to a superomarginal; B2, two partially exposed inferomarginals, dorsal view (arrow points to left IM); two ambulacrals below; B3, ventral view; upper arrow is an inferomarginal, lower arrow at a nose of an adambulacral; C. PIN 4125/768; C1, dorsal view, ambulacrals (above), those to left suggest podial pores, putative pores absent to right; superomarginals (left arrow), intermarginals (right arrow) with inferomarginals barely visible at lower edge, scattered paxillae above superomarginals; C2, ventral view, inferomarginals along lower margin, adambulacrals above these with nose directed toward axial furrow. Scale bars: A1, 3 mm; all others, 1 mm.
Fig. 10 in Concentrations of juvenile and small adult cephalopods in the Hirnantian cherts (Late Ordovician) of Porkuni, Estonia
Fig. 10. Polished median section of Strandoceras orvikui sp. nov., TUG 1227/30 from the Siuge Member, Porkuni, Estonia showing siphuncular tube near apex. In contrast to members of the Graciloceratidae, the siphuncular tube is thick and strongly expanded between the septa.
Fig. 5 in The earliest known Kinnella, an orthide brachiopod from the Upper Ordovician of Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada
Fig. 5. Orthide brachiopod Kinnella laurentiana sp. nov.; Kagawong Submember, upper Georgian Bay Formation, Richmondian (mid−Ashgill), Manitoulin Island. A. GSC 117903, paratype, various views of interior of ventral valve (A1) showing dental plates (A2) and large interarea (A3). B. GSC 117904, paratype, interior of ventral valve. C. GSC 117905, paratype, interior of ventral valve (C1) showing dental plates and muscle field (C2). D. GSC 117906, paratype, interior of dorsal valve (D1), with details of cardinalia and adductor muscle scars (D2 and D3). E. GSC 117907, paratype, interior of dorsal valve, with relatively strong median ridge. F. GSC 117908, paratype, interior of dorsal valve (F1), with crenulated, anteriorly swollen cardinal process (F2).
Fig. 4 in Concentrations of juvenile and small adult cephalopods in the Hirnantian cherts (Late Ordovician) of Porkuni, Estonia
Fig. 4. Polished median sections of cephalopods of the Siuge Member of Porkuni, Estonia. A. Eriditidae gen. et spec. indet, TUG 101/66a, detail of a siphuncular segment showing the annular endosiphuncular deposits. B. Orthoceratidae gen. et spec. indet. A, TUG 1227/1. C. Parvihebetoceras wahli sp. nov., TUG 1227/10, note the asymmetrical development of the siphuncular necks. D. Pomerantsoceras tibia spec. nov. 1227/45, fragment of apical part. +
Fig. 1 in Concentrations of juvenile and small adult cephalopods in the Hirnantian cherts (Late Ordovician) of Porkuni, Estonia
Fig. 1. Distribution of Early Palaeozoic strata in Baltoscandia and position of Porkuni, Estonia within Baltoscandia. After Jaanusson (1976).
Latest Ordovician (Hirnantian) iodine to calcium ratio (I/Ca) data for Anticosti Island (Quebec, Canada) and Copenhagen Canyon (Nevada, USA)
<p>This spreadsheet contains redox proxy data (I/Ca) associated with the manuscript "Depth-dependent Late Ordovician anoxia related to a reorganization of ocean circulation", for the Latest Ordovician (latest Hirnantian, Late Ordovician Mass Extinction phase #2 – LOME 2; ca. 444 million years ago) in Anticosti Island (Quebec, Canada) and Copenhagen Canyon (Nevada, USA). The reader is referred to the associated paper for a description of the methods.</p>
Figure 32 in Middle to Late Ordovician (Darriwilian-Sandbian) Conodonts from the Dawangou Section, Kalpin Area of the Tarim Basin, Northwestern China
Figure 32. Yangtzeplacognathus protoramosus (Chen, Chen & Zhang, 1983). A, sinistral Pa element, NIGP 153145, Nj378, upper view (IY153-018). B, dextral Pb element, NIGP 153146, AFT-X-K13/40, upper view (IY163-040). C–G, dextral Pa element; C, NIGP 153147, Nj378, upper view (IY153-017); D, NIGP 153148, AFT-X-K13/44, upper view (IY165-014); E, NIGP 153149, AFT-X-K13/43, upper view (IY164-023); F, NIGP 153150, Nj378, upper view (IY153-021); G, NIGP 153151, AFT-X-K13/44, upper view (IY165-013). Scale bars 100 µm.
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