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FIGURE 1 in Alien bryozoans in the eastern Mediterranean Sea—new records from the coast of Lebanon

FIGURE 1. Thalamoporella harmelini Soule, Soule & Chaney, 1999, Lebanon, Stn 13A (from same colony as holotype): A, young part of colony with several autozooids and an avicularium; B, distal part of autozooid (slightly angled view), paired adoral tubercles and orifice with hooked condyles and granular proximal edge; C, avicularium and distal part of autozooid; D, basal insertion of the larger opesiule in two autozooids, each forming a closed loop; E, spicules. Scale bars: A, C, 100 µm; B, E, 50 µm.

FIGURES 36–39 in Revision of the bryozoan genus Gephyrotes Norman, 1903 (Cheilostomata, Cribrilinidae) with the description of two new taxa

FIGURES 36–39. Tricephalopora levigata (Canu & Bassler, 1920) n. comb.; Figs 36–39, lectotype, USNM63816 C, Danian (Paleocene), Georgia, USA; Fig. 40, USNM64816 A, reported as cotype by Canu & Bassler (1920): 36, general appearance of the colony; 37, fertile autozooids; 38, sterile autozooids with paired oral avicularia; 39, close-up of an autozooid to show the centrally exposed frontal shield and an avicularium with a complete pivot bar; FIGURE 40.?Tricephalopora sp., autozooids with entirely exposed frontal shields. Scale bars: Fig. 36, 500 Μm; Figs 37–40, 200 Μm.

FIGURES 30–33 in Revision of the bryozoan genus Gephyrotes Norman, 1903 (Cheilostomata, Cribrilinidae) with the description of two new taxa

FIGURES 30–33. Gephyrotes convexus Canu & Bassler, 1920, USNM64030, Late Eocene, Alabama, USA, fig. 30 of lectotype USNM64030 B; figs 31–33 of paralectotype USNM64030 A: 30, well-preserved colony ephebic with autozooids, ooecia and avicularia; 31, neanic colony of small sterile autozooids; 32, part of colony in fig. 30 with ooecia, peristomial avicularia and frontal shields showing slit-like lacunae and numerous pelmatidia; 33, close-up of distalmost autozooid in fig. 31, with the broken collar-like structure leaving only the basal portion of the costae. Scale bars: Figs 30, 31, 500 µm; Figs 32, 33, 200 µm.

FIGURES 27–29 in Revision of the bryozoan genus Gephyrotes Norman, 1903 (Cheilostomata, Cribrilinidae) with the description of two new taxa

FIGURES 27–29. Gephyrotes quadriserialis Canu & Bassler, 1920, lectotype, USNM64031 A, Late Eocene, Florida, USA: 27, a typical quadriserial branch at a bifurcation; kenozooids along zooidal boundaries are particularly elongate; 28, a long, straight fragment; 29, close-up of Fig. 28 to show the multicostal frontal shield, peristomial collar-like structure and extensive development of kenozooids. Scale bars: Figs 27–29, 500 Μm.

FIGURES 18–22. Gephyrotes moissettei n in Revision of the bryozoan genus Gephyrotes Norman, 1903 (Cheilostomata, Cribrilinidae) with the description of two new taxa

FIGURES 18–22. Gephyrotes moissettei n. sp., figs 18–21 of paratype, PMC.B18.6.9.2006b, late Tortonian, Calabria, Italy; fig. 22 of FLS119799, late Tortonian, Fortuna (Murcie, Spain): 18, periancestrular area, with smaller autozooids showing a flabellate budding pattern; 19, reproductive zooids; note ooecia with areas of thinner calcification, and associated avicularia and well-developed tubular kenozooids; 20, autozooids and associated peristomial avicularia, one exhibiting a complete pivot bar; 21, zooidal vertical walls showing uniporous septula; 22, several zooids, those with ooecia showing how avicularia contribute to peristomial structure. Scale bars: Figs 18, 19, 22, 500 Μm; Figs 20, 21, 200 Μm.

FIGURES 23–25 in Revision of the bryozoan genus Gephyrotes Norman, 1903 (Cheilostomata, Cribrilinidae) with the description of two new taxa

FIGURES 23–25. Gephyrotes spectabilis Canu & Bassler, 1920, holotype, USNM64261, Early Oligocene, Mississipi, USA: 23, general appearance of colony, which roughly resembles that of G. moissettei n. sp.; 24, reproductive zooids; note the outer layer of ooecial frontal calcification that is produced by distal zooids; 25, autozooids, some showing the entire primary orifice; note the intercostal lacunae and pelmatidia and broken tubular kenozooids occupying interzooidal boundaries. FIGURE 26. Gephyrotes moissettei n. sp., holotype, PMC.B18.6.9.2006a, late Tortonian, Calabria, Italy: autozooids (for comparison with those of G. spectabilis). Scale bars: Fig 23, 500 µm; Figs 24–26, 200 µm.

FIGURES 2–8 in Revision of the bryozoan genus Gephyrotes Norman, 1903 (Cheilostomata, Cribrilinidae) with the description of two new taxa

FIGURES 2–8. Gephyrotes nitidopunctatus (Smitt, 1868), holotype, SMNH1770, Recent, northern Norway, Finnmark, North Atlantic Ocean: 2, partial view of the colony; small zooids with evident oral spines at lower left probably belong to the periancestrular area; 3, autozooids with completely developed collar-like orificial structures; note the network of tubular kenozooids obscuring zooidal boundaries; 4, a zooid with an ooecium in relation to the distal zooid; 5, autozooids, some exhibiting orificial spines (particularly evident at lower right); 6, zooidal lateral walls with uniporous septula; 7, three zooids showing details of the orificial collar-like structures; 8, a kenozooid with a reduced costate shield between autozooids bounded by further tubular kenozooids. Scale bars: Fig. 2, 1 mm; Figs 3–8, 200 Μm.

FIGURES 41–44 in Revision of the bryozoan genus Gephyrotes Norman, 1903 (Cheilostomata, Cribrilinidae) with the description of two new taxa

FIGURES 41–44. Spiniflabellum spinosum Canu & Bassler, 1928 n. comb., holotype, USNM7508, Recent, north of Cuba: 41, general aspect of the colony; 42, zooids at the growing edge showing the formation and refief of the oral structures; 43, closeup of zooids, showing complete collar-like oral structures and paired, distal flabellate spines; note the pedunculate lateral avicularia (lacking pivot bars) associated with the costae, and the bat-shaped pseudospiramen; 44, peripheral autozooids showing basal pore chambers and the tubular pelmatidia in profile; a primary orifice is exposed, inclined relative to the frontal surface. Scale bars: Fig. 41, 500 Μm; Figs 42–44, 200 Μm.

FIGURES 13–17. Gephyrotes moissettei n in Revision of the bryozoan genus Gephyrotes Norman, 1903 (Cheilostomata, Cribrilinidae) with the description of two new taxa

FIGURES 13–17. Gephyrotes moissettei n. sp., holotype, PMC.B18.6.9.2006a, late Tortonian, Calabria, Italy: 13, part of colony showing the lacy appearance of zooidal frontal shields; 14, close-up of an autozooid bordered by broken tubular kenozooids and exhibiting a secondary orifice with associated, long, proximally directed, convergent avicularia; 15, a zooid with an ooecium and adjacent squat sickle-shaped avicularian chambers; 16, primary orifice; 17, proximolateral view of the collar-like orificial structures and associated avicularia; note the aligned lacunae, the central one smallest. Scale bars: Fig. 13, 500 Μm; Figs 14, 15, 17, 200 Μm; Fig. 16, 100 Μm.

FIGURE 34 in Revision of the bryozoan genus Gephyrotes Norman, 1903 (Cheilostomata, Cribrilinidae) with the description of two new taxa

FIGURE 34. Tricephalopora saillans (Canu & Bassler, 1920) n. comb., lectotype, USNM63814 C, Danian (Paleocene), Alabama, USA: part of colony with most zooids having ooecia; note the typically large, distally converging oral avicularia. FIGURE 35. Tricephalopora lamellaria (Canu & Bassler, 1920), cotype, USNM69968 B, Danian (Paleocene), Alabama, USA: basalmost autozooid has a third avicularium distal to the orifice, in addition to the paired avicularia described by previous authors. Scale bars: Fig. 34, 500 Μm; Fig. 35, 200 Μm.

FIGURE 1 in Revision of the bryozoan genus Gephyrotes Norman, 1903 (Cheilostomata, Cribrilinidae) with the description of two new taxa

FIGURE 1. Map showing the spatial and temporal distribution of all the studied species. 1, Gephyrotes nitidopunctatus (Smitt, 1868); 2, Gephyrotes fortunensis Pouyet, 2000; 3, Gephyrotes moissettei n. sp.; 4, Gephyrotes spectabilis Canu & Bassler, 1920; 5, Gephyrotes quadriserialis Canu & Bassler, 1920; 6, Gephyrotes convexus Canu & Bassler, 1920; 7, Tricephalopora saillans (Canu & Bassler, 1920); 8, Tricephalopora levigata (Canu & Bassler, 1920); 9, Spiniflabellum spinosum Canu & Bassler, 1928. Open circles, Recent; solid circles, Miocene; diamond, Oligocene; stars, Eocene; triangles, Danian.

FIGURES 9–12. Gephyrotes fortunensis Pouyet, 2000, holotype FLS117925 in Revision of the bryozoan genus Gephyrotes Norman, 1903 (Cheilostomata, Cribrilinidae) with the description of two new taxa

FIGURES 9–12. Gephyrotes fortunensis Pouyet, 2000, holotype FLS117925, late Tortonian, Fortuna (Murcie, Spain): 9, aspect of the colony with irregularly budded zooids caused by the roughness of the substratum and possible post-breakage regeneration; 10, autozooids, several (upper part) with variously preserved collar-like orificial structures, and a single ooecium (upper left); 11, close-up of the left side of fig. 9 with one zooid bearing an ooecium; 12, autozooids showing costate shields with lacunae and pelmatidia; collar-like orificial structures broken. Scale bars: Figs 9, 10, 1 mm; Figs 11, 12, 500 Μm.

FIGURES 5–8. Arbocuspis emanuelae n in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 5–8. Arbocuspis emanuelae n. sp. from Station BN 28, Phuket, Thailand, Paratype PMC.B 20. 28.6.2008b, zooidal characters: 5, group of zooids from a fan-shaped lobe with the typical budding pattern; 6, close-up of a zooid to show the extensive spinous gymnocyst and the two diagnostic regularly bifurcating spines lateral to the group of aligned pointed spines along the proximal border of the opesium; 7, inclined view to show the length of the gymnocystal spines and the branching spines overarching the opesium. Note the absence of budding loci along the edge of the branch; 8, multiporous septula at the distal-lateral corner of a zooid. Scale bars: 5, 7, 0.200 mm; 6, 0.100 mm; 8, 0.020 mm.

FIGURES 26–35 in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 26–35. Arbocuspis multicornis (Hincks, 1881), PMC. Rosso Australia Collection, H.B.73 a: 26, stellate colony consisting of four lobes diverging from a damaged ancestrula. Note as the top-right branch grows in opposite direction (enlarged in 27) from a bud along a previous lobe; 28–29, group of zooids from the same colony seen from the above (28) and inclined (29) to show the bending of the three branching spines originating proximally to the edge of the opesium and the length of the gymnocystal spines frontally projecting from both lateral sides of the opercula; 30–32, large fan-shaped lobe of a second colony in which only few zooids near the growing edge have three spines (30) whereas large plagues of aged zooids (enlarged in 31 and 32) show four or five branched spines forming a nearly continuous, paisley designed, roof over the frontal membrane; 33, close-up of the lateral edge of a colony branch, showing an abutting zooid only consisting of an incomplete gymnocystal portion distally closed by a membrane. Note some budding loci along marginal zooidal walls; 34–35, general view (34) and detail (35) of the sole observed giant ancestrula from a third colony, including a very extensive bulging flat sac bordered by an unknown number of spines, from which two zooids originate, smaller than the subsequent ones. Scale bars: 22, 1 mm; 23, 0.100 mm; 24–25, 28, 30, 33, 0.200 mm; 26–27, 32, 0.500 mm; 29, 31, 34-35, 0.100 mm.

FIGURES 22–25 in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 22–25. Arbocuspis bicornis (Hincks, 1881), type material from Ceylon, NHMUK 1899.5.1.691, photos: msj 05422, 05423, 05424, and 05425, courtesy of the Natural History Museum of London. 22, A colony encrusting an algal frond. 23, Detail of the same colony showing zooids with prominent proximal gymnocystal spines located between the two paired lateral poorly branched spines. 24–25, Details of 22, at different scales to show young zooids from the colony margin with lightly calcified gymnocyst and spines, and narrow, coarsely beaded cryptocyst. Scale bars: 22, 0.200 mm; 23, 24, 25, 0.100 mm.12).

FIGURE 1 in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURE 1. Map showing the spatial distribution of all species presently attributed to Arbocuspis Nikulina, 2010. The position of Equator and Tropics is indicated. Open circles, Arbocuspis bellula (Hincks, 1881); Open circles with lateral black dot, Arbocuspis bellula (Hincks, 1881) sensu lato; Diamonds, Arbocuspis bicornis (Hincks, 1881); Solid circles, Arbocuspis multicornis (Hincks, 1881); Triangles, Arbocuspis ramosa (Osburn, 1940); Star, Arbocuspis emanuelae n. sp.; Inverted triangle Arbocuspis sp. cf. A. multicornis sensu Bock (2016) [1, Hincks (1881)], [2, Haswell (1881)], [3, Hastings (1930)], [4, Marcus (1937; 1941)], [5, Osburn (1940)], [6, Lagaaij (1963)], [7, Winston (1982)], [8, Cook (1985)], [9, Hayward & Ryland (1995)]; [10, Gordon et al. (2007)], [11, Gordon 2016], [12, Vieira et al. (2016)], [13, Bock (2016)], and [14, this study].

FIGURES 14–21. Arbocuspis emanuelae n in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 14–21. Arbocuspis emanuelae n. sp., from Station BN 28, Phuket, Thailand, kenozooids: 14–16, Holotype PMC.B 20. 28.6.2008a, 14–15, two branches showing different pattern in the formation of longitudinal rows of kenozoois to regulate branch thickness; 16, close-up of the colony showing aligned kenozooids halting the distal growth of a lobe; except for a single zooid giving rise to a new branch; 17–21, Paratype, PMC.B 20. 28.6.2008c, encounter between branches of a partly damaged colony. Note the irregularly shaped kenozooid (enlarged in Fig. 18), the row of kenozooids (enlarged in Fig. 19), the evidences of reparative calcification; 18, irregularly shaped kenozooid with long caudae (one long and curve, white arrowed) connecting surviving zooids from adjacent sectors locating their septulae. Note iterative intramural budding (black arrowed); 19, large fully developed kenozooids halting the growth of a branch; 20–21, general view (20) and enlargement (21) of large lateral (black arrowed) and small frontal kenozoids (white arrowed) elongated on zooidal edges. Scale bars: 14, 16–19, 21, 0.200 mm; 15, 20, 0.500 mm.

FIGURES 2–4. Arbocuspis emanuelae n in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 2–4. Arbocuspis emanuelae n. sp. from Station BN 28, Phuket, Thailand, Holotype, PMC.B 20. 28.6.2008a, colony morphology: 2, one of the largest lobes, whose growth is regulated by the insertion of kenozooids terminal to most zooidal rows (black arrow). New thin lobes start from few zooids (white arrowed); 3, lobe of a 'regenerated' colony with the typical budding pattern leading to the formation of transversal zooidal rows. 4, a colony portion starting from a uniserial chain of zooids showing a trifurcation with formation of a main central lobe, and secondary lateral lobes from single diverging zooids, one possibly abutting (arrowed); Scale bars: 2, 1 mm; 3–4, 0.500 mm.

FIGURES 36–38 in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 36–38. Arbocuspis multicornis (Hincks, 1881), Holotype from an unknown Australian locality, NHMUK 1899.5.1.690, photos: msj 05442, 05445 and 05444, courtesy of the Natural History Museum of London. 36. A large multiserial lobe of the colony. 37. Lateral view of some zooids to show the branching spines arching on the opesia and the prominent gymnocystal spines. 38. Frontal view of some zooids with three but also only two branching spines. Scale bars: 36, 0.500 mm; 37, 0.200 mm; 38, 0.100 mm.

FIGURES 9–13. Arbocuspis emanuelae n in The bryozoan genus Arbocuspis (Cheilostomata, Electridae) from the Indian Ocean, with description of a new species from off southwestern Thailand, Andaman Sea

FIGURES 9–13. Arbocuspis emanuelae n. sp., from Station BN 28, Phuket, Thailand, lateral and reparative budding: 9–10, Holotype PMC.B 20. 28.6.2008a, general view and detail of the formation of a lateral branch from a single marginal zooid. Note the long rectangular kenozooid flanking the first zooid of the new branch (arrowed in Fig. 9); 11 –13, Paratype, PMC.B 20. 28.6.2008c, damaged colony portion with reparative budding (arrowed) from exposed lateral walls of broken zooids, opposite and orthogonal to previous colony growth directions, enlarged in 12 and 13, respectively. Scale bars: 9–10, 12, 0.200 mm; 11, 0.500 mm; 13, 0.100 mm.