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Species and environmental datasets from Sierra Nevada, CA (USA) streams in lake-stream networks
<p>A major goal of community ecology is understanding the processes responsible for generating biodiversity patterns along spatial and environmental gradients. In stream ecosystems, system specific conceptual frameworks have dominated research describing biodiversity change along longitudinal gradients of river networks. However, support for these conceptual frameworks has been mixed, mainly applicable to specific stream ecosystems and biomes, and these frameworks have placed less emphasis on general mechanisms driving biodiversity patterns. Rethinking biodiversity patterns and processes in stream ecosystems with a focus on the overarching mechanisms common across ecosystems will provide a more holistic understanding of why biodiversity patterns vary along river networks. In this study, we apply the Theory of Ecological Communities (TEC) conceptual framework to stream ecosystems to focus explicitly on the core ecological processes structuring communities: dispersal, speciation, niche selection, and ecological drift. Using a unique case study from high elevation networks of connected lakes and streams, we sampled stream invertebrate communities in the Sierra Nevada, CA to test established stream ecology frameworks and compared them to the TEC framework. Local diversity increased and β-diversity decreased moving downstream from the headwaters, consistent with the <em>river continuum concept</em> and the <em>small but mighty</em> framework of mountain stream biodiversity. Local diversity was also structured by distance below upstream lakes, where diversity increased with distance below upstream lakes, in support of the <em>serial discontinuity</em> <em>concept</em>. Despite some support for the biodiversity patterns predicted from the stream ecology frameworks, no single framework was fully supported, suggesting "context dependence". By framing our results under the TEC, we found species diversity was structured by niche selection, where local diversity was highest in environmentally favorable sites. Local diversity was also highest in sites with small community sizes, countering predicted effects of ecological drift. Moreover, higher β-diversity in the headwaters was influenced by dispersal and niche selection, where environmentally harsh and spatially isolated sites exhibit higher community variation. Taken together our results suggest that combining system specific ecological frameworks with the TEC provides a powerful approach for inferring the mechanisms driving biodiversity patterns and provides a path toward generalization of biodiversity research across ecosystems.</p>
Four-year measurements from Sierra Nevada ELF station. Years 2013, 2017
<p>This folder contains subfolders for the years 2013 (from March, inclusive) and 2017 (January and February) with time domain raw data from the Sierra Nevada ELF station. Each year contains folders for each month, named with the four digits corresponding to year and month, e.g., 1412 stands for the raw data during December 2014. Within each month folder, the data and information files for each sensor and each hour are available. Data are stored in files containing measurements corresponding to a time period of approximately one hour. The filenames begin with a common part, “smplGRTU1_sensor_”, followed by a specific part to denote the sensor used (0 for the NS orientation and 1 for the EW orientation), the date and the initial time of the measurement recorded. For example, smplGRTU1_sensor_0_1412010430, stands for data measured by the NS-oriented magnetometer, in the year 2014, month 12, day 01, hour 04, and starting minute, 30. The information file has the same name but ends with _info.txt. Since the initial time is not fixed, the filenames in each folder are not completely determined. For this reason, each month folder includes two files, 'ficheros0' and 'ficheros1', that contain the set of filenames for that month. Therefore, for each normally measured we have 24 data files and also 24 information files for each sensor. Each hour data file occupies 1.8 MB, so each month has roughly a data volume of 2.6 GB.</p>
Four-year measurements from Sierra Nevada ELF station. Year 2016
<p>This folder contains subfolders for the year 2016 with time domain raw data from the Sierra Nevada ELF station. Each year contains folders for each month, named with the four digits corresponding to year and month, e.g., 1612 stands for the raw data during December 2016. Within each month folder, the data and information files for each sensor and each hour are available. Data are stored in files containing measurements corresponding to a time period of approximately one hour. The filenames begin with a common part, “smplGRTU1_sensor_”, followed by a specific part to denote the sensor used (0 for the NS orientation and 1 for the EW orientation), the date and the initial time of the measurement recorded. For example, smplGRTU1_sensor_0_1412010430, stands for data measured by the NS-oriented magnetometer, in the year 2014, month 12, day 01, hour 04, and starting minute, 30. The information file has the same name but ends with _info.txt. Since the initial time is not fixed, the filenames in each folder are not completely determined. For this reason, each month folder includes two files, 'ficheros0' and 'ficheros1', that contain the set of filenames for that month. Therefore, for each normally measured we have 24 data files and also 24 information files for each sensor. Each hour data file occupies 1.8 MB, so each month has roughly a data volume of 2.6 GB.</p>
Four-year measurements from Sierra Nevada ELF station. Year 2015
<p>This folder contains subfolders for the year 2015 with time domain raw data from the Sierra Nevada ELF station. Each year contains folders for each month, named with the four digits corresponding to year and month, e.g., 1512 stands for the raw data during December 2015. Within each month folder, the data and information files for each sensor and each hour are available. Data are stored in files containing measurements corresponding to a time period of approximately one hour. The filenames begin with a common part, “smplGRTU1_sensor_”, followed by a specific part to denote the sensor used (0 for the NS orientation and 1 for the EW orientation), the date and the initial time of the measurement recorded. For example, smplGRTU1_sensor_0_1412010430, stands for data measured by the NS-oriented magnetometer, in the year 2014, month 12, day 01, hour 04, and starting minute, 30. The information file has the same name but ends with _info.txt. Since the initial time is not fixed, the filenames in each folder are not completely determined. For this reason, each month folder includes two files, 'ficheros0' and 'ficheros1', that contain the set of filenames for that month. Therefore, for each normally measured we have 24 data files and also 24 information files for each sensor. Each hour data file occupies 1.8 MB, so each month has roughly a data volume of 2.6 GB.</p>
Four-year measurements from Sierra Nevada ELF station. Year 2014
<p>This folder contains subfolders for the year 2014 with time domain raw data from the Sierra Nevada ELF station. Each year contains folders for each month, named with the four digits corresponding to year and month, e.g., 1412 stands for the raw data during December 2014. Within each month folder, the data and information files for each sensor and each hour are available. Data are stored in files containing measurements corresponding to a time period of approximately one hour. The filenames begin with a common part, “smplGRTU1_sensor_”, followed by a specific part to denote the sensor used (0 for the NS orientation and 1 for the EW orientation), the date and the initial time of the measurement recorded. For example, smplGRTU1_sensor_0_1412010430, stands for data measured by the NS-oriented magnetometer, in the year 2014, month 12, day 01, hour 04, and starting minute, 30. The information file has the same name but ends with _info.txt. Since the initial time is not fixed, the filenames in each folder are not completely determined. For this reason, each month folder includes two files, 'ficheros0' and 'ficheros1', that contain the set of filenames for that month. Therefore, for each normally measured we have 24 data files and also 24 information files for each sensor. Each hour data file occupies 1.8 MB, so each month has roughly a data volume of 2.6 GB.</p> <p> </p>
Subspecies and Distribution. S. g. gracilis Merriam, 1890 — W USA (from E Washington & E Oregon to NE California, and then E to W Montana & E Wyoming to C Colorado, and possibly the Black Hills, South Dakota. Then S to N New Mexico, N Arizona, C Nevada and E & C California). S. g. amphialus Dickey, 1929 — SW USA (occurs only on Santa Rosa I and Santa Cruz I in Santa Barbara County, California). S. g. latifrons Merriam, 1890 — SW Canada (SW British Columbia) S and W to NW USA (Washington and Oregon). The distribution follows the crest of the Cascade Mts. S. g. leucoparia Merriam, 1890 — S USA (found from C Arizona, C New Mexico, and W & C central Texas) S to N Mexico (Coahuila & C Durango). S. g. lucasana Merriam, 1890 — NW Mexico (S Baja California N to Santo Domingo on the W coast and La Paz on the E coast). S. g. martirensis Elliot, 1903 — NW Mexico (N & C Baja California). S. g. phenax Merriam, 1890 — SW USA (From California west to crest of Sierra Nevada). in Mephitidae
Subspecies and Distribution. S. g. gracilis Merriam, 1890 — W USA (from E Washington & E Oregon to NE California, and then E to W Montana & E Wyoming to C Colorado, and possibly the Black Hills, South Dakota. Then S to N New Mexico, N Arizona, C Nevada and E & C California). S. g. amphialus Dickey, 1929 — SW USA (occurs only on Santa Rosa I and Santa Cruz I in Santa Barbara County, California). S. g. latifrons Merriam, 1890 — SW Canada (SW British Columbia) S and W to NW USA (Washington and Oregon). The distribution follows the crest of the Cascade Mts. S. g. leucoparia Merriam, 1890 — S USA (found from C Arizona, C New Mexico, and W & C central Texas) S to N Mexico (Coahuila & C Durango). S. g. lucasana Merriam, 1890 — NW Mexico (S Baja California N to Santo Domingo on the W coast and La Paz on the E coast). S. g. martirensis Elliot, 1903 — NW Mexico (N & C Baja California). S. g. phenax Merriam, 1890 — SW USA (From California west to crest of Sierra Nevada).
Subspecies and Distribution. L. s. serval Schreber, 1776 — S Zaire and Tanzania, S to Eastern Cape, South Africa. L. s. brachyurus Wagner, 1841 — Sierra Leone. L. s. constantinus Forster, 1780 — N Morocco and Algeria. L. s. hindet Wroughton, 1910 — Kenya E ofthe Rift Valley. L. s. liptostictus Pocock, 1907 — Uganda, Zaire, and N Angola. L. s. phillipsi G. M. Allen, 1914 — Lake Chad E to Ethiopian highlands. L. s. tanae Pocock, 1944 — dry zone of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and N Somalia. in Felidae
Subspecies and Distribution. L. s. serval Schreber, 1776 — S Zaire and Tanzania, S to Eastern Cape, South Africa. L. s. brachyurus Wagner, 1841 — Sierra Leone. L. s. constantinus Forster, 1780 — N Morocco and Algeria. L. s. hindet Wroughton, 1910 — Kenya E ofthe Rift Valley. L. s. liptostictus Pocock, 1907 — Uganda, Zaire, and N Angola. L. s. phillipsi G. M. Allen, 1914 — Lake Chad E to Ethiopian highlands. L. s. tanae Pocock, 1944 — dry zone of Ethiopia, Eritrea, and N Somalia.
Distribution. Patchily recorded in Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda, and Kenya; possibly Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. in Vespertilionidae
Distribution. Patchily recorded in Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, DR Congo, Uganda, and Kenya; possibly Equatorial Guinea and Gabon.
Distribution. Mexico, from Sonora and Chihuahua S along Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre del Sur, and from Coahuila S along Sierra Madre Oriental to Veracruz; isolated records from Yucatan Pemnsula and Cozumel 1, but these are uncertain. in Vespertilionidae
Distribution. Mexico, from Sonora and Chihuahua S along Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre del Sur, and from Coahuila S along Sierra Madre Oriental to Veracruz; isolated records from Yucatan Pemnsula and Cozumel 1, but these are uncertain.
Distribution. SE Alaska S to Canada along Pacific coast and extending along lower one-third of Canada; widely distributed in the USA, with exception of SW & SE coasts, with S limit in NE Mexico (Sierra de San Carlos). in Vespertilionidae
Distribution. SE Alaska S to Canada along Pacific coast and extending along lower one-third of Canada; widely distributed in the USA, with exception of SW & SE coasts, with S limit in NE Mexico (Sierra de San Carlos).
Subspecies and Distribution. N.n.nanusPeters,1852—DRCongo,Kenya,andTanzaniaStoSouthAfrica;alsoinCameroon. N.n.africanaRuppell,1842—EthiopiaStoDRCongo,mainlyinthehighlands. N.n.culexThomas,1911—GhanaandNigeria. N.n.fourieiThomas,1926—SAngola,WZambia,andNNamibia. N.n.meester:Kock,2001—formerTranskei,ESouthAfrica. N.n.minusculaG.S.Miller,1900—Liberia. N. n. stampfliiJentink, 1888 — Sierra Leone to Ivory Coast. The assignment of specimens from Sudan, South Sudan, and Somalia is uncertain. Also present in Senegal, Mali, and Niger, subspecies unknown. in Vespertilionidae
Subspecies and Distribution. N.n.nanusPeters,1852—DRCongo,Kenya,andTanzaniaStoSouthAfrica;alsoinCameroon. N.n.africanaRuppell,1842—EthiopiaStoDRCongo,mainlyinthehighlands. N.n.culexThomas,1911—GhanaandNigeria. N.n.fourieiThomas,1926—SAngola,WZambia,andNNamibia. N.n.meester:Kock,2001—formerTranskei,ESouthAfrica. N.n.minusculaG.S.Miller,1900—Liberia. N. n. stampfliiJentink, 1888 — Sierra Leone to Ivory Coast. The assignment of specimens from Sudan, South Sudan, and Somalia is uncertain. Also present in Senegal, Mali, and Niger, subspecies unknown.
On following pages: 52. Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bat (Lissonycteris angolensis); 53. Little Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris torquata); 54. Sao Tome Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris brachycephala); 55. Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris leptodon); 56. Bergmans's Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris relicta); 57. Broad-faced Fruit Bat (Plerotes anchietae); 58. Hammer-headed Fruit Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus); 59. Franquet's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops franqueti), 60. Buttikofer's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops buettikoferi); 61. Veldkamp's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Nanonycteris veldkampii); 62. Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus gambianus); 63. Peters's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus crypturus); 64. Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus angolensis); 65. Little Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus labiatus); 66. Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus minor); 67. Ansell's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus ansell)); 68. Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi); 69. Dobson's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus dobsoni; 70. Sanborn's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus grandis); 71. Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus pusillus); 72. Hayman's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus intermedius). in Pteropodidae
On following pages: 52. Angolan Soft-furred Fruit Bat (Lissonycteris angolensis); 53. Little Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris torquata); 54. Sao Tome Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris brachycephala); 55. Sierra Leone Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris leptodon); 56. Bergmans's Collared Fruit Bat (Myonycteris relicta); 57. Broad-faced Fruit Bat (Plerotes anchietae); 58. Hammer-headed Fruit Bat (Hypsignathus monstrosus); 59. Franquet's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops franqueti), 60. Buttikofer's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomops buettikoferi); 61. Veldkamp's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Nanonycteris veldkampii); 62. Gambian Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus gambianus); 63. Peters's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus crypturus); 64. Angolan Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus angolensis); 65. Little Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus labiatus); 66. Minor Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus minor); 67. Ansell's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus ansell)); 68. Wahlberg's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus wahlbergi); 69. Dobson's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus dobsoni; 70. Sanborn's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus grandis); 71. Lesser Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus pusillus); 72. Hayman's Epauletted Fruit Bat (Epomophorus intermedius).
Figure 3 in Rediscovery of two critically endangered species of freshwater crabs, Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi, 1924) and A. leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987) (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Deckeniidae) from the rainforests of Sierra Leone: implications for conservation
Figure 3. Afrithelphusa leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987) (ZMB 34606) from the Western Peninsula Area National Park in Sierra Leone, in its natural colour. Largest adult male CW 18 mm.
Figure 2 in Rediscovery of two critically endangered species of freshwater crabs, Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi, 1924) and A. leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987) (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Deckeniidae) from the rainforests of Sierra Leone: implications for conservation
Figure 2. Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi, 1924) (ZMB 34607) from Moyamba District Sierra Leone, in its natural colour. Largest adult male CW 25 mm.
Figure 1 in Rediscovery of two critically endangered species of freshwater crabs, Afrithelphusa afzelii (Colosi, 1924) and A. leonensis (Cumberlidge, 1987) (Brachyura: Potamoidea: Deckeniidae) from the rainforests of Sierra Leone: implications for conservation
Figure 1. Collection localities of the two Afrithelphusa species in Sierra Leone. Inset maps show the continent of Africa and Sierra Leone and its neighbouring countries in West Africa. Red rectangle = A. afzelii, yellow pentagon = A. leonensis, grey shaded area = biodiversity hotspot identified by Conservation International (2011).
Distribution. Known only from two localities in Loreto Department, NE Peru (Nuevo San Juan and Sierra del Divisor); it might be widely distributed in Amazon Basin. in Phyllostomidae
Distribution. Known only from two localities in Loreto Department, NE Peru (Nuevo San Juan and Sierra del Divisor); it might be widely distributed in Amazon Basin.
FIGURE. Geographical distribution of Brongniartia alvarezii and B. variabilis, endemic to state of Guerrero (CNA 1998; INEGI 2018; INEGI 2016). in Two new closely related species of Brongniartia (Fabaceae, Faboideae) from the Sierra Madre del Sur in Guerrero, México
FIGURE. Geographical distribution of Brongniartia alvarezii and B. variabilis, endemic to state of Guerrero (CNA 1998; INEGI 2018; INEGI 2016).
Distribution. Sierra Leone (E of the Moa River), Liberia, and Ivory Coast (W of the Niouniourou River); recently confirmed in SE Guinea. in Bovidae
Distribution. Sierra Leone (E of the Moa River), Liberia, and Ivory Coast (W of the Niouniourou River); recently confirmed in SE Guinea.
Subspecies and Distribution. P. m. maxwelli C.H. Smith, 1827 — Senegal and Gambia to E Ghana (likely limited to the E by the Volta River). P.m. danei Hinton, 1920 — Yatward and Sherbro Is, Sierra Leone. in Bovidae
Subspecies and Distribution. P. m. maxwelli C.H. Smith, 1827 — Senegal and Gambia to E Ghana (likely limited to the E by the Volta River). P.m. danei Hinton, 1920 — Yatward and Sherbro Is, Sierra Leone.
Distribution. Sierra Leone, Liberia, and SW Ivory Coast; range is bordered to the E by the Niouniourou River. Currently restricted to scattered localities of remaining forest habitat. in Bovidae
Distribution. Sierra Leone, Liberia, and SW Ivory Coast; range is bordered to the E by the Niouniourou River. Currently restricted to scattered localities of remaining forest habitat.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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OpenNeuro
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