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Fig. 6 in New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major

Fig. 6. The most parsimonious tree (length 58, consistency index 0.534, retention index 0.603) of Psittacosaurus obtained using the implicit enumeration option of the T.N.T. software (Goloboff et al. 2007). The data matrix of Averianov et al. (2006) was supplemented by coding 31 characters for Psittacosaurus major and P. lujiatunensis (see Appendix 1). P. xinjiangensis and Psittacosaurus specimen L0001 from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning (Xu and Wang 1998) were excluded due to large amount of missing data. Nodes are supported by the following unambiguous synapomorphies (in parenthesis are character numbers from Averianov et al.'s (2006) matrix). Node A: preorbital segment less than 40% of skull length (1), nasal extends ventrally beyond the external naris (5), ventral border of external naris is dorsal to the maxillary dorsal end (6), premaxillary teeth absent (8), and premaxillalacrimal contact present (9). Node B: lateral surface of the mandible straight (21). Node C: skull profile rounded (2). Node D: no synapomorphies. Node E: ventral margin of premaxilla−maxilla contact incised (11) and external mandibular fenestra present (20). Node F: "maxillary process" of maxilla present (14) and primary ridge on maxillary teeth caudoventrally angled (25). Node G: skull width exceeds skull length (3), premaxilla contacts jugal caudally (10), ventral postorbital horn present (15), rostral ramus of squamosal extends as far as to rostral wall of the supratemporal fenestra (17), quadrate shaft strongly arched in lateral view with caudal margin deeply excavated (19), and primary ridge on maxillary teeth weakly developed or absent (24). Node H: "maxillary process" of maxilla present (14) and denticles number on maxillary teeth equal to or more than 14 (26).

Fig. 2 in New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major

Fig. 2. Ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major Sereno, Zhao, Brown, and Tan, 2007, new cranial specimen CAGS−IG−VD−004 from the Early Cretaceous Lujiatun Bed of Yixian Formation near Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China, in right lateral (A), rostral (B), and caudal (C) views. Photographs (A1, B1, C1) and interpretive outlines (A2, B2, C2).

Fig. 5 in New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major

Fig. 5. Ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major Sereno, Zhao, Brown, and Tan, 2007, new cranial specimen CAGS−IG−VD−004 from the Early Cretaceous Lujiatun Bed of Yixian Formation near Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China. A. Right maxillary tooth row in labial view. B. Right dentary tooth row in lingual view.

Fig. 4 in New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major

Fig. 4. Ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major Sereno, Zhao, Brown, and Tan, 2007, new cranial specimen CAGS−IG−VD−004 from the Early Cretaceous Lujiatun Bed of Yixian Formation near Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China. Left mandible in lateral (A), medial (B), dorsal (C), and rostral (D) views (A1, B1, C, and D are photographs and A2 and B2 are interpretive outlines).

Fig. 1 in New data on cranial anatomy of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major

Fig. 1. Ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus major Sereno, Zhao, Brown, and Tan, 2007, new cranial specimen CAGS−IG−VD−004 from the Early Cretaceous Lujiatun Bed of Yixian Formation near Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, China, in dorsal (A), left lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. Photographs (A1, B1, C1) and interpretive outlines (A2, B2, C2).

Fig. 5. A in The dinosaur Hadrosaurus foulkii, from the Campanian of the East Coast of North America, with a reevaluation of the genus

Fig. 5. A. Strict consensus cladogram of 435 most parsimonious trees (length = 149, C.I. = 0.732, R.I. = 0.759) showing the phylogenetic position of Hadrosaurus foulkii within Hadrosauridae. Letters correspond to the location of synapomorphies supporting the clades (with numbers representing characters and character states, respectively, listed in the Appendix 1). Numbers correspond to bootstrap values after 1000 replicates. Numbers between parentheses are decay indices. B. 50% marjority rule cladogram showing H. foulkii as a member of the Hadrosaurinae. Letters correspond to the location of synapomorphies supporting the clades (with numbers representing characters and character states, respectively, listed in the Appendix 1). Numbers correspond to the majority rule frequencies for each clade. Both ACCTRAN and DELTRAN options resulted in the same distribution of synapomorphies in the estimated phylogenies. Numbers between parentheses are decay indices.

Fig. 4. Hadrosaurus foulkii Leidy, 1858 in The dinosaur Hadrosaurus foulkii, from the Campanian of the East Coast of North America, with a reevaluation of the genus

Fig. 4. Hadrosaurus foulkii Leidy, 1858 (ANSP 10005), Haddonfield, New Jersey, U.S.A., Woodbury Formation, Campanian, Upper Cretaceous. A. Left femur in caudal view. B. Left tibia in cranial view. C. Left fibula in lateral view. D. Left metatarsal IV in dorsal (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Left metatarsal II in dorsal (E1) and medial (E2) views.

Fig. 7 in The dinosaur Hadrosaurus foulkii, from the Campanian of the East Coast of North America, with a reevaluation of the genus

Fig. 7. Relationship between two ratios in the pubis of several hadrosaurid dinosaurs. P, total length of the pubis, from the acetabular edge to the cranial edge of the prepubic process; p, length of the proximal constriction of the prepubic process, from the iliac peduncle to the most proximal and highest point of the dorsal border of the pubic blade; w, minimum breadth of the proximal constriction of the prepubic process; and B, maximum breadth of the pubic blade between the end of "p" and the ventral end of a perpendicular line taken from the end of "p". The star symbol represents Hadrosaurus minor (ANSP 15202). Letters within squares represent the following taxa: B = Brachylophosaurus canadensis; C = Corythosaurus casuarius; E = Edmontosaurus annectens; E'= E. regalis; H = Hypacrosaurus altispinus; H'= H. stebingeri; K = Kritosaurus latidens; M = Maiasaura peeblesorum; P = Prosaurolophus blackfeetensis; S = Saurolophus osborni.

Fig. 2. Hadrosaurus foulkii Leidy, 1858 in The dinosaur Hadrosaurus foulkii, from the Campanian of the East Coast of North America, with a reevaluation of the genus

Fig. 2. Hadrosaurus foulkii Leidy, 1858 (ANSP 10005), Haddonfield, New Jersey, U.S.A., Woodbury Formation, Campanian, Upper Cretaceous. A. Left radius in dorsal view. B. Left ulna in medial view . C. Left humerus in anteromedial view. D. Partial left coracoid in glenoidal (D1) and craniolateral (D2) views. E. Schematic drawing of a generalized hadrosaurid coracoid showing in white the preserved region displayed in D.

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Fig. 1 in A new basal eusauropod from the Middle Jurassic of Yunnan, China, and faunal compositions and transitions of Asian sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 1. Geographical information on the locality of Nebulasaurus. A. Map of China showing Yunnan Province (shaded black). B. Map of Yunnan Province showing the locality indicated by a silhouette of a sauropod.

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Fig. 4 in A new basal eusauropod from the Middle Jurassic of Yunnan, China, and faunal compositions and transitions of Asian sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 4. Comparison of non-neosauropod eusauropod braincases illustrates general conditions against unique features of the braincase of Nebulasaurus taito gen. et sp. nov. (e.g., frontoparietal fenestra larger than postparietal foramen, supraoccipital not expanding laterally, and supraoccipital contributing little to foramen magnum). A. Shunosaurus lii Dong, Zhou and Zhang, 1983; China, Xiashaximiao Formation, Middle Jurassic (ZDM 65430), in dorsal (A 1) and posterior (A 2) views (modified after Chatterjee and Zheng 2002; supraoccipital was redrawn based on Zhang 1988). B. Mamenchisaurus youngi Pi, Ouyang and Ye, 1996; China, Shangshaximiao Formation, Middle Jurassic (ZDM 83), in dorsal (B 1) and posterior (B 2) views (modified after Ouyan and Ye 2002). C. Omeisaurus tianfuensis He, Li, Cai and Gao, 1984; China, Xiashaximiao Formation, Middle Jurassic; ZDM 5702, in dorsal view (C 1); ZDM 5703 in posterior view (C 2) (modified after He et al. 1988). D. Spinophorosaurus nigerensis Remes, Ortega, Fierro, Joger, Kosma, Ferrer, PALDES, SNHM, Ide, and Maga, 2009; Niger, Irhazer Group, Middle Jurassic (GCP-CV-4229), in dorsal (D 1) and posterior (D 2) views (modified after Knoll et al. 2012). Arrows indicate wide participation of supraoccipital in the margin of foramen magnum. Asterisks indicate lateral expansion of supraoccipital along exoccipital-parietal contact. Scale bars 5 cm.

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Fig. 3 in A new basal eusauropod from the Middle Jurassic of Yunnan, China, and faunal compositions and transitions of Asian sauropodomorph dinosaurs

Fig. 3. Photographs of the holotype of the sauropodomorph dinosaur Nebulasaurus taito gen. et sp. nov., Xiabanjing, Zhanghe Formation, Middle Jurassic LDRC-v.d.1). A. The braincase (holotype) in right lateral view. B. Details of the metotic region in left lateral view.

Fig. 4 in The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: A new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas

Fig. 4. Partial left maxilla of an archosaur (TMM 41936-1.1), Otis Chalk area, Dockum Group, Late Triassic, found with and possibly referable to neotheropod Lepidus praecisio gen. et sp. nov., in lateral (A), ventral (B), and medial (C) views, arrows indicate anterior direction. D. A replacement tooth in labial view within the fourth alveolus in anterolateral view (D 2), close up (D ).

Fig. 3 in The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: A new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas

Fig. 3. The referred left femur of neotheropod Lepidus praecisio gen. et sp. nov., Otis Chalk area, Dockum Group, Late Triassic (TMM 41936-1.3) in anterior (A) and posterior (B) views and the bone tissues of the femur (D) through the entire cortex on the anterolateral side (C) and the middle and outer cortex on the posterolateral side (D). Arrows indicate the direction of the external surface of the femur.

Fig. 5 in The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: A new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic relationships of early theropod dinosaurs recovered here highlighting the phylogenetic position of Lepidus praecisio gen. et sp. nov. with the holotype only (A), simplified strict consensus of six MPTs, TL = 1058, CI = 0.5311, RI = 0.8250) or with all of the hypothesized material (B), simplified strict consensus of 18 MPTs, TL = 1061, CI = 0.5383, RI = 0.8303). The original taxon list and relationships outside of Dinosauria and within Ornithischia are exactly the same as that of Nesbitt et al. (2009b).

Fig. 1 in The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: A new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas

Fig. 1. Map of the type locality of Lepidus praecisio gen. et sp. nov. near Signal Peak, southeast of Big Spring, Texas. The dotted circle is the approximate area that holotype came from and its relationship to the famous Otis Chalk localities.

Fig. 2 in The early fossil record of dinosaurs in North America: A new neotheropod from the base of the Upper Triassic Dockum Group of Texas

Fig. 2. Comparisons of almost naturally articulated ankle complexes of neotheropods. A. Lepidus praecisio gen. et sp. nov., Otis Chalk area, Dockum Group, Late Triassic (TMM 41936-1.3). B. Camposaurus arizonensis Hunt, Lucas, Heckert, Sullivan, and Lockley, 1998, Placerias Quarry, Chinle Formation, Late Triassic UCMP 34498), reversed. C. Coelophysis bauri Cope, 1887, Coelophysis Quarry, Chinle Formation, Late Triassic (AMNH FARB 30615). D. Zupaysaurus rougieri Arcucci and Coria, 2003, Colorados Formation, Late Triassic (PULR 076), reversed. Left (A, C) and right (B, D) tibia, fibula, and astragalocalcaneum in anterior (A 1–D1), medial (A2–D2), posterior (A3–D3), lateral (A4–D4), and ventral (A5–D5) views, arrows indicate anterior direction.

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Fig. 3 in Theropod dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of the South Pyrenees Basin of Spain

Fig. 3. Theropod dinosaurs teeth from upper Campanian–Upper Maastrichtian, Spain. A.?Pyroraptor olympius Allain and Taquet, 2000, DPM-MON-T1, Montrebei. B, C.?Dromaeosauridae indet. B. MPZ2004/6, Blasi 2B. C. DPM-FON6-T2, Fontllonga 6. D–L.?Richardoestesia sp., Laño. D. MCNA 14610. E. MCNA 14607. F. MCNA 14606. G. MCNA 14608. H. MCNA 14609. I. MCNA 14611. J. MCNA 14568. K. MCNA 14607. L. MCNA 14619. M–P. Coelurosauria indet. M. DPM-MON-T6, Montrebei. N. DPM-MON-T3, Montrebei. O. MPZ98/80, Montrebei. P. MPZ98/82, Blasi 2B. Q.?Paronychodon sp., MPZ98/76, Blasi 2B. All lateral views. Scale bars 1 mm.

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Fig. 9 in Quadrupedal dinosaurs did not evolve fully pronated forearms: New evidence from the ulna

Fig. 9. Comparison of variation in the semi-pronated distal antebrachial epiphyses of select facultatively bipedal ornithischian dinosaurs and those with obligatory quadrupedalism. A–C. Sauropelta edwardsorum Ostrom, 1970. A. AMNH 3035. B. AMNH 3035, reversed. C. YPM 5338. D. Texasetes pleurohalio Coombs, 1995 (USNM 337987), radius reversed. E. Panoplosaurus sp. (YPM PU-21178 or 16970), reversed. F, G. Centrosaurus sp. F. Juvenile TMP 94.12.798). G. TMP P81.19.292. H–J, M. Triceratops sp. H. Large ceratopsid (AMNH 5857), reversed. I. AMNH 5880. J. USNM 6530. M. FMNH 12003, reversed. K, L. Triceratops horridusMarsh, 1889. K. USNM 4842, reversed. L. USNM 4842. N, P, Q, T, U. Stegosaurus sp. N. USNM 4929. P. YPM 1854, reversed. Q. YPM 4835. T. YPM uncataloged, field number 9C-14-7J, reversed. U. USNM 7754. O, R, S. Stegosaurus sulcatus Marsh, 1887. O. YPM 4836, reversed. R. USNM 4937, reversed. S. YPM 4836, reversed. V. Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis (Gilmore, 1933) (AMNH 6551). W. Hypacrosaurus altispinus Brown, 1913 (AMNH 5357), reversed. X–AA. Hadrosaurs. X. TMP 1981.29.2, reversed. Y. TMP 1981.41.13.7. Z. TMP 1980.29.101, reversed. AA. TMP 2005.09.84. AB. Tenontosaurus sp. (AMNH 3043). AC. Camptosaurus sp. (YPM 6794). In this and the following two figures radii and ulnae only touch if they are complementary; all others are oriented across from other elements in the standardized pose. Scale bars 30 mm.