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FIGURE 21 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 21. Megophrys himalayana sp. nov.: A. dorsolateral view of adult male holotype (BNHS 6050: SVL 72.1 mm) in life; B. dorsolateral view of adult female referred specimen (SDBDU 2009.750: SVL 83.9 mm) in life; C–D. dorsolateral views of adult male paratype (BNHS 6051: SVL 70.2 mm) in life; E. dorsolateral view of adult male referred specimen (SDBDU 2009.787: SVL 70.2 mm) in life; F. ventral view of two adult males (left paratype BNHS 6051: SVL 70.2 mm; right holotype BNHS 6050: SVL 72.1 mm) immediately after euthanisation; G. ventral view of adult referred specimens in preservation, left male (SDBDU 2009.787: SVL 70.2 mm), right female (SDBDU 2009.750: SVL 83.9 mm); H. variation in ventral markings of adult male holotype and paratypes in preservation, clockwise from the top left specimen (BNHS 6050: SVL 72.1 mm; BNHS 6052: SVL 68.5 mm; BNHS 6054: SVL 68.0 mm; BNHS 6053: SVL 73.5 mm; BNHS 6051: SVL 70.2 mm).

FIGURE 14 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 14. Megophrys major neotype: adult male (BMNH 1947.2.24.93: SVL 75.0 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot.

FIGURE 5 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 5. DensiTree cloudogram representations of *BEAST analyses, removing the first 10% of trees as burn-in, produced from the four nuDNA gene alignments of Dataset E: A. original unphased; B. phased. Dark blue branches represent the most frequently occurring topology, light blue branches represent the consensus trees with intensity proportional to the frequency of the topology in the dataset, and green areas represent all topologies in the dataset. Refer to Appendix I, Table 2 for revised names for taxa based on the taxonomic review.

FIGURE 11 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 11. Megophrys robusta lectotype: adult female (BMNH 1947.2.25.19: SVL 102.0 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of foot; E. ventral view of hand.

FIGURE 8 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 8. Distribution map of the western MMSG taxa: A. All taxa (excluding M. monticola) from Northeast India and surrounding countries: diamonds represent type localities, circles represent referred localities based on molecularly sampled specimens: orange = M. zhangi; yellow = M. robusta; black = M. medogensis; dark blue = M. major; pink = Megophrys flavipunctata sp. nov.; dark green = Megophrys oreocrypta sp. nov.; light blue = Megophrys himalayana sp. nov.; light green = Megophrys periosa sp. nov.; pale blue = M. cf. periosa; purple = M. glandulosa. B. Inset rectangle in Figure A enlarged to show the distribution map for M. monticola from Darjeeling and Sikkim region, Northeast India, showing distribution of named mitochondrial haplotypes: stars represent the type localities, circles represent referred localities confirmed from sequence data: red = M. "sanu" comb. nov., light blue = M. "katabhako" comb. nov. Blue lines represent major rivers; grey lines represent international borders.

FIGURE 7 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 7. Megophrys monticola: A–H. referred specimens from West Bengal state: A. and G. adult female (SDBDU 2011.1030: SVL 47.3 mm): A. dorsolateral view of in life; G. ventral view in preservation as example showing extensive dark pigmentation on throat and chest. B. dorsolateral view of adult male (SDBDU 2011.1423: SVL 46.7 mm) in life. C. and E. adult male (SDBDU 20011.1047: SVL 40.7 mm): C. dorsolateral view in life; E. dorsal view in preservation. D. ventral pigmentation immediately after euthanisation for an adult female (SDBDU 2011.1065: SVL 56.1 mm, left) and adult male (SDBDU 2011.1066: SVL 44.2 mm, right). F. dorsal view of adult female (SDBDU 2011.1049: SVL 48.7 mm) in preservation. H. showing variation in ventral pigmentation within a population, specimens from left to right (male SDBDU 2011.1048: SVL 38.2 mm; female SDBDU 2011.1049: SVL 48.7 mm; male SDBDU 2011.1047: SVL 40.7 mm; male SDBDU 2011.1046: SVL 38.4 mm).

FIGURE 17 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 17. Megophrys flavipunctata sp. nov.: A. variation of dorsal markings in adult female paratypes, left (BNHS 6043: SVL 74.6 mm), centre (BNHS 6042: SVL 68.0 mm), and right (BNHS 6041: SVL 68.0 mm) in preservation; B. dorsolateral view of holotype adult male (BNHS 6040: SVL 68.4 mm) in life; C. and D. adult female paratype (BNHS 6043: SVL 74.6 mm) in life: C. dorsolateral view; D. ventral view; E. and F. adult male referred specimen (SDBDU 2007.134: SVL 67.5 mm) from Nagaland state, in life: E. dorsolateral view; F. ventral view.

FIGURE 18 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 18. Megophrys oreocrypta sp. nov. holotype: adult female (BNHS 6045: SVL 94.9 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot.

FIGURE 2 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 2. BI concatenated gene tree based on the 47 taxa concatenated mt+nuDNA alignment (Dataset C), with ML node values provided. Posterior probability/bootstrap values>95% in both analyses are represented by a black spot on the node, values <95% in one or both analyses are provided next to relevant nodes, where * is>95%, and – is given for nodes that were not resolved on the ML tree. Taxon names in pink represent the eastern clade, blue represents the western clade (southern subclade), and green represents the western clade (northern subclade). Revised names for taxa based on the taxonomic review are provided in parentheses.

Figure 40 in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)

Figure 40. Ancestral area reconstruction estimated in RASP using the Bayesian binary Markov chain Monte Carlo (BBM) approach. Pie charts depict ancestral range probabilities for each node on our pruned Bayesian inference 50% majority-rule consensus tree. Red circles around ancestral range probabilities represent dispersal events, and blue circles represent vicariance events. Tip of each terminal branch represents the species range. Area codes and colours are depicted on the map with geographical divisions labelled. A, Indian Ocean; B, temperate South Africa; C, Coral Triangle; D, Western Pacific; E, Western Australia; F, Hawaii; G, Red Sea; H, temperate Australia.

Figure 37 in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)

Figure 37. Independent evolution of purple group coloration in Hypselodoris bullockii species complex and Hypselodoris iba.

Figure 38 in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)

Figure 38. Independent evolution of purple group coloration in Hypselodoris pulchella clade and Hypselodoris bollandi/Hypselodoris ghrardaqana clade based on model developed in the present study.

Figure 35 in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)

Figure 35. Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood tree of Hypselodoris, indicating support values for each node. Bootstrap values are on the left and Bayesian posterior probablilities on the right.

Figure 34 in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)

Figure 34. Hypselodoris yarae Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., buccal armature, holotype, CASIZ 223316. A, entire jaw. B, jaw rodlets. C, entire radula. D, inner lateral teeth. E, middle lateral teeth. F, outer lateral teeth.

Figure 33 in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)

Figure 33. Hypselodoris yarae Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov. A, mantle glands. B, reproductive system, scale bar: 0.5 mm. am, ampulla; bc, bursa copulatrix; ej, ejaculatory portion of the vas deferens; fgm, female gland mass; p, penis; pr, prostatic portion of vas deferens; rs, receptaculum seminis; ud, uterine duct; v, vagina; vg, vestibular gland.

Figure 36 in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)

Figure 36. Distribution of Hypselodoris species for three colour group models. A, model based on Rudman's colour groups. B, model based on Gosliner et al. (2015). C, model based on the present study.

Figure 32 in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)

Figure 32. Hypselodoris yarae Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., living animals. A, photograph of specimen from Îles de Radama, October 2005. B, holotype, CASIZ 223316, Ponto de Ouro, Mozambique, photograph by Yara Tibiriçá. C, paratype, CASIZ 223317, Nacala, Mozambique, photograph by Yara Tibiriçá. D, paratype, CASIZ 073533, Ifaty, Madagascar.

Figure 31 in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)

Figure 31. Hypselodoris violacea Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., buccal armature, holotype NMP 041286. A, jaw rodlets. B, inner lateral teeth. C, middle lateral teeth. D, outer lateral teeth.

Figure 30. Reproductive systems. A in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)

Figure 30. Reproductive systems. A, Hypselodoris variobranchia Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., holotype, NMP 041285, scale bar: 1.5 mm. B, Hypseldoris violacea Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., holotype, NMP 041286, scale bar: 2.0 mm. am, ampulla; bc, bursa copulatrix; ej, ejaculatory portion of the vas deferens; fgm, female gland mass; p, penis; pr, prostatic portion of vas deferens; rs, receptaculum seminis; ud, uterine duct; v, vagina; vg, vestibular gland.

Figure 29 in Reading between the lines: revealing cryptic species diversity and colour patterns in Hypselodoris nudibranchs (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Chromodorididae)

Figure 29. Hypselodoris variobranchia Gosliner & Johnson sp. nov., buccal armature, holotype, NMP 041285. A, jaw rodlets. B, inner lateral teeth. C, middle lateral teeth. D, outer lateral teeth.