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opennotspecifiedDec 2012View details →

FIGURES 1–8 in Tephritis azari, a New Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Iran and Azerbaijan, with a Key to the Tephritis maccus Species Group

FIGURES 1–8. Tephritis azari sp. n., 1 wing pattern in male (paratype) 2 wing pattern in female (Holotype) 3 head in profile 4 aculeus 5 aculeus tip 6 epandrium 7 male terminalia 8 spermathecae.

opennotspecifiedDec 2012View details →

FIGURES 13–15 in Tephritis azari, a New Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Iran and Azerbaijan, with a Key to the Tephritis maccus Species Group

FIGURES 13–15. Tephritis maccus (SMNC) (13) and T. urelliosomima (SIZK) (14–15): 13–14 Ƥ, total view, left 15 wing.

opennotspecifiedDec 2012View details →

FIGURES 9–12 in Tephritis azari, a New Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Iran and Azerbaijan, with a Key to the Tephritis maccus Species Group

FIGURES 9–12. Tephritis azari sp. n., paratype Ƥ (Azerbaijan, SIZK), 9, total view, dorsal 10 total view, right 11 abdomen 12 wing pattern.

opennotspecifiedApr 2002View details →

FIG. 1 in Flowerhead-infesting fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) on thistles (Asteraceae), in Lebanon

FIG. 1. Survey sites in Lebanon from which positive records of tephritids were obtained during 1995 ±98. North Lebanon: (1) Akkar Co.; (2) Tripoli Co.; (3) Zgharta Co.; (4) Koura Co.; (5) Bsharri Co.; (6) Batroun Co. Mount Lebanon: (7) Jbail Co.; (8) Kesrouan Co.; (9) Metn Co.; (10) Baabda Co.; (11) Aley Co.; (12) Chouf Co. South Lebanon: (13) Saida Co.; (14) Sour Co. Beqaa Valley; (16) Baalback Co.; (17) Zahle Co.; (18) West Beqaa Co.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Finding love: fruit fly males evolving under higher sexual selection are inherently better at finding receptive females

Courtship is an important component of male reproductive behaviour that enables males to learn about the suitability of their mating partners. Experimental evidence suggests that Drosophila melanogaster males can learn to modify their courtship behaviour based on their prior experience with unreceptive females. This courtship learning is expected to provide a fitness advantage to males and could therefore evolve given suitable heritable variation. We investigated the role of sexual selection in the evolution of courtship learning ability of males, using populations of D. melanogaster evolving under high and low levels of sexual selection for over 170 generations. We exposed males from both types of population to unreceptive females and then tested their ability to discriminate between receptive and unreceptive females in a complex mating environment. After being exposed to unreceptive females, males from both types of population (1) courted females less (both receptive and unreceptive), (2) took longer to initiate courtship, but took less time to start mating after initiating courtship and (3) increased the proportion of courtship directed towards receptive females, indicating the ability of both types of male to learn from experience. We did not find any difference in the courtship learning ability of males from the two types of population. However, males from populations with higher levels of sexual selection were better able to recognize and court receptive females, even when they were not previously exposed to unreceptive females. Taken together, these results show that sexual selection may not result in improved learning abilities but can lead to the evolution of an improved innate ability of males to assess the receptivity of females.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Data for: The paradoxical rarity of a parasitic fruit fly fungus attacking a broad range of hosts

Understanding the factors that determine the realized and potential distribution of a species requires knowledge of abiotic, physiological, limitations as well as ecological interactions. Entomopathogenic fungi of the order Laboulbeniales specialize on arthropod hosts and are typically thought to be highly specialized on a single host or closely related group of hosts. Because infections are solely transmitted through direct contact of the hosts, the host ecology to a large extent determines the distribution and occurrence of the fungus. We examined ~20,000 fruit flies (Diptera: Dacinae) collected in Malaysia, Sulawesi, Australia and the Solomon Islands between 2017–2019 for ectoparasitic fungal infections and found 197 infected flies across eight different Bactrocera species. Morphology and small subunit (18S) DNA sequences both support that the infections are from a single polyphagous fungal species. This presents the paradox of why S. dacinus is not more common when its hosts are widespread and ubiquitous. In addition, the hosts are all Bactrocera, a genus with ~480 species, but many sympatric Bactrocera were never infected. Host-selection does not appear to be phylogenetically correlated. Our results show that a single fungus species can be found on different host species in different continents. We discuss factors that might be involved in determining the host and distribution range of S. dacinus, such as host resistance, and discuss the potential for population control of agriculturally important hosts, such as the pestiferous Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis and the Queensland fruit fly B. tryoni.

opennotspecifiedOct 2019View details →

On following pages: 117. Mindoro Pallid Flying Fox (Desmalopex microleucopterus); 118. Fijian Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Mirimiri acrodonta); 119. Bougainville Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex anceps); 120. Guadalcanal Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex atrata); 121. Montane Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex pulchra); 122. New Georgia Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex taki); 123. Greater Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex flanneryi), 124. Black-bellied Blossom Bat (Melonycteris melanops); 125. Fardoulis's Blossom Bat (Nesonycteris fardoulisi); 126. Woodford's Blossom Bat (Nesonycteris woodford)). in Pteropodidae

On following pages: 117. Mindoro Pallid Flying Fox (Desmalopex microleucopterus); 118. Fijian Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Mirimiri acrodonta); 119. Bougainville Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex anceps); 120. Guadalcanal Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex atrata); 121. Montane Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex pulchra); 122. New Georgia Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex taki); 123. Greater Monkey-faced Fruit Bat (Pteralopex flanneryi), 124. Black-bellied Blossom Bat (Melonycteris melanops); 125. Fardoulis's Blossom Bat (Nesonycteris fardoulisi); 126. Woodford's Blossom Bat (Nesonycteris woodford)).

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data from: Previous inter-sexual aggression increases female mating propensity in fruit flies

Female mate choice is a complex decision making process that involves many context-dependent factors. Understanding the factors that shape variation in female mate choice has important consequences for evolution via sexual selection. In many animals including fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, males often use aggressive mating strategies to coerce females into mating, but it is not clear if females' experience with sexual aggression shapes their future behaviors. Here, we used males derived from lineages that were artificially selected to display either low or high sexual aggression toward females to determine how experience with these males shapes subsequent female mate choice. First, we verified that males from these lineages differed in their sexual behaviors. We found that males from high sexual aggression backgrounds spent more time pursuing virgin females, and had a shorter mating latency but shorter copulation duration compared to males from low sexual aggression backgrounds. Next, we tested how either a harassment by or mating experience with males from either a high or low sexual aggression backgrounds influenced subsequent female mate choice behaviors. We found that in both scenarios, females that interacted with high sexual aggression males were more likely and faster to mate with a novel male one day later, regardless of the male's aggression level. These results have important implications for understanding the evolution of flexible polyandry as a mechanism that benefits females.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Perception of dead conspecifics increases reproductive investment in fruit flies

Adaptive plasticity in life-history traits is often critical to maximize fitness in the face of environmental heterogeneity. For example, many organisms respond to a threat to their survival (and hence residual reproductive value) by adaptively increasing their investment into current reproduction (i.e. "terminal investment"). A key to successful terminal investment is the use of adequate environmental cues to extrinsic mortality sources. In species that live at high population densities, the presence of dead conspecifics could potentially act as a reliable cue to extrinsic mortality sources (e.g. via pathogens). We experimentally tested this idea using the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, a pest species that experiences marked demographic shifts. We monitored the reproductive output of young mated females during repeated bouts of egg-laying in the presence (i.e. dead-exposed) or absence (i.e. controls) of dead conspecifics, interspersed by mating periods where dead conspecifics were always absent. Dead-exposed females produced more offspring than controls when in the presence of dead conspecifics but fewer offspring than controls when dead conspecifics were subsequently removed (i.e. during mating periods). These changes were repeatable across time, and are thus indicative of high plasticity in reproductive behaviour. Flies responded equally to starvation-induced and flash-frozen dead conspecifics, indicating that the cause of death is irrelevant to trigger the plastic response observed, and that females respond to the presence of dead conspecifics per se. Finally, we found that dead-exposed females produced heavier daughters (but not sons) than controls when in the presence of dead conspecifics, but not during mating periods (when dead conspecifics were absent). In this species body size correlates more strongly with female (than male) fitness, so higher investment in daughter weight is congruent with terminal investment. Altogether, our results show that perception of dead conspecifics leads to highly plastic life-history adjustments in the form of increased investment in both the quantity and the quality of offspring. We discuss these results in the context of terminal investment and other alternative hypotheses.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Database of the list for associations between host plants and fruit flies

Insects tend to feed on related hosts. Coevolution tends to be dominated by interactions resulting from plant chemistry in defense strategies, and evolution of secondary metabolisms being in response to insect herbivory remains a classic explanation of coevolution. The present study examines whether evolutionary constraints existing in host associations of economically important fruit flies in the species-rich tribe Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae) and to what extent these species have evolved specialized dietary patterns. We found a strong effect of host phylogeny on associations on the 37 fruit flies tested, although the fruit fly species feeding on ripe commercially grown fruits that lost the toxic compounds after long domestication are mostly polyphagous. We assessed the phylogenetic signal of host breadth across the fruit fly species, showing that the results were substantially different depending on partition levels. Further, we mapped main host family associations onto the fruit fly phylogeny and Cucurbitaceae has been inferred as the most likely ancestral host family for Dacini based on ancestral state reconstruction.

opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

FIGURE 2 in Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae)

FIGURE 2. The female reproductive system of Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) showing the position of the male phallus and preglans appendix during copulation.

opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

FIGURE 1 in Biogeography, Speciation and Taxonomy within the genus Bactrocera Macquart with application to the Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) complex of fruit flies (Diptera Tephritidae: Dacinae)

FIGURE 1. The phallus and preglans appendix of the male aedeagus: (a) Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), (b) Bactrocera occipitalis (Bezzi), (c) Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock, (d) Bactrocera philippinensis Drew & Hancock, (e) Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White.

FIGURE 16 in A new genus of fruit fly in subfamily Dacinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from India

FIGURE 16. Neighbour joining tree based on Kimura-2 parameter distances of 77 selected baarcode sequences, including the newly obtained Dacimita David & Hancock showing relationship with other taxa in subfamily Dacinae

FIGURE 15 in A new genus of fruit fly in subfamily Dacinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from India

FIGURE 15. Strict consensus cladogram of subfamily Dacinae depicting relationship of Dacimita David & Hancock (tree length= 48; consistency index=45; retention index=88). Character state changes are plotted using the fast optimisation (Winclada software). Bootstrap values are highlighted in red colour.

FIGURES 8−14 in A new genus of fruit fly in subfamily Dacinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from India

FIGURES 8−14. Postabdominal structures of Dacimita curvifasciatus David & Hancock, sp. n. 8, epandrium and surstyli (lateral view); 9, epandrium snd surstyli (posterior view); 10, glans of phallus; 11, oviscape; 12, spicules on distal end of eversible membrane; 13, aculeus tip; 14, spermatheca.

FIGURES 2−7 in A new genus of fruit fly in subfamily Dacinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from India

FIGURES 2−7. Dacimita curvifasciatus David & Hancock, sp. n. 2, head (profile); 3, scutum (dorsal view); 4, thorax (lateral view); 5, male abdomen; 6, female abdomen; 7, wing.

FIGURES 3–12 in Host plants of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Morocco

FIGURES 3–12. Endemic host plants of Tephritiddae: 3, Centaurea monticola Boiss. ex DC.; 4, Cirsium maroccanum Petr.; 5, Cladanthus scariosus (Ball.) Oberpr. & Vogt; 6, Cynara humilis L.; 7, Echinops fontqueri Pau (= Echinops spinosissimus subsp. fontqueri (Pau) Greuter).; 8, Galactites duriaei Dur., 9, Ptilostemon rhiphaeus (Pau & Font Quer) Greuter; 10, Santolina pectinata Lag.; 11, Origanum compactum Benth.; 12, Origanum grosii Pau & Font Quer.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2015View details →

Supplementary material 3 from: Břízová R, Vaníčková L, Faťarová M, Ekesi S, Hoskovec M, Kalinová B (2015) Analyses of volatiles produced by the African fruit fly species complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 385-404. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9630

Table 3: Explanation note: Compounds, their relative percentage (Area±SD), and chemical characteristics identified by GC×GC-TOFMS and GC-FID/EAD in the headspace extracts of the calling males of Ceratitis rosa.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2015View details →

Supplementary material 2 from: Břízová R, Vaníčková L, Faťarová M, Ekesi S, Hoskovec M, Kalinová B (2015) Analyses of volatiles produced by the African fruit fly species complex (Diptera, Tephritidae). In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 385-404. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9630

Table 2: Explanation note: Compounds, their relative percentage (Area±SD), and chemical characteristics identified by GC×GC-TOFMS and GC-FID/EAD in the headspace extracts of the calling males of Ceratitis anonae.