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FIGURE 1 in The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs
FIGURE 1. Distributional map of extant and fossil Ceratophrys. The phylogeny of the extant species of Ceratophyrs were proposed by Faivovich et al.(2014). The numbers in circles represent the fossiliferous localities mentioned in the article: 1, Arroyo Chasicó; 2, Arroyo Tapalqué; 3, Conchillas; 4, Farola Monte Hermoso; 5, Fortín Necochea; 6, Lagoa Santa; 7, Laguna de Los Tres Reyes; 8, Mar del Plata and Miramar cities; 9, Ñuapua; 10, Olivos; 11, Puerta de Corral Quemado; 12, Quehué; 13, San Antonio and Paso Alsina; 14, Tarija. Black circles: localities where the presence of Ceratophrys was confirmed; white circles: the presence of Ceratophrys remains unconfirmed. The distributions of the extant species of Ceratophrys are represented by areas that approximately include all the reported records for each species; the distribution of most species, however, is not well known. Distributions are based on Lynch (1982) with corrections and additions from Barrio-Amorós 2004; Barrio 1980; Langone 1995; Maciel et al. 2013; Maneyro & Langone 2001; Ortiz et al. 2013; Peters 1967; Rivero 1961; Stuart et al. 2008.
FIGURE 3 in The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs
FIGURE 3. Comparison of selected fossil and living Ceratophrys. A, B, G, H, Ceratophrys ensenadensis, type series; A, B, holotype (PVL 767); G, H, paratype (PVL 699). D, E, I, C. rusconii, holotype (MACN 19744). C, F, J, C. ornata (C, AMB 160; F, J, AMB 154). A, D, G, ventral views; B, C, E, F, H, dorsal views; I, J, lateral views Abbreviations: ds, dorsal shield; fp, frontoparietal; n, nasal; oc, occipital condyles; pl, palatine; ppa, discrete pars palatina absent; pof, postorbital fenestra; psa, parietosquamosal arch; pt, pterygoid; qj, quadratojugal; sop, squamosal otic plate; v, vomer; V, vertebra; vr, squamosal ventral ramus; zr, squamosal zygomatic ramus. Scale bar is 5mm.
FIGURE 4 in The fossil record of Ceratophrys Wied-Neuwied (Anura: Ceratophryidae): a revision and update of fossil South American horned frogs
FIGURE 4. Comparison of the fossils from Lagoa Santa (Mina Gerais, Brazil) assigned to Ceratophrys cornuta by Günther (1859) and to the clade [C. aurita–C. joazeirensis] herein (NHMUK OR 18896; 18896a), and selected living Ceratophrys. A−C, C. cornuta (MZUSP 151382); D−F, fossil specimen NHMUK OR 18896; G–I, fossil specimen NHMUK OR 18896a; J–L, C. aurita (MLP 1280, specimen with broken right parieto-squamosal arch); M–O, C. joazeirensis (MZUSP 56463, specimen with articulated mandible). A, D, G, J, M, dorsal views; B, E, H, K, N, ventral views; C, F, I, L, O, posterior views. Abbreviations: lc, lateral crest; mc, medial crest; mp, maxillary process of nasal; m, maxilla, n, nasal; np, neopalatine; oc, occipital condyles; pm, premaxilla, pof, postorbital fenestra; pp, pars palatina; ppa, discrete pars palatina absent, psa, parieto-squamosal arch; pt, pterygoid, ptp, pterygoid process; sop, squamosal otic plate; ss, supraorbital shelf; v, vomer. Scale bar is 5 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Review of the fossil record of Bittacomorphinae (Diptera: Ptychopteridae)
FIGURE 5. SEM images: A. Zhiganka longialata sp. nov., holotype PIN 5340/953, wing; Khasurty, K1. B. Zhiganka comitans, holotype PIN 4502/13, Zhigansk, K1. C. Crenoptychoptera antica, PIN 1255/2123, wing; Kubekovo, J2. Arrows mark spurious vein. Scale bars equal 2 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Review of the fossil record of Bittacomorphinae (Diptera: Ptychopteridae)
FIGURE 2. Zhiganka longialata sp. nov., male PIN 5026/1599, paratype: A. Anterior part of body. B. Wing. C. Proximal flagellomeres of antenna, inset—distal flagellomeres, arrows mark setae. D. Head. E, F. Terminalia, part and counterpart. G, Distal part of wing. Abbreviations: apn, antepronotum; cl, clypeus; ep, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; gst, gonostylus; hyp, hypandrium; lbl, labellum; lbr, labrum; mp, maxillary palp; ss, surstylus.
FIGURE 1 in Review of the fossil record of Bittacomorphinae (Diptera: Ptychopteridae)
FIGURE 1. Zhiganka longialata sp. nov.: A–E. Male PIN 5340/953, holotype: A. Head and thorax. B. Habitus. C. Two spurs on hind tibia. D, E. Two spurs on left and right midtibia. F. Spur on fore tibia, PIN 5340/1494. G. Habitus of female PIN 5340/951, paratype. H. Terminalia of female PIN 5026/1595. Abbreviations: cl, clypeus; lbl, labellum; lbr, labrum; mp, maxillary palp; s, scutal suture; sl, scutellum.
FIGURE 6 in Review of the fossil record of Bittacomorphinae (Diptera: Ptychopteridae)
FIGURE 6. SEM images: A–D. Zhiganka longialata sp. nov., wing of holotype PIN 5340/953, Zhigansk, K1: A. Distal part. B. Part of wing. C, D. Fore and hind margin of wing. E, F. Crenoptychoptera antica, apical and middle part of wing PIN 1255/2123, Kubekovo, J2. Black arrows mark spurious vein, white—setae on veins and membrane.
FIGURE 3 in Review of the fossil record of Bittacomorphinae (Diptera: Ptychopteridae)
FIGURE 3. Zhiganka longialata sp. nov.: A–C. Paratype PIN 5026/1599: A. Anterior part of body. B. Distal and proximal flagellomeres of antenna. C. Wing. D. Abdomen of female PIN 5026/1597, dorsal view. E. Abdomen of male PIN 5340/807, lateral view (flipped horizontally). F–H. Genitalia of male. F. Paratype PIN 5026/1599. G. Paratype PIN 5026/1594. H. Paratype PIN 5340/807. Scale bars equal 2 mm (A, C, D, E), 200 μm (B, F, G, H). Abbreviations: apn, antepronotum; b, transepimeral suture; cl, clypeus; cx, coxa; ep, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; gst, gonostylus; hyp, hypandrium; lbl, labellum; lbr, labrum; mp, maxillary palp; ps, prescutal suture; s, scutal suture; ss, surstylus.
FIGURE 4 in Review of the fossil record of Bittacomorphinae (Diptera: Ptychopteridae)
FIGURE 4. Zhiganka longialata sp. nov.: A, B. Anterior and basal part of wing, PIN 5340/1494, part and counterpart. C. Part of wing, female PIN 5340/951. D. Genitalia of male PIN 5026/1594. E. Genitalia of male PIN 5340/953. F. Thorax and head, female PIN 5340/952. Abbreviations: aem, anepimerum or pteropleurite; apn, antepronotum; b, transepimeral suture; cx, coxa; ep, epandrium; gcx, gonocoxite; gst, gonostylus; hyp, hypandrium; lc, laterocervicale; mt, mediotergum, mpl, meropleurum; ps, prescutal suture; pt, pleurotergum; s, scutal suture; sl, scutellum; ss, surstylus.
text-fig. 58. Diagrams showing how character distribution in a cladogram indicates gaps in the fossil record, a, arrangement of three taxa in a cladogram; synapomorphies a-f support the monophyly of the clade (B-C). B, if gradual acquisition of characters is assumed, several taxa must be missing in the phylogeny between taxon A and clade (B-C). The number of taxa missing is positively (though not necessarily linearly) correlated with the number of synapomorphies that diagnose any given node. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 58. Diagrams showing how character distribution in a cladogram indicates gaps in the fossil record, a, arrangement of three taxa in a cladogram; synapomorphies a-f support the monophyly of the clade (B-C). B, if gradual acquisition of characters is assumed, several taxa must be missing in the phylogeny between taxon A and clade (B-C). The number of taxa missing is positively (though not necessarily linearly) correlated with the number of synapomorphies that diagnose any given node.
FIGURE 3. A in First Fossil Record Of Aspredinidae: A New Species From The Late Miocene Of Northeastern Argentina
FIGURE 3. A, holotype skull of Bunocephalus serranoi nov. sp. (MAS-PV-795), B, extant Bunocephalus doriae (CFA-IC8560) in dorsal view. Abbreviations. ACF anterior cranial fontanel; BU, bump; ELD, lateral ethmoid depression; EP, epiphyseal bar; F, frontal; LAT, lateral ethmoid; MGR, median groove; PCF, posterior cranial fontanel; PTE, pterotic; STF supratemporal fossa; SPH, sphenotic; SOC, supraoccipital or parieto-supraoccipital. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in First Fossil Record Of Aspredinidae: A New Species From The Late Miocene Of Northeastern Argentina
FIGURE 2. Holotype of Bunocephalus serranoi nov. sp. (MAS-PV-795) compared with extant Bunocephalus doriae (CFAIC-6516) in A, C, dorsal; and B, D, ventral views. Abbreviations. Cl, cleithrum; Cl S, cleithrum suture; Cor, coracoid; Cor S, coracoid suture; Dor lam Web, dorsal lamina of the Weberian apparatus; Dor P, dorsal process of cleithrum; Hum P, humeral process of cleithrum; Hyo, hyomandibular; Op, opercle Po, preopercle; Scl, supracleithrum; Sp, pectoral spine. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in First Fossil Record Of Aspredinidae: A New Species From The Late Miocene Of Northeastern Argentina
FIGURE 1. Map showing the fossiliferous locality that yielded Bunocephalus serranoi nov. sp. and the current distribution of the family Aspredinidae shaded in red (based on Friel, 2003; Carvalho et al., 2015, 2018).
FIGURE 1 in The oldest fossil record of Philopotinae (Diptera: Acroceridae) from the mid-Cretaceous amber of Northern Myanmar
FIGURE 1. Burmophilopota wintertoni gen. et sp. nov., holotype male. (A) Habitus, left lateral view, scale bar = 1 mm; (B) Habitus, right lateral view, scale bar = 1 mm; (C) Head, dorsal view, scale bar = 0.5 mm; (D) Antenna, scale bar = 0.1 mm; (E) Mouthpart, lateral view, scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: ar styl: aristalike stylus.
FIGURE 3 in The oldest fossil record of Philopotinae (Diptera: Acroceridae) from the mid-Cretaceous amber of Northern Myanmar
FIGURE 3. The systematic position of Burmophilopota gen. nov. (A) The phylogenetic tree edited from Gillung and Winterton 2019. (B) Wing venations of Burmophilopota wintertoni gen. et sp. nov., (C) Hoffeinsomyia leptogaster Gillung & Winterton, 2018; (D) Archaeterphis hennigi Hauser & Winterton, 2007; (E) Philopota Wiedemann, 1830. Circles: Red: R4+5 forked; Blue: R4+5 not forked. Stellate: Red: The cubital and medial veins reaching the posterior wing margin; Blue: The cubital and medial veins not reaching the posterior wing margin. Red lines represent the radius veins; green lines represent the medial veins; blue lines represent the cubital veins.
FIGURE 2 in The oldest fossil record of Philopotinae (Diptera: Acroceridae) from the mid-Cretaceous amber of Northern Myanmar
FIGURE 2. Burmophilopota wintertoni gen. et sp. nov., holotype male. (A) Thorax, left lateral view; (B) Thorax, right lateral view; (C–E) Left-wing; (F) Drawing of wing; (G) Tarsus; (H) Claws and pulvilli. All scale bars = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: al: alula; anepst: anepisternum; CuA: anterior branch of cubital vein; cua: anterior cubital cell; CuP: posterior branch of cubital vein; d: discal cell; kepst: katepisternum; l calyp: lower calypter; M: medial vein; m3: third medial cell; R: radius vein; r-m: radial–medial crossvein; pprn lb: postpronotal lobe; Sc: subcostal vein; sct: scutum; sctl: scutellum; u calyp: upper calypter.
Data from: Extant-only comparative methods fail to recover the disparity preserved in the bird fossil record
Most extant species are in clades with poor fossil records, and recent studies of comparative methods show have low power to infer even highly simplified models of trait evolution without fossil data. Birds are a well-studied radiation, yet their early evolutionary patterns are still contentious. The fossil record suggests that birds underwent a rapid ecological radiation after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, and several smaller, subsequent radiations. This hypothesized series of repeated radiations from fossil data is difficult to test using extant data alone. By uniting morphological and phylogenetic data on 604 extant genera of birds with morphological data on 58 species of extinct birds from 50 million years ago, the "halfway point" of avian evolution, I have been able to test how well extant-only methods predict the diversity of fossil forms . All extant-only methods underestimate the disparity, although the ratio of within to between clade disparity does suggest high early rates. The failure of standard models to predict high early disparity suggests that recent radiations are obscuring deep time patterns in the evolution of birds. Metrics from different models can be used in conjunction to provide more valuable insights than simply finding the model with the highest relative fit.
Data from: Computed tomography scanning as a tool for linking the skeletal and otolith-based fossil records of teleost fishes
Micro-computed tomography scanning (µCT scanning) now represents a standard tool for non-destructive study of internal or concealed structure in fossils. Here we report on otoliths found in situ during routine µCT scanning of three-dimensionally preserved skulls of Palaeogene and Cretaceous fishes. Comparisons are made with isolated otolith-based taxa in order to attempt correlations between the body fossil and otolith fossil records. In situ otoliths previously extracted mechanically from specimens of Apogon macrolepis and Dentex laekeniensis match our µCT models. In some cases, we find a high degree of congruence between previously independent taxonomic placements for otolith and skeletal remains (Rhinocephalus, Osmeroides, Hoplopteryx). Unexpectedly, in situ otoliths of the aulopiform Apateodus match isolated otoliths of Late Cretaceous age previously interpreted as belonging to gempylids, a group of percomorph fishes that do not appear in the body fossil record until the Palaeogene. This striking example of convergence suggests constraints on otolith geometry in pelagic predators. The otoliths of Apateodus show a primitive geometry for aulopiforms and lack the derived features of Alepisauroidea, the lizardfish clade to which the genus is often attributed. In situ otoliths of Early Cretaceous fishes (Apsopelix) are not well preserved, and we are unable to identify clear correlations with isolated otolith morphologies. We conclude that the preservation of otoliths suitable for µCT scanning appears intimately connected with the taphonomic history, lithological characteristics of surrounding matrix, and syn- and postdepositional diagenetic effects.
FIGURE 10 in Ghost shrimp Calliax de Saint Laurent, 1973 (Decapoda: Axiidea: Callianassidae) in the fossil record: systematics, palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography
FIGURE 10. Calliax michelottii (A. Milne Edwards, 1860) comb. nov., reconstruction: A, major chela; B, minor chela (based on Fritsch 1871: pl. 17, fig. 14). Both chelae are depicted in outer lateral aspect.
Figure 13 in Palaeobiology of tanaidaceans (Crustacea: Peracarida) from Cretaceous ambers: extending the scarce fossil record of a diverse peracarid group
Figure 13. Undetermined Paratanaoidea (IGR.ARC-158.2). A, lateral habitus of the posterior pereonites and pleon (arrowheads point to the uropodal articles); B, detail of antennule and cheliped (arrowheads point to the separation between antennular articles); C, body in frontal view; D, camera lucida drawing of the posterior pereonites and pleon, and details of cheliped and antennules. Scale bars: A–D = 0.1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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