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1,316 results for “Trade”
Economic and not ecological variables shape the sparing-sharing trade-off in a mixed cropping landscape
<p>1. The framework of land sparing vs. land sharing provides a useful analytical tool to address the crop-production/biodiversity trade-off. Despite multiple case-studies testing the sparing-sharing trade-off, this framework still lacks the ability to identify the conditions in which sparing, or sharing, would be the preferred strategy for pareto-optimizing both food-production and biodiversity. Under some conditions, ecosystem services may create a positive feedback between biodiversity and crop production, affecting the optimization.</p> <p>2. This study aims to identify the conditions and the relevant variables that determine the preferred land-use strategy in terms of maximizing both biodiversity and food production, while accounting for positive feedback of ecosystem services in this analysis. We used a simulation model with data from a mixed cropping landscape (100 km<sup>2</sup>) covering seven crop types, five taxonomic groups, three biodiversity metrics and 23 bioindicators to explore the variables shaping the biodiversity-production trade-off and ecosystem services underlying it. We explored a continuum of sparing large semi-natural patches to sharing by maintaining uncultivated field margins of varying size.</p> <p>3. Land sparing outperformed land sharing in 62% of the scenarios and it was economically more predictable. The optimization was shaped by costs, associated with crop type, rather than by landscape composition and configuration, biodiversity metric, taxonomic group or bioindicator.</p> <p>4. Landscape configuration and taxonomic group results corroborate the notion that land sharing benefits mainly small organisms, and that the common width of field-margins in many agri-environmental policies (10 m) is not cost-effective compared to land sparing.</p> <p>5. Land sharing was the optimal strategy whenever it resulted in minimal costs, despite contributing little to biodiversity. Yet, when field margins were >20 m wide (small-scale sparing), land sharing maintained higher biodiversity and was at least as cost-effective as sparing.</p> <p>6. <em>Synthesis and applications</em>. Our model highlights the importance of socio-economic variables compared to ecological variables in selecting land-management strategy to pareto-optimize both food production and biodiversity. Considering opportunity costs alongside economic benefits from ecosystem services in various cropping systems may therefore improve the cost-effectiveness of biodiversity conservation policies in agricultural landscapes.</p>
Data from: Synergism, bifunctionality, and the evolution of a gradual sensory trade-off in hummingbird taste receptors
<p>Sensory receptor evolution can imply trade-offs between ligands, but the extent to which such trade-offs occur and the underlying processes shaping their evolution is not well understood. For example, hummingbirds have re-purposed their ancestral savory receptor (T1R1-T1R3) to detect sugars, but the impact of this sensory shift on amino acid perception is unclear. Here, we use functional and behavioral approaches to show that the hummingbird T1R1-T1R3 acts as a bifunctional receptor responsive to both sugars and amino acids. Our comparative analyses reveal substantial functional diversity across the hummingbird radiation and suggest an evolutionary timeline for T1R1-T1R3 re-tuning. Finally, we identify a novel form of synergism between sugars and amino acids in vertebrate taste receptors. This work uncovers an unexplored axis of sensory diversity, suggesting new ways in which nectar chemistry and pollinator preferences can coevolve.</p>
Brain size, gut size and cognitive abilities: the energy trade-offs tested in artificial selection experiment
<p>The enlarged brains of homeotherms bring behavioural advantages, but also incur high energy expenditures. The 'Expensive Brain' (EB) hypothesis posits that the energetic costs of the enlarged brain and the resulting increased cognitive abilities (CA) were met either by increased energy turnover or reduced allocation to other expensive organs, such as the gut.</p> <p><span>We tested the EB hypothesis by analyzing correlated responses to selection in an experimental evolution model system, which comprises line types of laboratory mice selected for high or low basal (BMR), or high maximum (VO<sub>2max</sub>) metabolic rates. The traits are implicated in the evolution of homeothermy, having been pre-requisites for the encephalisation and exceptional CA of mammals, including humans.<i> </i>High-BMR mice had bigger guts, but not brains, than mice of other line types. Yet, they were superior to the other line types in the cognitive tasks carried out in both reward and avoidance learning contexts. Furthermore, the high-BMR mice had higher neuronal plasticity (indexed as the long-term potentiation, LTP) than their counterparts. Our data indicate that the evolutionary increase of CA in mammals was initially associated with increased BMR and brain plasticity. It was also fueled by an enlarged gut, which was not traded off for brain size.</span></p>
Beaked whales and state-dependent decision-making: how does body condition affect the trade-off between foraging and predator avoidance?
<p>Body condition is central to how animals balance foraging with predator-avoidance – a trade-off that fundamentally affects animal fitness. Animals in poor condition may accept greater predation risk to satisfy current foraging "needs", whilst those in good condition may be more risk averse to protect future "assets". These state-dependent behavioural predictions can help interpret responses to human activities, but are little explored in marine animals. This study investigates the influence of body condition on how beaked whales trade off foraging and predator-avoidance. Body density (indicating lipid-energy stores) was estimated for 15 foraging northern bottlenose whales tagged near Jan Mayen, Norway. Composite indices of foraging (diving and echolocation clicks) and anti-predation (long ascents, non-foraging dives and silent periods reducing predator eavesdropping) were negatively related. Experimental sonar exposures led to decreased foraging and increased risk aversion, confirming a foraging/perceived safety trade-off. However, lower lipid stores were not related to a decrease in predator-avoidance versus foraging, i.e. worse condition animals did not prioritise foraging. Individual differences ('personalities') or reproductive context could offer alternative explanations for the observed state-behaviour relationships. This study provides evidence of foraging/predator-avoidance trade-offs in a marine top predator and demonstrates that animals in worse condition might not always take more risks.</p>
Data from: Effective specialist or jack of all trades? Experimental evolution of a crop pest in fluctuating and stable environments
<p>Understanding pest evolution in agricultural systems is crucial for developing effective and innovative pest control strategies. Types of cultivation, such as crop monocultures versus polycultures or crop rotation, may act as a selective pressure on pests' capability to exploit the host's resources. In this study, we examined the herbivorous mite <em>Aceria tosichella</em> (commonly known as wheat curl mite), a widespread wheat pest, to understand how fluctuating versus stable environments influence its niche breadth and ability to utilize different host plant species. We subjected a wheat-bred mite population to replicated experimental evolution in a single-host environment (either wheat or barley), or in an alternation between these two plant species every three mite generations. Next, we tested the fitness of these evolving populations on wheat, barley, and on two other plant species not encountered during experimental evolution, namely rye and smooth brome. Our results revealed that the niche breadth of <em>A. tosichella</em> evolved in response to the level of environmental variability. The fluctuating environment expanded the niche breadth by increasing the mite's ability to utilize different plant species, including novel ones. Such an environment may thus promote flexible host-use generalist phenotypes. However, the niche expansion resulted in some costs expressed as reduced performances on both wheat and barley as compared to specialists. Stable host environments led to specialized phenotypes. The population that evolved in a constant environment consisting of barley increased its fitness on barley without the cost of utilizing wheat. However, the population evolving on wheat did not significantly increase its fitness on wheat, but decreased its performance on barley. Altogether, our results indicated that, depending on the degree of environmental heterogeneity, agricultural systems create different conditions that influence pests' niche breadth evolution, which may in turn affect the ability of pests to persist in such systems.</p>
Nutrient trade-offs mediated by ectomycorrhizal strategies in plants: Evidence from an Abies species in subalpine forest
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbiosis is an evolutionary biological trait of higher plants for effective nutrient uptakes. However, little is known that how the formation and morphological differentiations of ECM roots mediate the nutrients of below- and aboveground plant tissues and the balance among nutrient elements across environmental gradients. Here we investigated the effects of ECM foraging strategies on root and foliar N and P concentrations and N:P ratio Abies faxoniana under variations of climate and soil conditions.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. The ECM symbionts preferentially mediated P uptake under both N and P limitations. The uptake efficiency of N and P was primarily associated with the ECM root traits, e.g., ECM root tip density, superficial area of ECM root tips, the ratio of living to dead root tips, and was affected by the ECM proliferations and morphological differentiations. The tissue N and P concentrations were positively associated with the abundance of the contact exploration type, and negatively with that of the short-distance exploration type.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. Our findings indicate that the nutritional status of both below- and aboveground plant tissues can be strongly affected by ECM symbiosis in natural environments. Variations in the ECM strategies in response to varying environmental conditions significantly influence plant nutrient uptakes and trade-offs.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Planning for Resilience: Incorporating scenario and model uncertainty and trade-offs when prioritizing management of climate refugia
<p>Climate change has become the greatest threat to the world's ecosystems. Locating and managing areas that contribute to the survival of key species under climate change is critical for the persistence of ecosystems in the future. Here we identify "Climate Priority" sites as coral reefs exposed to relatively low levels of climate stress that will be more likely to persist in the future. We present the first analysis of uncertainty in climate change scenarios and models, along with multiple objectives, in a marine spatial planning exercise and offer a comprehensive approach to incorporating uncertainty and trade-offs in any ecosystem. We first described each site using environmental characteristics that are associated with a higher chance of persistence (larval connectivity, hurricane influence and acute and chronic temperature conditions in the past and the future). Future temperature increases were assessed using downscaled data under four different climate scenarios (SSP1 2.6, SSP2 4.5, SSP3 7.0 and SSP5 8.5) and 57 model runs. We then prioritized sites for intervention (conservation, improved management or restoration) using robust decision-making approaches that select sites that will have a benign climate under most climate scenarios and models. The modeling work is novel because it solves two important issues. 1) It considers trade-offs between multiple planning objectives explicitly through Pareto analyses; and 2) It makes use of all the uncertainty around future climate change. Priority intervention sites identified by the model were verified and refined through local stakeholder engagement including assessments of local threats, ecological condition and government priorities. The workflow is presented for the Insular Caribbean and Florida, and at the national level for Cuba, Jamaica, Dominican Republic and Haiti. Our approach allows managers to consider uncertainty and multiple objectives for climate smart spatial management in coral reefs or any ecosystem across the globe.</p>
Supporting information for "Global trade-drivers in emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated health impacts"
<p>Emissions: PAH emission inventory for 17 sectors in 189 regions, input-output tables of emissions from the perspectives of primary input, final sale and final consumption, net flow patterns of emissions, the contributions of different drivers to the changes in PAH emissions (Gg) in 13 worldwide regions from 2012 to 2015.</p> <p>Health impacts: Lung cancer rates, Concentrations of BaP, lifetime lung cancer deaths in worldwide regions, input-output tables of deaths from the perspectives of primary input, final sale and final consumption, net flow patterns of deaths, the contributions of different drivers to the changes in the lifetime lung cancer deaths in 13 worldwide regions from 2012 to 2015.</p>
A sterol-mediated gleaner-opportunist trade-off underlies the evolution of grazer resistance to cyanobacteria
<p>The human-caused proliferation of cyanobacteria severely impacts consumers in freshwater ecosystems. Toxicity is often singled out as the sole trait to which consumers can adapt, even though cyanobacteria are not necessarily toxic and the lack of nutritionally critical sterols in cyanobacteria is known to impair consumers. We studied the relative significance of toxicity and dietary sterol deficiency in driving the evolution of grazer resistance to cyanobacteria in a large lake with a well-documented history of eutrophication and oligotrophication. Resurrecting decades-old <em>Daphnia </em>genotypes from the sediment allowed us to show that the evolution and subsequent loss of grazer resistance to cyanobacteria involved an adaptation to changes in both toxicity and dietary sterol availability. The adaptation of <em>Daphnia </em>to changes in cyanobacteria abundance revealed a sterol-mediated gleaner-opportunist trade-off. Genotypes from peak-eutrophic periods showed a higher affinity for dietary sterols at the cost of a lower maximum growth rate, whereas genotypes from more oligotrophic periods showed a lower affinity for dietary sterols in favor of a higher maximum growth rate. Our data corroborate the significance of sterols as limiting nutrients in aquatic food webs and highlight the applicability of the gleaner-opportunist trade-off for reconstructing eco-evolutionary processes. The human-caused proliferation of cyanobacteria severely impacts consumers in freshwater ecosystems. Toxicity is often singled out as the sole trait to which consumers can adapt, even though cyanobacteria are not necessarily toxic and the lack of nutritionally critical sterols in cyanobacteria is known to impair consumers. We studied the relative significance of toxicity and dietary sterol deficiency in driving the evolution of grazer resistance to cyanobacteria in a large lake with a well-documented history of eutrophication and oligotrophication. Resurrecting decades-old <em>Daphnia </em>genotypes from the sediment allowed us to show that the evolution and subsequent loss of grazer resistance to cyanobacteria involved an adaptation to changes in both toxicity and dietary sterol availability. The adaptation of <em>Daphnia </em>to changes in cyanobacteria abundance revealed a sterol-mediated gleaner-opportunist trade-off. Genotypes from peak-eutrophic periods showed a higher affinity for dietary sterols at the cost of a lower maximum growth rate, whereas genotypes from more oligotrophic periods showed a lower affinity for dietary sterols in favor of a higher maximum growth rate. Our data corroborate the significance of sterols as limiting nutrients in aquatic food webs and highlight the applicability of the gleaner-opportunist trade-off for reconstructing eco-evolutionary processes.</p>
Investigating the Country of Origin and the Role of the .eu TLD in External Trade of European Union Member States
<p>This dataset includes structured information on various parameters of construction, development and hosting of almost 30.000 existing .eu websites which were collected through means of Web data extraction. This information was analyzed and processed by a detailed algorithm that produced results concerning each website’s most probable country of origin based on a multitude of factors. The dataset is part of the core methodology and discussion sections of the research paper entitled "Investigating the Country of Origin and the Role of the .eu TLD in External Trade of European Union Member States".</p>
Trade-offs for climate-smart forestry in Europe under uncertain future climate
<p>Accompanying data to the manuscript "Trade-offs for climate-smart forestry in Europe under uncertain future climate" submitted to Earth's Future.</p>
Humans trade-off energetic cost with fatigue avoidance while walking
<p>See ReadMe.txt</p>
yarlagadda_etal_2022_trade_mitigation Output Data
<p>GCAM output databases for the paper: Yarlagadda, B., T. Wild, X. Zhao, L. Clarke, R. Cui, Z. Khan, A. Birnbaum, and J. Lamontagne. "Trade and Climate Mitigation Interactions Create Agro-Economic Opportunities with Social and Environmental Trade-offs in Latin America and the Caribbean" (under review).</p>
Illegal trade of pangolins meat in China
<p>Illegal trade data of pangolins meat in China during 2000 to 2021.</p>
Friends with or without benefits? An empirical evaluation of bilateral trade and economic integration between some of the post-Soviet economies.
<p>This dataset reproduces empirical results for the paper Friends with or without benefits? An empirical review of trade integration between some of the post-Soviet economies. Eurasian Economic Review (2022). It includes i) augmented gravity analysis and ii) impact of bilateral\multilateral FTA/PTA agreements for the EUEA members: Armenia, Belarus, Russia, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. This research was funded in whole by National Science Centre, Poland under PRELUDIUM 20 grant №2021/41/N/HS4/00759. For the purpose of Open Access, the author has applied a CC-BY public copyright license to any Author Accepted Manuscript (AAM) version arising from this submission.</p>
Eight archetypes of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) synergies and trade-offs
<p>Data S1 - Details of system archetype application articles reviewed systematically.</p>
Replication package for: "Trading Favours through the Revolving Door: Evidence from China's Primary Land Market"
<p>This package provides the datasets and programme files used to replicate the empirical results in the paper “Trading Favours through the Revolving Door: Evidence from China’s Primary Land Market” by Ting Chen, Li Han, James Kung, and Jiaxin Xie.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Guilder J, Copp GH, Thrush MA, Stinton N, Murphy D, Murray J, Tidbury HJ (2022) Threats to UK freshwaters under climate change: Commonly traded aquatic ornamental species and their potential pathogens and parasites. In: Giannetto D, Piria M, Tarkan AS, Zięba G (Eds) Recent advancements in the risk screening of freshwater and terrestrial non-native species. NeoBiota 76: 73-108. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.76.80215
Threats to UK freshwaters under climate change: Commonly traded aquatic ornamental species and their potential pathogens and parasites
Humans trade-off whole-body energy cost to avoid overburdening muscles while walking
<p>See ReadMe_MATLAB.txt and ReadMe_Excel.txt for more information.</p>
Energy Trade-Off and Four Extreme Human Body Types, supplementary file
<p>Energy Trade-Off and Four Extreme Human Body Types, supplementary file </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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