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4,775 results for “carbon”
Experimental microcosm incubations assessing the effect of hypoxia on aqueous iron and organic carbon, pH, sediment organic carbon, and sediment iron-bound organic carbon
To assess the effect of changing oxygen concentrations on coupled carbon and iron cycling in freshwater ecosystems, we performed 6-week microcosm incubations. Incubations were inoculated with sediment and water from Falling Creek Reservoir, Vinton, VA, USA. We started the experiment with 102 microcosms split evenly into oxic and hypoxic treatments. After two weeks, we switched the treatment of approximately half of the remaining microcosms, generating a total of four oxygen regimes: hypoxic, oxic, hypoxic to oxic, and oxic to hypoxic. We sampled the microcosms destructively approximately twice per week, collecting aqueous samples for total and dissolved carbon and iron, as well as sediment samples for organic carbon and iron-bound organic carbon analysis. Iron-bound organic carbon was determined using citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite extractions.
Isotopes and content of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur of eelgrass (Zostera marina) from West Falmouth Harbor from 2005 through 2019
West Falmouth Harbor (West Falmouth, MA, USA) has been experiencing a dramatic increase in nitrogen loading from an upgradient municipal wastewater treatment facility since the early 2000’s. As part of a long-term study into the effects of this nitrogen enrichment, we have been assessing changes in the extent and health of the eelgrass (Zostera marina) community within the harbor. Eelgrass shoots were collected during the summer and run for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) content and isotopic composition. Samples were analyzed from 7 stations in the more well-flushed outer harbor (OH), 4 stations in the middle of the harbor (MH), and 6 stations in the inner portion of the harbor in close proximity to a high groundwater nitrate source (Snug Harbor, SH). Carbon data is available from 2011 through 2018, nitrogen data from 2006 through 2018, and sulfur data from 2005 through 2019 with a few samples from 2021. Sulfur results have been published in Haviland et al. 2022 (doi: 10.1002/lno.12025).
Organic and inorganic carbon concentration and stable isotope composition in poorly drained agricultural soils in Iowa, USA
We measured soil organic carbon (SOC) and inorganic carbon (carbonate) in samples collected along topographic gradients in agricultural fields in Iowa, USA, in 2018. We also measured stable isotopes of SOC, soil nitrogen, and carbon in respired CO2 to provide additional context for organic matter dynamics. Additional physical, chemical, and hydrologic variables were measured on these samples and in the field sites to understand mechanisms underlying patterns in soil organic and inorganic carbon.
Total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and iron-bound organic carbon in surficial sediment and settling particulate material from Falling Creek and Beaverdam Reservoirs in 2019 and 2021
This dataset includes measurements of sediment properties (total organic carbon, total nitrogen, and iron-bound organic carbon) in surficial sediment and sedimenting material from two reservoirs: Falling Creek and Beaverdam Reservoirs, both located in Vinton, VA, USA. To measure surficial sediment properties, sediment cores were collected at the deepest site in each reservoir using a gravity corer, and the top 1 cm was frozen then lyophilized. Sediment cores were collected approximately once per month in both reservoirs throughout the stratified period (May–November) in 2019 and 2021, though sampling frequency and duration varied by reservoir and year. Sedimenting material was sampled using sediment traps suspended approximately 1 m above the sediment in both reservoirs. Iron-bound organic carbon was measured using the citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite method, and we used a CN analyzer (Elementar VarioMax, Ronkonkoma, NY, USA) to determine the amount of OC per unit mass of sediment.
Results of semantic queries for "carbon cycling" for datasets in the DataONE catalog
DataONE (https://www.dataone.org) is a federation of institutions involved with the earth and environmental sciences that share data through common cyberinfrastructure. In 2016, the DataONE project carried out a quantification of the utility of semantic query, by measuring the precision and recall of relevant datasets available through that catalog. Precision is defined as the proportion of relevant data in the retrieved results, and recall is the proportion of relevant data retrieved, compared to all relevant data present in the repository (see Methods). This dataset contains the queries and results of that study. Four data tables are included. First, a table of the 10 queries, which were formatted in several ways, including natural language and text strings (for plain text searches of various parts of metadata), and URIs for measurements in the EcoSystem Ontology (ECSO). A second table contains 994 relevant datasets in the DataONE catalog, with a column for each of the ten queries and boolean value indicating whether the dataset is a match for that query. Two query results tables are included, for the raw and summarized results of the query tests. A fifth entity contains the zipped code (R language) used to perform the queries in the DataONE system. When run against approximately 1000 datasets (in October, 2016), results for the ten queries ranged from 0-50% (precision) and 0-100% (recall), indicating that traditional searches may sometimes be adequate to return all relevant data in a corpus, but results can be erratic and inconsistent, with potentially large returns of irrelevant data in the result set. When querying through semantic classes, precision and recall were much higher and more consistent (90-100% and 75-100%, respectively).
Small, coastal temperate rainforest watersheds dominate organic carbon transport to the northeast Pacific Ocean
The northeast Pacific Coastal Temperate Rainforest (NPCTR) extending from southeast Alaska to northern California is characterized by high precipitation and large stores of recently fixed biological carbon. We show that 3.4 Tg-C yr-1 as DOC is exported from the NPCTR drainage basin to the coastal ocean. More than 56% of this riverine DOC flux originates from thousands of small (mean = 118 km2), coastal watersheds that comprise 22% of the NPCTR drainage basin. The average DOC yield from NPCTR coastal watersheds (6.20 g-C m-2 yr-1) exceeds that from Earth’s tropical regions by roughly a factor of three. The highest yields occur in small, coastal watersheds in the central NPCTR due to the balance of moderate temperature, high precipitation, and high soil organic carbon stocks. These findings indicate that DOC export from NPCTR watersheds may play an important role in regional-scale heterotrophy within near-shore marine ecosystems in the northeast Pacific. These are the datasets used in this analysis
Effects of drying temperature on potential carbon mineralization and water-extractable organic carbon in Iowa cropland and riparian buffer soils
Measuring carbon dioxide (CO2) produced after re-wetting a previously dried soil is an increasingly popular soil health assay, but there is disagreement on the optimal soil drying temperature. We tested whether soil drying temperature impacts water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) and soil CO2 emissions (potential carbon mineralization) following rewetting of dried soil. Samples were collected at four sites in north-central Iowa, US, and each site had soils planted to corn/soybean or perennial vegetation. The dataset includes measurements of WEOC prior to the incubation experiment, and measurements of CO2 flux and its stable carbon isotope ratio over the course of a 28-day incubation. The manuscript describing these data is under review in Geoderma.
Metabolism estimates from dissolved oxygen and inorganic carbon in the Upper Clark Fork River, MT, USA.
This package provides necessary supporting data and models for the manuscript titled "Divergent metabolism estimates from dissolved oxygen and inorganic carbon: implications for river carbon cycling". The entire dataset consists of sensor data collected at three reaches and metabolism estimates from different models. The sensor data include partial pressure of carbon dioxide in water, dissolved oxygen and temperature. At each reach, we established a two station approach, meaning at least one pair of sensor suits were distributed upstream and downstream. Results for metabolism estimates differ by solutes (i.e., oxygen or carbon based) and modelling approaches (i.e., single station or two station approach). In addition to data products, we also provide R packages for metabolism models.
Data for: Sparse subalpine forest recovery pathways, plant communities, and carbon stocks 34 years after stand-replacing fire (Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Wyoming, USA; 2022)
We assessed postfire forest recovery pathways, stem densities, understory plant communities, and carbon stocks across 55 plots in areas exhibiting sparse and reduced forest recovery 34 years after the 1988 Yellowstone Fires in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Wyoming, USA. Recovery pathways were identified using plot-level frequency distributions of tree ages and correlated with potentially important biotic and abiotic variables (e.g., elevation, seed source distance). Species- and age-specific stem densities were similarly regressed across environmental factors to determine variability in forest recovery across the sampled landscape. Understory plant communities were sampled in 0.25m-square quadrats and environmental drivers of individual species occurrence and whole compositional shifts were determined. Finally, carbon stock sizes were derived from field measures of tree characteristics, understory cover, and soil combined with regionally derived allometric equations. Data collection is complete and is part of a forthcoming manuscript at Ecological Monographs.
Dissolved organic carbon concentrations for seasonal synoptic sampling of 100 urban streams in Boston, Massachusetts (USA) from 2021-2022
This dataset contains dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations from surface water samples collected at 100 urban stream locations in the greater Boston, Massachusetts metropolitan area. Samples were collected four times (September 2021, November 2021, April 2022, and July 2022) to capture spatial and seasonal variation in DOC concentrations. Filtered stream samples were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon concentration. These data were collected as part of the Carbon in Urban Rivers Biogeochemistry (CURB) Project. Detailed field data and site data are published separately and can be linked using the “curbid” and “synoptic_event” columns in each dataset.
Dissolved organic carbon concentrations for seasonal synoptic sampling of 100 urban streams in Miami, Florida (USA) from 2021-2022
This dataset contains dissolved organic carbon concentrations from surface water samples collected at 100 urban stream and canal locations in the greater Miami, Florida metropolitan area. Samples were collected five times across different seasons to capture spatial and seasonal variation in DOC concentration. These events include the wet seasons of 2021 and 2022, as well as the dry season of 2022, specifically: Summer 2021 (Wet; July 8 to July 27), Fall 2021 (Wet; September 27 to October 7), Winter 2022 (Dry; January 3 to January 13), Spring 2022 (Dry; April 7 to April 23), and Summer 2022 (Wet; June 1 to June 13). These data were collected as part of the Carbon in Urban Rivers Biogeochemistry (CURB) Project. Detailed field data and site data are published separately and can be linked using the “curbid” and “synoptic_event” columns in each dataset.
Carbon quality regulates the temperature dependence of aquatic ecosystem respiration
Lakes are undergoing a variety of changes that may alter their role in the global carbon cycle. Lake temperatures are increasing at the same time that lakes in many regions are experiencing long-term increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. The balance between rates of ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross primary production (GPP) is an important determinant of CO2 outgassing from lakes and thus it is important to understand factors regulating ER rates in these systems. Temperature is known to regulate rates of ER, but other factors have the potential to modulate this relationship. One such regulator may be the quality of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the system. Theory suggests that ER may increase more with temperature in lakes dominated by allochthonous, refractory material than in systems dominated by more autochthonous DOM. To test this theory, we conducted a mesocosm study where half of the mesocosms received water from a naturally occurring autochthonous DOM source and the other half from an allochthonous DOM source. We monitored water temperature and dissolved oxygen concentrations in each mesocosm using in-situ high frequency DO sensors. After 27 days we used this data to calculate daily ER for each mesocosm. We then related daily ER to mean nighttime temperature and tested whether the relationship was different in the two DOM treatments. Treatments dominated by allochthonous DOM had a greater temperature dependence of respiration than those dominated by autochthonous DOM. These results suggest that as lake temperatures continue to increase, ER will increase more in lakes dominated by allochthonous DOM than those dominated by autochthonous DOM.
Dissolved organic carbon concentrations for seasonal synoptic sampling of 100 urban streams in Portland, Oregon (USA) from 2023-2024
This dataset contains dissolved organic carbon concentrations from surface water samples collected at 100 urban stream locations in the greater Portland, Oregon metropolitan area. Samples were collected four times (July 2023, October 2023, January/February 2024, and May 2024) to capture spatial and seasonal variation in DOC concentrations. Filtered stream samples were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon concentration. These data were collected as part of the Carbon in Urban Rivers Biogeochemistry (CURB) Project. Detailed field data and site data are published separately and can be linked using the “curbid” and “synoptic_event” columns in each dataset
Dissolved organic carbon concentrations for seasonal synoptic sampling of 100 urban streams in Salt Lake City, Utah (USA) from 2022-2023
This dataset contains dissolved organic carbon concentrations from surface water samples collected at 100 urban stream locations in the greater Salt Lake City, Utah metropolitan area. Samples were collected four times (July 2022, October 2022, February 2023, and May 2023) to capture spatial and seasonal variation in DOC concentrations. Filtered stream samples were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon concentration. These data were collected as part of the Carbon in Urban Rivers Biogeochemistry (CURB) Project. Detailed field data and site data are published separately and can be linked using the “curbid” and “synoptic_event” columns in each dataset.
Dissolved organic carbon concentrations for seasonal synoptic sampling of 93 urban streams in Atlanta, Georgia (USA) from 2021-2022
This dataset contains dissolved organic carbon concentrations from surface water samples collected at 93 first- to fifth-order streams in the Altamaha, Chattahoochee, and Flint Watersheds draining a gradient of urban land use in the greater Atlanta, Georgia metropolitan area. Samples were collected four times (September 2021, December 2021, March 2022, and July 2022) to capture spatial and seasonal variation in DOC concentrations. Filtered stream samples were analyzed for dissolved organic carbon concentration. These data were collected as part of the Carbon in Urban Rivers Biogeochemistry (CURB) Project. Detailed field data and site data are published separately and can be linked using the “curbid” and “synoptic_event” columns in each dataset.
Stable isotope and conservative tracer data used to estimate uptake of stream water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) through a whole-stream addition of a ¹³C-DOC tracer coupled with laboratory measurements of bioavailability of the tracer and stream water DOC using lability profiling with bioreactors
We performed a whole-stream addition of a ¹³C-DOC tracer and made laboratory measurements of the biological availability of the tracer as well as stream water DOC. The study was performed in October 2002 in a 1.27 km stretch of the third-order White Clay Creek in southeastern Pennsylvania. The tracer was prepared as a cold-water leachate of ¹³C-labeled tulip poplar saplings and it was added to the stream along with sodium bromide, a conservative tracer, over a 2-h period. Stream water samples were collected at 8 downstream stations over an 8-h period, filtered, and analyzed for concentrations of bromide and DOC. DOC was measured by Pt-catalyzed, persulfate oxidation, Br- was analyzed by ion chromatography, and C isotope samples were rotary evaporated, acidified, lyophilized, combusted, and the CO₂ analyzed with an elemental analyzer interfaced with an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Lability profiling of the ¹³C-DOC tracer and stream water DOC were performed with a series of plug-flow bioreactors of increasing empty-bed contact times with the concentration of biodegradable DOC operationally defined as the difference between the DOC concentrations in the influent and effluent waters of the bioreactors. The bioreactor measurements were performed 2 days after the whole-stream release. Data were analyzed to estimate the uptake of stream water DOC associated with labile and semi-labile fraction of biodegradable DOC. These data have been previously used in a 2008 publication in Freshwater Biology, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2427.2007.01941.x.
Dissolved organic carbon concentrations in White Clay Creek, Pennsylvania, 1977-2017
Dissolved organic carbon concentrations were measured over a period of 4 decades in a 3rd-order reach of White Clay Creek, a stream with a forested riparian zone in the Southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont. Stream water was filtered through pre-combusted glass fiber filters and analyzed in a variety of dissolved organic carbon analyzers. The data have been used to investigate organic matter biogeochemistry and the role of dissolved organic matter in supporting heterotrophic metabolism in the stream.
Mechanisms influencing physically sequestered soil carbon in temperate restored grasslands in South Africa and North America
This dataset contains a measurement of physically protected carbon (microaggregate-within-macroaggregate C) and potential drivers of physically protected C accumulation during grassland restoration. The data were collected from three independent grassland restorations from agriculture in North America and South Africa. Northeast Kansas, USA data were collected in May 2013. Northeast Free State, RSA data were collected in September–November 2005. Southeast Nebraska, USA data were collected in October 2008–May 2008. Aggregate fractionations were performed by hierarchical wet sieving (Six et al 2000). Carbon and N quantification were done by flash combustion-gas chromatography. Microbial biomass C quantification was performed with chloroform fumigation-incubation (chloroform fumigation-extraction in the case of northeast Kansas). Phospholipid fatty acid biomass analysis was conducted using the methods of Bligh and Dyer (1959).
Respiration, isotope composition, and carbon source partitioning from incubations of soil amended with litter and isotope-labeled lignin
We incubated 10 forest soils (collected from sites across North America, including the Luquillo LTER/CZO) in the laboratory for over two years to quantify the decomposition of carbon derived from added litter and lignin, as well as from extant soil organic matter. Each soil was subjected to two substrate addition treatments: a) litter derived from a C4 grass precipitated with 13C-enriched lignin, or the same C4 grass litter was precipitated with natural-abundance lignin. The concentrations and delta13C composition of carbon dioxide produced from each soil were measured periodically over time and partitioned into sources (soil organic matter, litter, and added lignin) using isotope mixing models. The methods and results are described in detail by a manuscript in Ecology (Hall et al., 2020).
Photodegradation and biodegradation of dissolved organic carbon from four lakes of varying trophic status in Pennsylvania and Florida in 2016
The enclosed data are results from a series of monthly (May-August) experiments conducted in 2016. We measured changes in five variables (dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved oxygen, the spectral slope ratio, and the DOC specific ultraviolet absorbance at 320 nm). Groundwater samples adjacent to four lakes of varying trophic status were used to assess changes in the above variables due to photodegradation and biodegradation. Three lakes (Lacawac, Giles, and Waynewood) are located in the Pocono region of Pennsylvania. The fourth lake (Annie) is located in Venus, FL. Details of the experiment can be found in Dempsey et al. 2020 (accepted at Biogeosciences). In this study, we used groundwater (terrestrial DOC) to simulate storm water inputs to the surface of a lake. We assessed the relative importance of photodegradation and biodegradation by measuring changes in the above variables. All experiments were conducted on the surface of Lake Lacawac (PA). Here, we provide our raw data from the experiments. Outgassing of carbon dioxide (CO2) from freshwater ecosystems comprises 12-25% of the total carbon flux from soils and bedrock. This CO2 is largely derived from both biodegradation and photodegradation of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (DOC) entering lakes from wetlands and soils in the watersheds of lakes. In spite of the significance of these two processes in regulating rates of CO2 outgassing, their relative importance remains poorly understood in lake ecosystems. In this study, we used groundwater from the watersheds of one subtropical and three temperate lakes of differing trophic status to simulate the effects of increases in terrestrial DOC from storm events. We assessed the relative importance of biodegradation and photodegradation in oxidizing DOC to CO2. We measured changes in DOC concentration, colored dissolved organic carbon (SUVA320 and Sr), dissolved oxygen, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in short-term experiment
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.